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Howard Markel

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Howard Markel
Born (1960-04-23) April 23, 1960 (age 64)
Detroit, Michigan, United States
NationalityAmerican
Education
Occupation(s)Author, editor, pediatrician, professor, medical historian
Websitehttp://www.howardmarkel.com[dead link‍]

Howard Markel (born April 23, 1960) is an American physician, author, editor, professor, and medical historian. Markel is the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan and Director of the University of Michigan's Center for the History of Medicine.[1] He is also professor of Psychiatry, Health Management and Policy, History, and Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases.[2][3] Markel, a best-selling author, writes extensively on major topics and figures in the history of medicine and public health.

Early life and education

Markel was born in Detroit and grew up in Oak Park and Southfield, Michigan. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree (summa cum laude) in English from the University of Michigan in 1982 and earned his M.D. degree (cum laude) from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1986, before completing his internship, residency, and fellowship in pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1993. Markel then joined the University of Michigan faculty as a Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of the History of Medicine. A medical historian by training, Markel earned his Ph.D. in the History of Medicine, Science and Technology from Johns Hopkins in 1994.[4]

Scholarship

Quarantine!

Markel's writing focuses on major topics and figures in the history of medicine. A consistent theme in his work has been the historical relationship between epidemics, social stigma and immigration, and public health. His book Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892, focuses on the complex interaction between anti-immigrant prejudices in the United States and the ways such prejudices were mobilized during the typhus and cholera outbreaks of 1892 in New York City.[5][6] The resulting quarantines, enacted largely on the basis of class and ethnicity, prompted Congress to pass a National Quarantine Act codifying standards for medically investigating immigrants and foreign cargo.[7] Markel's argument about the tension between isolating disease and the potential for social scapegoating[8] acquired new urgency during the 2014 Ebola epidemic. "Ebola is jerking us back to the 19th century", he stated in The New York Times.[9]

When Germs Travel

When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed expands the scope of Quarantine! by chronicling American epidemics during the two "great waves of immigration" that helped shape the 20th century. Markel argues that the association of immigrants with infectious disease is a key component of that history,[10] and that their stigmatization during 20th century American epidemics "reveal[s] much about our predispositions for dealing with the perpetual threat of contagious disease".[11]

As with Quarantine, Markel writes that When Germs Travel developed out of his work as an AIDS physician during his residency in the late 1980s and early 1990s:

Every Monday and Wednesday evening for three years, I saw dozens of patients, mostly young gay men and intravenous drug users, with HIV or AIDS. I became especially intrigued by a question that kept popping up during our conversations: 'Dr. Markel, do you think I will be quarantined because I have AIDS?' Doctors rarely hear the same question from so many different patients, but when they do they listen carefully.[12]

An Anatomy of Addiction

Markel's An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine explores the lives and careers of Freud and Halsted through their relationship to cocaine. Having treated patients suffering from various forms of substance abuse, Markel thought that sharing Freud and Halsted's struggles (both personal and scientific) with cocaine would raise awareness of the perniciousness of addiction while illuminating an important chapter in medical history. Discussing his work with Science Friday's Ira Flatow, Markel said "they were so compelling, and I thought using their lives and their struggles I could really put a human face on this terrible disease."[13]

The Kelloggs

In August 2017, Pantheon Books published Markel's latest book, The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek. The book tells the story of the lives and times of the Kellogg Brothers of Battle Creek, Michigan. The older brother, John Harvey Kellogg, was one of the most famous physicians in America and founded the Battle Creek Sanitarium. His concept of biologic living, or what we would today call “wellness and well-being," essentially paved the way for longer and healthier lives though prevention, healthy diets and exercise. His brother Will Kellogg, who co-invented corn flakes with John, quickly saw that the cereal would see far more briskly to healthy Americans when compared to only those who were ill with digestive complaints. In 1906, he founded what became the Kellogg's cereal company. The book also explores the changing landscape of medicine, diet, religion, science, food manufacturing, advertising and marketing in the years after the Civil War to the post-World War II era. Along the way, the Kellogg brothers changed the way much of the world eats breakfast.

