List of national anthems
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2018) |
Most nation states have an anthem, defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism";[1] most anthems are either marches or hymns in style. A song or hymn can become a national anthem under the state's constitution, by a law enacted by its legislature, or simply by tradition.[2] A royal anthem is a patriotic song similar to a national anthem, but it specifically praises or prays for a monarch or royal dynasty. Such anthems are usually performed at public appearances by the monarch or during other events of royal importance.[3] Some states use their royal anthem as the national anthem, such as the state anthem of Jordan.
There are multiple claimants to the position of oldest national anthem.[4] Among the national anthems, the first to be composed was the Dutch national anthem, the "Wilhelmus", which was written between 1568 and 1572.[5] This has both Dutch and English language versions and is unusual in being an acrostic in both languages. The Japanese anthem, "Kimigayo", employs the oldest lyrics of any national anthem, taking its words from the "Kokin Wakashū", which was first published in 905, yet these words were not set to music until 1880.[6] The first anthem to be officially adopted as such was the Spanish anthem "La Marcha Real", in 1770; its origins remain unclear; it is suggested that it has 16th century Venetian origins, or even that it was composed by king Frederick the Great himself; it is also one of the few national anthems that has never had official lyrics.[7] Anthems became increasingly popular among European states in the 18th century.[8] For example, the British national anthem "God Save the Queen" was first performed as "God Save the King" in 1745.[9] The French anthem "La Marseillaise" was written half a century later in 1792, and adopted in 1795.[10]
National anthems are usually written in the most common language of the state, whether de facto or official. States with multiple national languages may offer several versions of their anthem. For instance, Switzerland's national anthem has different lyrics for each of the country's four official languages: French, German, Italian, and Romansh.[11] One of New Zealand's two national anthems is commonly sung with the first verse in Māori ("Aotearoa") and the second in English ("God Defend New Zealand"). The tune is the same but the lyrics have different meanings. South Africa's national anthem is unique in that it is two different songs put together with five of the country's eleven official languages being used, in which each language comprises a stanza.[12]
National anthems of UN member states and observer states
Only United Nations member states and observer states are included in this table.[13][14] National anthems of sovereign states which are not UN members or observers are listed in a separate table below. An English translation of the title is provided in parentheses where appropriate.
Anthems of partially recognized states and territories
This table includes anthems of de facto sovereign states which are not members or observers of the United Nations. Many of them have received little or no recognition from the international community; some are widely considered to be part of one of the countries listed above.
Note: This list is for those who have declared independence and are partially recognized.
| Territory | Territorial anthem | Date adopted | Lyricist | Officially known as | Composer | Audio | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Abkhazia
|
"Aiaaira" ("Victory") |
1992 | Genady Alamiya | "State Anthem of the Republic of Abkhazia" | Valera Çkaduwa | "Aiaaira" | [118] |
 Artsakh
|
"Azat u ankakh Artsakh" ("Free and independent Artsakh") |
1992 | Vardan Hakobyan | "Unofficial State Anthem of the Republic of Artsakh" | Armen Nasibyan | noicon "Azat u anakh Artsakh" | [119] |
 Kosovo
|
"Europe" | 2008 | No lyrics | "State Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo" | Mendi Mengjiqi | "Europe" | [120] |
 Northern Cyprus
|
"İstiklâl Marşı" ("Independence March") |
1921 | Mehmet Akif Ersoy | "The Turkish Cypriot State Anthem" | Zeki Üngör | "İstiklâl Marşı" | [121][122] |
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
|
"Yā Banīy As-Saharā" ("O Sons of the Sahara") |
1979 | unknown | "Western Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republican Anthem" | unknown | "Ya Baniy As-Sahara" | |
 Somaliland
|
"Samo ku waar" | 1991 | Hassan Sheikh Mumin | "Somaliland" | Hassan Sheikh Mumin | noicon "Samo ku waar" | |
 South Ossetia
|
"Respublikæ Hussar Irystony Paddzahadon Gimn" ("National Anthem of South Ossetia") |
1995 | Totraz Kokaev | "Respwlikæ Hwßar İrisânı Pađzahadân Ģimń" | Felix Alborov | ||
 Taiwan
|
"San Min Chu-i" ("Three Principles of the People")[r] |
1937 (de facto) 1943 (de jure) |
Sun Yat-sen | "National Anthem of the Republic of China"[s] | Ch'eng Mao-yün | "San Min Chu I" | [123] |
 Transnistria
|
"My slavim tebia, Pridnestrovie" ("We glorify you, Pridnestrovie") |
1992 | Boris Parmenov, Vitaly Pishenko, Nicholas Bozhko | "Mı slavim tebia Prîdnestrâviē" | Boris Alexandrov | "My slavim tebia" | [124] |
National anthems by key
