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List of epidemics and pandemics

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List of deaths caused by infectious disease
. 1607–1635, Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin
17th-century German "plague panel" depicting the triumph of death. Panels of this kind were placed on the walls of houses to warn against the plague. A plague epidemic raged in Augsburg, Bavaria between 1632 and 1635.
DurationHuman history


This article is a list of the biggest known epidemics (including pandemics) caused by an infectious disease. Widespread non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included.

Emergency hospital during Spanish Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas (1918-20)
Event Death toll (estimate) Location Date Disease Ref.
influenza epidemic Unknown Babylon, or Babirus of the Persians, Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Southern Asia 1200 BC Indian Sanskrit scholars found records of a disease resembling the Flu. [1]
Plague of Athens 75,000–100,000 Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia 429–426 BC Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever [2][3][4][5]
412 BC epidemic Unknown Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic) 412 BC Unknown, possibly influenza [6]
Antonine Plague 5–10 million Roman Empire 165–180 (possibly up to 190) Unknown, possibly smallpox [7]
Plague of Cyprian 1 million+ (unknown, but at least) Europe 250–266 Unknown, possibly smallpox [8][9]
Plague of Justinian 25–100 million (40–50% of population of Europe) Europe and West Asia 541–542 Bubonic plague [10][11][12]
Roman Plague of 590 Unknown Rome, Byzantine Empire 590 Bubonic plague
Plague of Sheroe Unknown Mesopotamia 627–628 Bubonic plague
Plague of 664 Unknown British Isles 664–689 Bubonic plague [13]
Plague of 698–701 Unknown Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia 698–701 Bubonic plague [14]
735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic 2 million (approx. 1⁄3 of Japanese population) Japan 735–737 Smallpox [15][16]
Plague of 746–747 Unknown Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa 746–747 Bubonic plague [17]
Black Death 75–200 million (10–60% of European population) Europe, Asia and North Africa 1346–1353 Bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis bacterium
 [18]
Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks) 10,000+ Britain (England) and later continental Europe 1485–1551 Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus [19]
17,000 Spain 1489 Typhus [20]
1510 influenza pandemic Unknown, around 1% of those infected Asia, North Africa, Europe 1510 Influenza [21]
1520 Mexico smallpox epidemic 5–8 million (40% of population) Mexico 1519–1520 Smallpox [22]
Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 5–15 million (80% of population) Mexico 1545–1548 Possibly Salmonella enterica [23][24][25][26]
Unknown (20-25% of native population) Chile 1561–1562 Smallpox
1563 London plague 20,100+ London, England 1563–1564 Bubonic plague [27]
Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 2–2.5 million (50% of population) Mexico 1576–1580 Possibly Salmonella enterica [23][24][25][26]
5,000–9,000 Tenerife, Spain 1582–1583 Bubonic plague [28]
Seneca nation, United States and Canada 1592–1596 Measles [29]
1592–93 Malta plague epidemic 3,000 Malta 1592–1593 Bubonic plague [30]
1592–93 London plague 19,900+ London, England 1592–1593 Bubonic plague [31]
1596-1602 Spain plague epidemic 600,000–700,000 Spain 1596–1602 Bubonic plague [32]
South America 1600–1650 Malaria [33]
1603 London plague epidemic 40,000 London, England 1603 Bubonic plague [34][35][36]
1 million Egypt 1609 Bubonic plague
1616 New England epidemic Unknown (estimated 30–90% of population) Southern New England, United States, especially the Wampanoag people 1616–1620 Unknown, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D [37][38]