The Milbank Quarterly

From 2013 to 2017, Markel was the editor-in-chief of the Milbank Quarterly, a peer-reviewed public health journal of population health and health policy.[citation needed]

Literatim

In December, 2019, Oxford University Press (OUP) published Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine and Culture, a collection of essays on medicine, American culture, and their intersection in modern life. OUP wrote “Markel’s eye for the unexamined corners of contemporary life align with his singular storytelling ability... [This] collection [...] demonstrates how literature, like medicine, can be a portal to better understanding the human condition.”[14]

Markel has also contributed over 450 articles to scholarly publications and popular periodicals, from The New England Journal of Medicine, the American Journal of Public Health,[15] and The Lancet[16] to The New York Times,[17][18][19][20] PBS Newshour's The Rundown,[21][22][23][24][25] Harper's Magazine,[26] The Atlantic,[27] CNN,[28] The New Republic,[29][30] and the International Herald Tribune.[31] He was a Contributing Writer to The Journal of the American Medical Association from 2007 to 2014.[32]

Markel was a regular guest on National Public Radio's Science Friday from 2010 to 2012,[33] and frequently shares his knowledge of the history of medicine and public health on programs such as NPR's All Things Considered,[34] Morning Edition, Talk of the Nation,[35] Here and Now, Tell Me More,[36] American Public Media's Marketplace, The Leonard Lopate Show,[37] ABC's Good Morning America and World News, NBC's Nightly News, Nova,[38] Frontline, NewsHour,[39] BBC's The World, CNN,[40] MSNBC, C-SPAN,[41] and History.

The documentaries Rx for Survival (PBS),[42] We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918 (flu.gov),[43] Forgotten Ellis Island (PBS),[44] The Food That Built America[45] (History) and PBS' Ken Burns and Siddhartha Mukherjee production of Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies[46][47] all feature Markel's commentary and expertise.

Government advice and media appearances

Influenza

From 2005 to 2006, Markel served as a historical consultant on pandemic influenza preparedness planning for the United States Department of Defense. From 2006 to 2016 he served as principal historical consultant on pandemic preparedness for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[48] Markel was one of many who advised the federal government's response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic on the CDC Director's "Novel A/H1N1 Influenza Team B" real-time think tank. He and a team of researchers at the Center for the History of Medicine collaborated with the CDC to publish a digital encyclopedia of the 1918 influenza pandemic, the largest available digital collection of materials pertaining to the deadliest pandemic of the 20th century and one of the largest collections of historical documents ever assembled on a single epidemic.[49] The collaboration between Markel and the CDC continued with analysis and documentation of non-pharmaceutical interventions deployed during the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic.

Ebola

During the 2014 Ebola epidemic, Markel contributed his expertise on the history of epidemics and quarantines to public forums such as NPR's All Things Considered,[50] the BBC World Service,[51] CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD,[52] PBS NewsHour,[53] and The New Yorker.[54] He reminded readers in The New York Times that "we are a global village. Germs have always traveled. The problem now is they can travel with the speed of a jet plane."[55] Markel additionally sought to enhance public understanding of the Ebola outbreak through op-eds for Reuters Opinion[56] and The New Republic.[57]

COVID-19

Markel's research on the use of community mitigation strategies during influenza pandemics constituted a critical component of North American and European policies to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. In particular, his concept of "flattening the curve" emerged as a global shorthand for efforts to slow the spread of infection. Markel helped coin this term as a result of his collaborative research with the CDC in 2005.[58] On April 6, 2020, Google honored the concept of “flattening the curve” by depicting it on its home page in a series of "Google Doodles" dedicated “to public health workers and to researchers in the scientific community.”[59]

Markel consequently played a prominent role in evaluating public health and social distancing policies as they played out in China and around the world during the 2019-2020 COVID-19 epidemic. In January, 2020, he expressed skepticism in The Washington Post[60] and The New York Times that the Chinese government's "Wuhan lockdown" quarantine would succeed in preventing the novel coronavirus' community spread. He argued that the pandemic lockdown in Hubei province, which effectively curtailed all transportation in Wuhan and surrounding cities, was "too much too late," and that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."[61]

On March 11, 2020, Nicholas Kristof cited Markel and his team’s research on the use of school closures for epidemic mitigation as one of the “12 Steps to Tackle the Coronavirus.”[62][63] In an April 1, 2020 interview in The New Yorker, Markel elaborated on how research findings regarding non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) deployed in "the [1918] flu epidemic a century ago can influence decision-making today."[64]