| Key | Countries | |
|---|---|---|
| A major | Equatorial Guinea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan | |
| A minor | Bulgaria, Japan, Kenya, Tajikistan | |
| A♭ major | Algeria, Bangladesh, Burundi, Eswatini, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Rwanda, San Marino, Trinidad and Tobago | |
| B♭ major | Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Fiji, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Ireland, Jamaica, Kiribati, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tuvalu, United States, Vanuatu, Vietnam | |
| C major | Angola, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Dominica, East Timor, Ethiopia, Gambia, Jordan, North Korea, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Namibia, Panama, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Uruguay, Yemen | |
| C♯ major | Cape Verde, Pakistan | |
| D major | Bahamas, Bahrain, Denmark, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Finland, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Seychelles, Sudan | |
| D minor | Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan | |
| D♭ major | Haiti, Norway | |
| E major | Bhutan, Ecuador, Iceland, Libya | |
| E minor | Iraq, Israel, Romania | |
| E♭ major | Afghanistan, Austria, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Mauritania, Palau, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, South Sudan, Suriname | |
| F major | Armenia, Belarus, Belize, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Laos, Malawi, Maldives, Malta, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Nauru, Niger, Nigeria, Palestine, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Somalia, Syria, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Vatican City, Venezuela, Western Sahara | |
| F♯ major | Ivory Coast, Uganda | |
| G major | Albania, Andorra, Barbados, China, France, Indonesia, Iran, Kosovo, Latvia, Lebanon, Mali, Monaco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Oman, Qatar, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Zambia, Zimbabwe | |
| G minor | Cambodia, Nepal, Slovakia, Turkey | |
| Any key or mixed keys |
Brazil, Central African Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Italy, Montenegro, Morocco, Philippines, South Africa |
See also
- List of historical national anthems
- List of regional anthems
- Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain
- List of U.S. state songs
- Regional anthems of the Soviet Union
- Anthem of Europe
- Royal anthem
- Earth anthem
- Olympic Hymn
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "God Save the Queen" is the royal anthem of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Canada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu, and one of New Zealand's two national anthems.
- ^ "My Belarusy" was originally adopted by the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
- ^ "Lijepa naša domovino" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Croatia.
- ^ a b "Hymn to Liberty" or "Hymn to Freedom" is the national anthem of both Cyprus and Greece.
- ^ By the power of the Constitution of Cyprus, the Turkish national anthem "İstiklâl Marşı" was used when a Turkish Cypriot representative was present. The practice lasted up to 1963.
- ^ a b Originally adopted by Czechoslovakia as a part of its hymn in 1918 (together with Slovak "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"), and latter in 1993 by the Czech Republic (already without the Slovak part).
- ^ "Der er et yndigt land" ("There is a lovely country") is the second national anthem of Denmark. Both anthems have equal status.
- ^ Also known as "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and justice and freedom"); only the third stanza of the song is the official national anthem.
- ^ a b c d This refers to "God Defend New Zealand", not "God Save the Queen".
- ^ Until the early 20th century, "Sønner av Norge" was the most recognised national anthem of Norway. Also "Norges Skaal" and "Mitt lille land" have at times been described as national anthems. Norway's unofficial royal anthem is "Kongesangen".
- ^ "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" was first performed in 1864, but only gradually came to replace the older national anthem "Sønner av Norge" as de facto national anthem. It was adopted as the official national anthem 11 December 2019.
- ^ Also known by its incipit: "Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła, kiedy my żyjemy" ("Poland Is Not Yet Lost, So long as we still live").
- ^ "Zdravljica" was originally adopted by the Socialist Republic of Slovenia. Only the seventh stanza of the song is used as the national anthem.
- ^ The "National Anthem of South Africa" is a hybrid of "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") and "Die Stem van Suid-Afrika"
("The Call of South Africa"). - ^ Declared official "Honor March" by Charles III in 1770, abolished 1820-1823,adopted as official anthem under Isabel II (r. 1833–1868), co-official during 1873-1874 and again abolished 1931-1939. Re-introduced in 1939.
- ^ Sweden's royal anthem is "Kungssången".
- ^ Thailand's royal anthem is "Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami".