1629–1631 Italian plague 280,000 Italy 1629–1631 Bubonic plague [39][40]
13,712 Augsburg, Germany 1632–1635 Bubonic plague [41]
Massachusetts smallpox epidemic 1,000 Massachusetts, United States 1633–1634 Smallpox [42]
15,000–25,000 Wyandot people, United States and Canada 1634–1640 Smallpox and Influenza [43]
10,400 London and Westminster, England 1636–1637 Bubonic plague [44]
Unknown China 1641–1644 Bubonic plague [45]
Great Plague of Seville 500,000 Spain 1647–1652 Bubonic plague
Unknown Central America 1648 Yellow fever [46]
Naples Plague 1,250,000 Italy 1656 Bubonic plague [47]
Thirteen Colonies 1657 Measles [48]
1663–1664 Amsterdam plague epidemic 24,148 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1663–1664 Bubonic plague [49]
Great Plague of London 100,000 England 1665–1666 Bubonic plague [50][51]
40,000 France 1668 Bubonic plague [52]
1675–76 Malta plague epidemic 11,300 Malta 1675–1676 Bubonic plague [53]
Spain 1676–1685 Bubonic plague [54]
Great Plague of Vienna 76,000 Vienna, Austria 1679 Bubonic plague
83,000 Prague, Czech Republic 1681 Bubonic plague [55]
South Africa 1687 Unknown, possibly Influenza [56]
Thirteen Colonies 1687 Measles [57]
1693 Boston yellow fever epidemic 3,100+ Boston, United States 1693 Yellow fever [58]
520 (300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia) Charleston and Philadelphia, United States 1699 Yellow fever [59]
500 New York City, United States 1702 Yellow fever [60]
1702–1703 St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic 1,300 New France, Canada 1702–1703 Smallpox [61]
Great smallpox epidemic 18,000+ (36% of population) Iceland 1707–1709 Smallpox
Great Northern War plague outbreak 164,000 Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania 1710–1712 Bubonic plague
Thirteen Colonies 1713–1715 Measles [62]
New France, Canada 1714–1715 Measles [63]
Great Plague of Marseille 100,000+ France 1720–1722 Bubonic plague [64]
1721 Boston smallpox outbreak 844 Massachusetts Bay Colony 1721–1722 Smallpox [65]
Thirteen Colonies 1729 Measles [66]
2,200 Cádiz, Spain 1730 Yellow fever [67]
Thirteen Colonies 1732–1733 Influenza [68]
New France, Canada 1733 Smallpox [69]
Great Plague of 1738 50,000 Balkans 1738 Bubonic plague
7,700–11,700 North Carolina, United States 1738–1739 Smallpox [70]
Thirteen Colonies 1739–1740 Measles
20,000 Cartagena, Colombia 1741 Yellow fever [71]
Italy 1743 Bubonic plague [72]
Thirteen Colonies 1747 Measles
North America 1759 Measles [73]
730–940 Charleston, United States 1760 Smallpox [74][75]
North America, West Indies 1761 Influenza
8,000 Havana, Cuba 1762 Yellow fever [71]
North America, present-day Pittsburgh area. 1763 Smallpox [76]
Russian plague of 1770–1772 50,000 Russia 1770–1772 Bubonic plague
North America 1772 Measles
1772–1773 Persian Plague 2 million+ Persia 1772–1773 Bubonic plague [77]
England 1775–1776 Influenza [78]
1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic 11,000+ Pacific Northwest, United States 1775–1782 Smallpox [79][80]
Spain 1778 Dengue fever [81]
Unknown Pueblo Indians, Southwestern United States 1788 Smallpox [82]
United States 1788 Measles
Unknown (50–70% of native population) New South Wales, Australia 1789–1790 Smallpox [83][84]
United States 1793 Influenza and epidemic typhus
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic 5,000+ Philadelphia, United States 1793 Yellow fever [85]
60,000+ Spain 1800–1803 Yellow fever [86]
Ottoman Empire, Egypt 1801 Bubonic plague [87]
29,000–55,000 Saint-Domingue 1802–1803 Yellow fever [88]
Egypt 1812 Bubonic plague
300,000 Russia 1812 Typhus [20]
1812–19 Ottoman plague epidemic 300,000+ Ottoman Empire 1812–1819 Bubonic plague [89]
1813–14 Malta plague epidemic 4,500 Malta 1813–1814 Bubonic plague
Caragea's plague 60,000 Romania 1813 Bubonic plague
65,000 Ireland 1817–1819 Typhus [90]
First cholera pandemic 100,000+ Asia, Europe 1817–1824 Cholera [91]
700 Savannah, Georgia, United States 1820 Yellow fever [92]