Indeed, during an April 15 press conference in Markel's home state, Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer cited his research on NPIs in her data-driven approach to re-opening the state: "I want to be very clear that our decision to re-engage sectors is going to be based on the best facts and the best science, and what facts and science have told us is that re-engaging our state too soon or too fast will lead to a second wave of COVID-19 in Michigan. During the flu pandemic of 1918, some cities lifted social distancing measures too fast, too soon, and created a second wave of pandemic.”[65] Whitmer reiterated the conclusions from Markel's research were a factor in her decision-making in an April 21 New York Times op-ed: “During the flu pandemic of 1918, some cities lifted social-distancing measures too fast and too soon, and caused a second wave of cases. As a result, many cities were forced back to a quarantine posture for an even longer period of time.”[66]

Reflecting the significance of the widespread "social distancing" which took effect during the pandemic, on April 22, 2020 The New York Times chronicled the concept's origins. The article illustrated how Markel and other researchers worked for years "to overcome skepticism and make it federal policy." [67]

Honors and awards

Markel's historical, medical, and health policy research has been recognized with numerous grants, honors and awards. In 1996 he was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Generalist Physician Faculty Scholar for his work on American Doctors and Foreign Patients; Health Care Delivery for Russian, Jewish, Mexican, and Chinese Immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1995, while his work titled U.S. Immigration Policy and the Public Health, 1880-1995 received the National Institutes of Health's James A. Shannon Director's Award for 1997–1999.[68] He was named a Centennial Historian of the City of New York in 1998 for his role in advising and planning the New York City 100: Greater New York Centennial Celebration.[69] Markel was also an inaugural fellow at the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers from 1999–2000.[70][71]

In 2003 Markel's Quarantine!—by that time established as "a classic in the history of public health"—was recognized by the American Public Health Association with The Arthur J. Viseltear Prize "for the outstanding book in the History of Public Health in America".[72] In 2007, he received the Theodore Woodward Award from the American Clinical and Climatological Association for his presentation on "Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic"[73] and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy, also awarded on the basis of Markel's work on the 1918-1919 pandemic.[74]

In 2008, in recognition of contributions made throughout his career to the fields of medicine and public health, Markel was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.[75] In 2011 he was appointed to the Institute of Medicine's Board of Population Health and Public Health Practices and was Chair of its Section on Social Sciences from 2013–2015. In 2015, the Institute of Medicine was renamed the National Academy of Medicine, of which Dr. Markel is an elected member.[76]

In 2015 Markel was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for demonstrating "exceptional capacity for productive scholarship.[77]

In 2016, Markel was elected into the Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars, in recognition of his career achievements and as a distinguished alumnus of that institution.[78] That same year, the University of Michigan Medical School awarded Markel the Distinguished Alumnus Service Award, which honors alumni who exemplify the Michigan tradition of excellence and have brought credit to the University and their profession though their achievements and service to the welfare of mankind.

In 2017, the Rockefeller Foundation awarded Markel with a prestigious academic writing residency at its Bellagio Center in Italy, which over the past 57 years has included Nobel laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, leading academics, artists, thought leaders, policymakers, and practitioners recognized for their bold thinking and promise to further change the world for the better to promote the well-being of humanity.

In 2018, the Regents of the University of Michigan awarded Markel the Regents' Award for Distinguished Public Service.

In 2019, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine named Markel the Distinguished Medical Alumnus Award.

Books

  • Markel, Howard; Oski, Frank A. (1990). The H.L. Mencken Baby Book: Comprising the Contents of H.L. Mencken's 'What You Ought to Know About Your Baby', with commentaries. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 9780932883223. OCLC 20353016.
  • Markel, Howard (1992). The Portable Pediatrician. Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. ISBN 9781560530077. OCLC 26060532. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
  • Markel, Howard; Oski, Frank A. (1996). The Practical Pediatrician: the A-to-Z Guide to Your Child's Health, Behavior, and Safety. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. ISBN 9780716728979. OCLC 34564899. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
  • Markel, Howard (1997). Quarantine!: East-European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801855122. OCLC 35566332. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
  • Markel, Howard (2004). Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America and the Fears They Have Unleashed (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780375420955. OCLC 52980646. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
  • Markel, Howard (2011). An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted and the Miracle Drug, Cocaine (1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 9780307379818. OCLC 759513453. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)
  • Markel, Howard (2017). The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9780307907288. OCLC 964624787. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authormask= ignored (|author-mask= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