- ^ "National Banner Song" is used as the alternate state anthem for Taiwan at international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and World Baseball Classic.
- ^ The official state name of Taiwan is the "Republic of China".
General
- Bristow, Michael Jamieson (2006-10-28). National Anthems of the World. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36826-1.
- Hang, Xing (2003-09-28). Encyclopedia of National Anthems. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4847-3.
- Leonard, Hal (1996-01-01). National Anthems from Around the World. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 0-7935-6079-9.
- "National Anthems of the World". National Anthems of the World. Flagdom. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Specific
- ^ "Anthem". Reference.com. Lexico Publishing Group. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- ^ "National anthem". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- ^ "Royal anthem "God Save The Queen"". Department of Canadian Heritage. Archived from the original on 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ "What are the world's oldest national anthems?". NationalAnthems.me. Archived from the original on 2011-12-22. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
- ^ "The Dutch Royal House". Dutch Royal House. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Japan Policy Research Institute JPRI Working Paper No. 79. Published July 2001. Retrieved July 7, 2007
- ^ "Lost for words". The Economist. 2007-07-26. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ "'Bird's Nest' Ballads: Olympic National Anthems". NPR. 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ "God Save the King". 15. The Gentleman's Magazine. October 1745: 552.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "La Marseillaise". Fordham University. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ "Facts and figures". Government of Switzerland. Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Ash, Timothy Garton (2008-01-17). "There are great national anthems – now we need an international one". "The Guardian". Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ "List of Member States". United Nations. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
- ^ "List of Observer States". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2015-07-18.
- ^ "The Constitution of Afghanistan". afghan-web.com. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
- ^ "National Anthems of the World" (7th edn), pp. 12–13.
- ^ "National Anthems of the World" (7th edn), pp. 14–17.
- ^ "National Anthems of the World" (7th edn), pp. 18–21.
- ^ "Angola". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
- ^ "Rui Alberto Vieira Dias Mingas". Naxos.com. Naxos Records. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
- ^ Agency, Central Intelligence (2016-11-22). The CIA World Factbook 2017. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. p. 32. ISBN 9781510712898.
- ^ Minahan, James (2009-12-23). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 658. ISBN 9780313344978.
- ^ "Símbolos Nacionales" [National Symbols] (in Spanish). Presidency of the Argentine Nation. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
La necesidad de tener una canción patriótica, que surgió con la Revolución de Mayo y que el Triunvirato supo comprender, se ve plasmada hoy en el Himno Nacional Argentino, con música de Blas Parera, letra de Vicente López y Planes, y arreglo de Juan P. Esnaola.
- ^ Vega, Carlos (1962). El Himno Nacional Argentino [The Argentine National Anthem] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Eudeba.
- ^ Dowsett, Charles James Frank; Suny, Ronald Grigor (14 March 2017). "Armenia – History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ Whitlam, G 1973, 'National Anthem', Australia Day Broadcast
- ^ "The Australian National Anthem". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
- ^ "Parliamentary Handbook of the Commonwealth of Australia – National Symbols". Parliament of Australia. 21 September 2005. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007. (proclamation by Governor-General dated 19 April 1984)
- ^ Diederichs, Joachim [in German] (2018). "Von wem stammt die Melodie der österreichischen Bundeshymne?" [From whom is the melody of the Austrian national anthem?]. Österreichische Musikzeitschrift (in German). Vienna: Hollitzer Verlag. pp. 79–82. Retrieved 7 June 2019., year 73
- ^ Bundesgesetzblatt I Nr. 127/2011, 27 December 2011 (in German)
- ^ "The National Symbols of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Heydar Aliyev Foundation. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ "Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət himni haqqında" (PDF). mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2003-10-28. Retrieved 2003-10-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Middle East :: Bahrain — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Komol, Khalid Hasan (2012). "Das, Samar". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ "Central America :: Barbados — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "The National Anthem of Belarus". A Belarus Miscellany. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Указ № 350 ад 2 лiпеня 2002 г." (in Belarusian). 2002-07-02. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04.