5,000–20,000 Barcelona, Spain 1821 Yellow fever [93][94]
Second cholera pandemic 100,000+ Asia, Europe, North America 1826–1837 Cholera [95]
19,000 New South Wales, Australia 1828–1829 Smallpox [96][97]
Groningen epidemic 2,800 Netherlands 1829 Malaria [98]
Iran 1829–1835 Bubonic plague [99]
Egypt 1831 Cholera [100][101]
Plains Indians 1831–1834 Smallpox
England, France 1832 Cholera
North America 1832 Cholera [102]
United States 1833 Cholera
United States 1834 Cholera
Egypt 1834–1836 Bubonic plague [100][101]
1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic 17,000+ Great Plains, United States and Canada 1837–1838 Smallpox [103]
Dalmatia 1840 Bubonic plague
South Africa 1840 Smallpox
3,498 Southern United States (especially Louisiana and Florida 1841 Yellow fever [104]
1847 North American typhus epidemic 20,000+ Canada 1847–1848 Typhus [105]
3,400 Southern United States (especially New Orleans) 1847 Yellow fever [106]
Worldwide 1847–1848 Influenza [107]
Egypt 1848 Cholera [100][101]
North America 1848–1849 Cholera
10,000 Hawaiian Kingdom 1848–1849 Measles, whooping cough, dysentery and influenza [108]
North America 1850–1851 Influenza
United States 1851 Cholera [109]
7,970 New Orleans, United States 1853 Yellow fever [93]
Third cholera pandemic 1 million+ Russia 1846–1860 Cholera [110]
Ottoman Empire 1853 Bubonic plague [111]
1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak 4,737 Copenhagen, Denmark 1853 Cholera [112]
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak 616 London, England 1854 Cholera [113]
1855 Norfolk yellow fever epidemic 3,000 (2,000 in Norfolk, 1,000 in Portsmouth) Norfolk and Portsmouth, England 1855 Yellow fever [114]
Third plague pandemic 12 million+ in India and China alone Worldwide 1855–1960 Bubonic plague [115][116]
6,000 Lisbon, Portugal 1857 Yellow fever [93]
Victoria, Australia 1857 Smallpox [117]
Europe, North America, South America 1857–1859 Influenza [118]
1862–1863 British Columbia Smallpox epidemic 32,000 British Columbia, Canada 1862–1863 Smallpox [119][120]
80,000 United States 1861–1865 Typhoid fever [121]
Fourth cholera pandemic 600,000 Middle East 1863–1875 Cholera [122]
Egypt 1865 Cholera [100][101]
Russia, Germany 1866–1867 Cholera
748 Sydney, Australia 1867 Measles [123]
1871 Buenos Aires yellow fever epidemic 13,500–26,200 Buenos Aires, Argentina 1871 Yellow fever [124]
500,000 Europe 1870–1875 Smallpox [125][126]
1875 Fiji measles outbreak 40,000 Fiji 1875 Measles [127]
8,000 Australia 1875–1876 Scarlet fever [123]
20,000 Ottoman Empire 1876 Bubonic plague [128]
Russian Empire 1877 Bubonic plague [129]
4,046 New Orleans, United States 1878 Yellow fever [88]
13,000 Mississippi Valley, United States 1878 Yellow fever [88]
Egypt 1881 Cholera [100][101]
Fifth cholera pandemic 298,600 Asia, Africa, Europe, South America 1881–1896 Cholera [130]
1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic 3,164 Montreal, Canada 1885 Smallpox [131]
1889–1890 flu pandemic 1 million Worldwide 1889–1890 Influenza [132]
Bombay plague epidemic 20,788 Bombay, India 1896–1905 Bubonic plague [133]
500,000 Congo Basin 1896–1906 African trypanosomiasis [134]
1899 Porto plague outbreak 132 Porto, Portugal 1899 Bubonic plague [135]
Sixth cholera pandemic 800,000+ Europe, Asia, Africa 1899–1923 Cholera [136]
San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 119 San Francisco, United States 1900–1904 Bubonic plague [137]
200,000–300,000 Uganda 1900–1920 African trypanosomiasis [134]
Egypt 1902 Cholera [100][101]
22 India 1903 Bubonic Plague [138]
4 Fremantle 1903 Bubonic plague [139]
Manchurian plague 60,000 China 1910–1911 Pneumonic plague [140]
1910 China plague 40,000 China 1910–1912 Bubonic plague [141]
1915 Encephalitis lethargica pandemic 1.5 million Worldwide 1915–1926 Encephalitis lethargica [142]
7,130 United States 1916 Poliomyelitis [143]
1918 flu pandemic 17–100 million Worldwide 1918–1920 Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Spanish flu virus