References

  1. ^ "Center for the History of Medicine – Faculty & Staff". Archived from the original on 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
  2. ^ "University of Michigan Department of History – People". Archived from the original on 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
  3. ^ "University of Michigan School of Public Health – Faculty". Archived from the original on 2014-01-14. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
  4. ^ "LDI Seminar Series". The University of Pennsylvania. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  5. ^ Markel 2004, p.68
  6. ^ Tomes, Nancy (April 23, 1988). "Book Reviews: Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892". The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (17): 1235. doi:10.1056/NEJM199804233381720.
  7. ^ "A Short History of Quarantine". PBS. October 12, 2004.
  8. ^ Markel 1997, p. 12.
  9. ^ "Life in Quarantine for Ebola Exposure: 21 Days of Fear and Loathing". The New York Times. October 18, 2014.
  10. ^ Barrett, Mike (September 11, 2004). "In brief". The Lancet. 364 (9438): 928. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17005-0.
  11. ^ Markel 2004, p. 6, p. 210
  12. ^ Markel 2004, p. 6
  13. ^ "A Tale Of Two Addicts: Freud, Halsted And Cocaine". Talk of the Nation. NPR. November 25, 2011.
  14. ^ "Literatim Description". Oxford University Press. Oxford University Press. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  15. ^ Markel, H (February 1987). "When it Rains it Pours: Endemic Goiter, Iodized Salt, and David Murray Cowie, MD". American Journal of Public Health. 77 (2): 219–229. doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.2.219. PMC 1646845. PMID 3541654.
  16. ^ Markel, Howard (August 21, 1999). "Charles Dickens' work to help establish Great Ormond Street Hospital, London". The Lancet. 354 (9179): 673–675. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10108-3. PMID 10466687.
  17. ^ "Baby Not Crawling? Reason Seems to Be Less Tummy Time". The New York Times. April 29, 2001.
  18. ^ "The D.S.M. Gets Addiction Right". The New York Times. January 9, 2014.
  19. ^ "Burning Money". The New York Times. August 22, 2005.
  20. ^ "Don't Censor Influenza Research". The New York Times. February 1, 2012.
  21. ^ "'The Big Book' that gave alcoholics hope in 12 steps turns 75". PBS Newshour. April 10, 2014.
  22. ^ "Typhoid Mary's life sentence in quarantine". PBS Newshour. March 27, 2014.
  23. ^ "The Day Polio Began Losing Its Grip on America". PBS Newshour. April 12, 2013.
  24. ^ "How a Doctor Discovered U.S. Walls Were Poisonous". PBS Newshour. March 29, 2013.
  25. ^ "The Day Doctors Began to Conquer Smallpox". PBS Newshour. May 14, 2013.
  26. ^ "Germ culture: New armies in the never-ending war". Harper's Magazine. March 2002.
  27. ^ "The Heart of the Matter: Is Dick Cheney physically a good risk as Vice President? Seven cardiologists weigh in". The Atlantic. June 1, 2004.
  28. ^ "Sigmund Freud's cocaine problem". CNN. July 22, 2011.
  29. ^ "A Deadly Virus Just Arrived in the U.S.: Here's what you need to know about it". The New Republic. May 4, 2014.
  30. ^ "The Very Deadliest Habit". The New Republic. March 29, 2012.
  31. ^ "How Two Rights Can Make a Wrong". International Herald Tribune. February 25, 2007.
  32. ^ "U-M's Howard Markel now a JAMA Contributing Writer". University of Michigan Health System, Department of Public Relations and Marketing Communications. May 14, 2007. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  33. ^ "Science Diction: The Origin Of 'Evolution'". Science Friday. NPR. August 13, 2010.
  34. ^ "Cadaver Exhibits Are Part Science, Part Sideshow". All Things Considered. NPR. August 10, 2006.
  35. ^ "How Have We Handled Swine Flu?". Talk of the Nation. NPR. May 12, 2009.
  36. ^ "Study: Most Americans Skeptical Of H1N1 Vaccine". Tell Me More. NPR. November 5, 2009.
  37. ^ "Howard Markel and Amanda Smith discuss Addiction". Science Friday. WNYC. February 1, 2012.
  38. ^ "Preparing for the Next Flu Pandemic". Nova. PBS. May 14, 2013.
  39. ^ "Cocaine: How 'Miracle Drug' Nearly Destroyed Sigmund Freud, William Halsted". PBS Newshour. October 17, 2011.
  40. ^ "Cocaine: The evolution of the once 'wonder' drug". CNN. July 22, 2011.
  41. ^ "Book Discussion on An Anatomy of Addiction". C-SPAN. October 17, 2011.
