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Not to be confused with Black squirrel monkey.
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Black-capped squirrel monkey[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Cebidae
Genus: Saimiri
Species:
S. boliviensis
Binomial name
Saimiri boliviensis
Geographic range
Synonyms
  • Saimiri sciureus boliviensis
  • "

Black-Capped Squirrel Monkey

The Black-capped squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) is a species of New-World monkey native to the upper Amazon basin in Bolivia, western Brazil and eastern Peru[3]. The species belongs to the genus Saimiri and has two subspecies, S. b. boliviensis (the Bolivian squirrel monkey) and S. b. peruviensis (the Peruvian squirrel monkey)[4].  Male Black-capped squirrel monkeys are typically larger than females. The monkeys weigh between 365-1135 grams and measure, from the head to the base of the tail, between 225 and 370mm[5]. Black-capped squirrel monkeys are primarily tree-dwelling and are found in both native and plantation rainforests as well as some farmed areas near running water.[3] Their diet is omnivorous and mostly contains flowers, fruit, leaves, nuts, seeds, insects, arachnids, eggs and small vertebrates.[6] They mostly live in female-dominated troops of around 40-75 monkeys, with males having been observed to disperse to live in all-male troops after reaching sexual maturation. [7] Their current conservation status according to the IUCN is 'Least Concern'.[8]

Physical Description

The Black-capped squirrel monkey displays sexual dimorphism, with males normally weighing between 550 and 1135 grams and females weighing between 365 and 750 grams[5][6]. Infants typically weigh between 80 and 140 grams when they are born[9]. Adults of the species measure in length (from the head to the base of the tail) between 250 and 370mm for males and 225 and 295mm for females. The coat of the monkey is short, soft and dense, and the majority of the fur covering the back of the monkey is a grey to olive-brown hue, while the undersides are typically white, yellow or ochre[6]. The head is characteristically black with white arches over the eyes. The tail is the same colour as the body with a black tufted tip and is not prehensile; it usually measures around 350 - 425mm. [3]

Distinguishing Features

The Black-capped squirrel monkey exhibits the rounded 'roman type' white arch pattern over the eyes.

Physically, the black-capped squirrel monkey is very similar to other species of squirrel monkey, but is distinguishable from other species by a number of features. The most noticeable of these are the black cap, and the white ‘Roman type’ arches over the monkey’s eyes, which are more narrow and rounded than those belonging to the ‘Gothic type’ species[10]. The tail of the ‘Roman type’ species is also narrower than that of the ‘Gothic type’. [4]

Locomotion

Black-capped squirrel monkeys are mostly found in trees and are capable of moving swiftly through dense vegetation at a four-legged walk or run. They will often leap 1-2 metres between branches. They will occasionally adopt a stationary bipedal stance at ground level while foraging. The monkey’s tail is usually used for balance, or by infants to secure them to their mother’s tail or abdomen. [9]

Taxonomic Classification

The Black-capped squirrel monkey is typically arboreal.

Originally all squirrel monkeys were considered to be part of the same species[11]; they were first divided into two different ‘types’ in Paul D. Maclean’s article  ‘Mirror Display in the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri sciureus’, published in 1964[12]. Many different opinions on the taxonomic classification of Saimiri boliviensis as a separate species have been published[11], however the studies of several researchers have concluded that Saimiri boliviensis is one of at most five different species of Saimiri[3].  Two sub-species of Saimiri boliviensis - S. b. boliviensis and S. b. peruviensis - were described Philip Hershkovitz 1984.[4]

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Wallace, R.B.; Cornejo, F.; Rylands, A.B. (2008). "Saimiri boliviensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T41536A10494082. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41536A10494082.en. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d Novak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Primates of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press City. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9780801862519.
  4. ^ a b c Hershkovitz, Philip (1984). "Taxonomy of squirrel monkeys genus Saimiri (Cebidae, platyrrhini): A preliminary report with description of a hitherto unnamed form". American Journal of Primatology. 7 (2): 161–165. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350070212. ISSN 0275-2565.
  5. ^ a b Napier, John R.; Napier, Prue H. (1967). Handbook of Living Primates. London: Academic Press.
  6. ^ a b c Schuler, A. Michele; Abee, Christian R. (2005). Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri). Bethesda, Md.: National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. p. 2. ISBN 9780160759260.
  7. ^ Boinski, Sue; Kauffman, Laurie; Ehmke, Erin; Schet, Steven; Arioene, Vreezam (May 2005). "Dispersal Patterns among Three Species of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis, and S. sciureus)". Behaviour. 142: 526. doi:10.1163/1568539054352888 – via BRILL.
  8. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bolivian/peruvian Squirrel Monkey". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015-01-26. Retrieved 2020-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ a b Baldwin, John D. (1985), "The Behavior of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri) in Natural Environments", Handbook of Squirrel Monkey Research, Springer US, pp. 35–53, ISBN 978-1-4757-0814-1, retrieved 2020-05-24
  10. ^ Handbook of squirrel monkey research. Rosenblum, Leonard A., Coe, Christopher L. New York: Springer. 1985. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4757-0812-7. OCLC 840290131.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ a b Abee, Christian R. (1989-01-01). "The Squirrel Monkey in Biomedical Research". ILAR Journal. 31 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1093/ilar.31.1.11. ISSN 1084-2020.
  12. ^ Maclean, Paul D. (13 November 1964). "Mirror Display in the Squirrel Monkey, Saimiri sciureus". Science. 146: 950–952 – via JSTOR.
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