 [144][145][146]
2.5 million Russia 1918–1922 Typhus [147]
1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak 30 Los Angeles, United States 1924 Pneumonic plague [148]
1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic 500 Minnesota, United States 1924–1925 Smallpox [149]
538 Montreal, Canada 1927 Typhoid fever [150]
Croydon epidemic of typhoid fever 43 Croydon, United Kingdom 1937 Typhoid fever [151]
1,627 Sudan 1940 Yellow fever [152]
Egypt 1942–1944 Malaria [100][101]
China 1946 Bubonic plague
Egypt 1946 Relapsing fever [100][101]
10,277 Egypt 1947 Cholera [100][101][153]
2,140 United States 1948 Poliomyelitis [143]
2,720 United States 1949 Poliomyelitis [143]
3,145 United States 1952 Poliomyelitis [143]
1957–1958 influenza pandemic 1–4 million Worldwide 1957–1958 Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 [154][155]
30,000 Ethiopia 1960–1962 Yellow fever [156]
Seventh cholera pandemic Worldwide 1961–1975 Cholera (El Tor strain) [157]
500 million Worldwide 1877–1977 Smallpox [158][159][160][161]
1968 flu pandemic 1–4 million Worldwide 1968–1970 Influenza A virus subtype H3N2
H3N2 virus
 [154][155]
5 Staphorst, Netherlands 1971 Poliomyelitis [162]
1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak 35 Yugoslavia 1972 Smallpox [163]
London flu 1,027 United States 1972–1973 Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 [164]
24 Italy 1973 Cholera (El Tor strain) [165]
1974 smallpox epidemic of India 15,000 India 1974 Smallpox [166]
HIV/AIDS pandemic 32 million+ (23.6–43.8 million) Worldwide 1981–present (data as of 2018) HIV/AIDS [167][168]
64 Western Sahara 1984 Bubonic plague
5,600+ Oju, Nigeria 1986 Yellow fever [169]
145 Mali 1987 Yellow fever [170]
8,410–9,432 Bangladesh 1991 Cholera [171]
1994 plague in India 56 India 1994 Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague [172]
United Kingdom BSE outbreak 178 United Kingdom 1996–2001 vCJD [173][174]
10,000 West Africa 1996 Meningitis [175]
1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 105 Malaysia 1998–1999 Nipah virus infection [176]
40+ Central America 2000 Dengue fever [177]
400+ Nigeria 2001 Cholera [178]
139 South Africa 2001 Cholera [179][180]
2002–04 SARS outbreak 774 Worldwide 2002–2004 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [181]
1 (18 cases) Algeria 2003 Bubonic plague [182]
0 (3,958 cases) Afghanistan 2004 Leishmaniasis [183][184]
17,000 cases; mortality typically 1% Bangladesh 2004 Cholera [185][186][187]
658 Indonesia 2004 Dengue fever [188]
2 Senegal 2004 Cholera [189]
7 Sudan 2004 Ebola [190]
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore 27 Singapore 2005 Dengue fever [191]
1,200+ Luanda, Angola 2006 Cholera [192]
61 Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2006 Bubonic plague [193][194]
17 India 2006 Malaria [195]
2006 dengue outbreak in India 50+ India 2006 Dengue fever [196]
Chikungunya outbreaks Unknown (cases very numerous and widespread) India 2006 Chikungunya virus [197]
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan 50+ Pakistan 2006 Dengue fever [198]
1,000 ca. Philippines 2006 Dengue fever [199]
2006–07 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak 394 East Africa 2006 Rift Valley fever [200]
Mweka ebola epidemic 187 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2007 Ebola [201]
684 Ethiopia 2007 Cholera [202]
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak 10 Iraq 2007 Cholera [203]
Unknown (69 cases) Nigeria 2007 Poliomyelitis [204]
183 Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico 2007 Dengue fever [205]
Perhaps 1.5% of 1,200 cases (18)/ 150 in another source Somalia 2007 Cholera [206][207]
37 Uganda 2007 Ebola [190]
2 Vietnam 2007 Cholera [208][209]
67 Brazil 2008 Dengue fever [210]
407 Cambodia 2008 Dengue fever [211]
123 Chad 2008 Cholera [212]
3,322+ China 2008–2017 Hand, foot, and mouth disease [213]
115 India 2008 Cholera [214]
18+ Madagascar 2008 Bubonic plague [215]