  42. ^ "Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge". PBS. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  43. ^ "We Heard the Bells: The Influenza of 1918". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  44. ^ "Forgotten Ellis Island". PBS. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  45. ^ "The Food That Built America". History.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ^ "Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies". Vimeo. 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  47. ^ "Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies". PBS. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  48. ^ "Howard Markel - Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - Investigator Awards in Health Policy Research". www.investigatorawards.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  49. ^ "The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918: A Digital Encyclopedia". www.influenzaarchive.org. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  50. ^ "A History of Quarantine". NPR.
  51. ^ "Ebola Fears Grow After US Death". BBC.
  52. ^ "CNN/Sanjay Gupta MD".
  53. ^ "Before Ebola, Ellis Island's terrifying medical inspections". PBS Newshour. 2014-10-15.
  54. ^ "The Talk of the Town: Midterm Anxieties". The New Yorker.
  55. ^ "Newly Vigilant, U.S. Will Screen Fliers for Ebola". The New York Times. October 8, 2014.
  56. ^ "How the Ebola quarantine became a 'states' rights' issue". Reuters.
  57. ^ "What a Past Epidemic Teaches Us About Ebola". The New Republic.
  58. ^ "What does "flatten the curve" mean? We asked the UM medical historian who helped coin the term". Michigan Radio. NPR. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  59. ^ "Google Doodle says thank you to coronavirus helpers". The Courier. The Courier. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  60. ^ "Why we should be skeptical of China's coronavirus quarantine". The Washington Post. The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  61. ^ Markel, Howard (27 January 2020). "Will the Largest Quarantine in History Just Make Things Worse?". New York Times. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  62. ^ Krisof, Nicholas. "12 Steps to Tackle the Coronavirus". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  63. ^ Markel, Howard. "Nonpharmaceutical Interventions Implemented by US Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Jama Network. JAMA. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  64. ^ "A Medical Historian on Why We Must Stay the Course in Fighting the Coronavirus". The New Yorker. The New Yorker. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  65. ^ "Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer Press Conference Transcript April 15". Rev.com. Rev. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  66. ^ "I Have Made Gut-Wrenching Choices to Keep People Safe". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  67. ^ "The Untold Story of the Birth of Social Distancing". The New York Times. The New York Times.
  68. ^ "News and Events". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 71 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press Bulletin of the History of Medicine: 320–327. 2007. doi:10.1353/bhm.1997.0094.
  69. ^ "Centennial Historians". www.nyc.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
  70. ^ "Past Fellows 1999-2013".
  71. ^ "Scholars and Writers Conclude Year-Long Fellowships at The New York Public Library with Free Public Presentations". New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
  72. ^ "The 131st Annual Meeting of APHA". November 17, 2003.
  73. ^ Markel, H; Stern, AM; Cetron, MS (2008). "Theodore E. Woodward Award Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Employed By Major American Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 119: 129–38, discussion 138–42. PMC 2394704. PMID 18596866.
  74. ^ "History Informing Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: A Qualitative Study of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Community Experiences during the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
  75. ^ "Two Medical School faculty elected to Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science". U-M Health System. October 13, 2008.
  76. ^ "Howard Markel - Institute of Medicine". Iom.edu. 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2014-05-26.[permanent dead link‍]
  77. ^ "Guggenheim Howard Markel". Guggenheim Fellowship. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  78. ^ "Johns Hopkins inducts 16 new members into Society of Scholars". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
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