172 Philippines 2008 Dengue fever [216]
0 Vietnam 2008 Cholera [217][218]
2008–09 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak 4,293 Zimbabwe 2008–2009 Cholera [219]
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic 18 Bolivia 2009 Dengue fever [220]
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak 49 India 2009 Hepatitis B [221]
Queensland dengue outbreak 2009 1+ (503 cases) Queensland, Australia 2009 Dengue fever [222]
Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s Worldwide 2009 Mumps
2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak 1,100 West Africa 2009–2010 Meningitis [223]
2009 swine flu pandemic 151,700-575,400 Worldwide 2009–2010 Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 [224]
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak 10,075 Haiti 2010–2019 Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa) [225]
Measles outbreak, DRC, 2010–2014 4,500+ Democratic Republic of the Congo 2010–2014 Measles [226][227]
Vietnam Hand, foot and mouth disease 2011–present 170 Vietnam 2011–present Hand, foot and mouth disease [228][229]
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan 350+ Pakistan 2011 Dengue fever [230]
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan 171 Darfur, Sudan 2012 Yellow fever [231]
2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak 862 (as of 13 January 2020) Worldwide 2012–present Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV [232][233][234]
2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore 8 Singapore 2013 Dengue fever [235]
Vietnam Measles outbreak, 2013 142 Vietnam 2013–2014 Measles [236]
Western African Ebola virus epidemic 11,323 Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus virion
 [237][238][239]
2013–14 chikungunya outbreak 183 Americas 2013–2015 Chikungunya [240]
2014 Madagascar plague outbreak 292 Madagascar 2014–2017 Bubonic plague [241]
2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak 36 India 2014–2015 Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A [242]
2015 Indian swine flu outbreak 2,035 India 2015 Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 [243][244][245]
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic 53 Worldwide 2015–2016 Zika virus [246]
2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak 498 (377 in Angola, 121 in Congo) Angola and DR Congo 2016 Yellow fever [247]
2016–20 Yemen cholera outbreak 3,886 (as of 30 November 2019) Yemen 2016–present Cholera [248]
2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar 69 Peshawar, Pakistan 2017 Dengue fever [249]
2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak 1,317 India 2017 Japanese encephalitis [250]
2017–18 United States flu season 46,000-80,000 United States 2017–2018 Seasonal influenza [251][252][253][254]
2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala 17 India 2018 Nipah virus infection [255]
2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic 2,271 (as of 26 April 2020) Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda 2018–present Ebola virus disease [256][257]
2019 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 6,400+ (as of April 2020) Democratic Republic of the Congo 2019–present Measles [258]
2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak 2 New Zealand 2019–present Measles [259]
2019 Philippines measles outbreak 338 Philippines 2019–present Measles [260]
2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak 15 Kuala Koh, Malaysia 2019 Measles [261]
2019 Samoa measles outbreak 83 Samoa 2019–present Measles [262]
2019–20 dengue fever epidemic 3,700+ Asia-Pacific, Latin America 2019–present Dengue fever [263][264][265]
COVID-19 pandemic 308,903 (as of 16 May 2020) Worldwide 2019–present COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 virus
 [266]

See also

References

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Further reading

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