- ^ "Courrier des Pays-Bas: La Brabançonne". Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ^ Francis Martens, La Belgique en chantant, pp. 19–40, in Antoine Pickels and Jacques Sojcher (eds.), Belgique: toujours grande et belle, issues 1–2, Éditions Complexe, Brussels, 1998
- ^ "Central America :: Belize — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Africa :: Benin — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Penjore, Dorji; Kinga, Sonam (2002). The Origin and Description of The National Flag and National Anthem of The Kingdom of Bhutan (PDF). Thimphu: The Centre for Bhutan Studies. p. 14. ISBN 99936-14-01-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
- ^ Blackwell, Amy Hackney (2009). Independence Days: Holidays and Celebrations. Infobase Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 1-60413-101-2. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ "South America :: Bolivia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Bosnia Anthem Gets Lyrics After 10 Years", Bosnia Insight, February 23, 2009.
- ^ "Africa :: Botswana — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Antunes, Anderson. "A Brief History Of The Brazilian National Anthem, And Why It Is The Tune Of The World Cup". Forbes.
- ^ "East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Brunei — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Химнът на България през превратностите на времето". socbg.com. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
- ^ "Africa :: Burkina Faso — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Africa :: Burundi — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Cambodia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Africa :: Cameroon — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Department of Canadian Heritage. "Patrimoine canadien – Hymne national du Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on February 26, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Canada. Parliament, House of Commons. (1964). House of Commons debates, official report. Vol. 11. Queen's Printer. p. 11806.
- ^ DeRocco, David (2008). From sea to sea to sea : a newcomer's guide to Canada. Full Blast Productions. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-9784738-4-6.
- ^ Berg, Tiago José (2012-11-26). Hinos de todos os países do mundo. Panda Books. p. 75. ISBN 9788578881917.
- ^ "Africa :: Central African Republic — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Zuchora-Walske, Christine (2009-01-01). Chad in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 9781575059563.
- ^ Gobierno de Chile. "Himno Nacional". Archived from the original on 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ 《中华人民共和国国歌》 [Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Guógē, "National Anthem of the People's Republic of China"]. State Council of the People's Republic of China (Beijing), 2015. Accessed 21 January 2015. (in Chinese)
- ^ "South America :: Colombia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Africa :: Comoros — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Africa :: Congo, Republic of the — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Central America :: Costa Rica — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "lijep". Hrvatski jezični portal (in Croatian). Novi Liber / Srce. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ "State emblems". Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia).
- ^ "Symbols of the cuban nation". www.nacion.cult.cu.
- ^ "Europe :: Cyprus — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Ročník 1993 – Sbírka Zákonů České Republiky" (PDF) (in Czech). Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2011.
- ^ Gössel, Gabriel; et al. (2008). Kde domov můj: státní hymna České republiky v proměnách doby [The Czech Republic's national anthem down the ages]. Government of the Czech Republic. ISBN 978-80-87041-42-0.
- ^ Udenrigsministeriet (6 August 2001). "Instruks for Udenrigstjenesten". Retsinformation. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "NCNA Reports on Djibouti Independence Ceremony". Djibouti: U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 27 June 1977.
- ^ "National Anthem - Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica". dominica.gov.dm.
- ^ "Central America :: Dominican Republic — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Símbolu Nasionál" (in Tetum). Governul Timor-Leste. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ Presidency of Ecuador Archived 2009-06-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Egypt National Anthem". Egypt Cairo. Archived from the original on 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
- ^ "Central America :: El Salvador — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Cusack, Igor (2005). "African National Anthems: 'Beat the Drums, the Red Lion Has Roared'". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 17 (2): 235–51. doi:10.1080/13696850500448337. JSTOR 4141312.
- ^ "Africa :: Eritrea — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "The President of the Republic of Estonia: National Symbols". 14 January 2006. Archived from the original on 14 January 2006.
- ^ "National anthem of the Republic of Estonia". Translated by Jenny Wahl. Republic of Estonia. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
- ^ "Africa :: Eswatini — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Minahan, James (2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 830. ISBN 0313344973. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
- ^ "About Ethiopia". Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in Ireland. December 4, 2010.
- ^ "Australia - Oceania :: Fiji — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "The Finnish national anthem". This Is Finland. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
- ^ "Africa :: Gabon — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Africa :: Gambia, The — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Parliament of Georgia. The Constitutional Law on the National Anthem of Georgia (No 72-2s; საქართველოს ორგანული კანონი "საქართველოს სახელმწიფო ჰიმნის შესახებ"). Retrieved April 4, 2006 .
- ^ "Wie die deutsche Nationalhymne nach feucht-fröhlicher Runde entstand" by Claus-Stephan Rehfeld, Deutschlandfunk, 26 August 2016
- ^ "National Anthem and Pledge Ghana High Commission". Brazil Consulate.
- ^ Εθνικός Ύμνος [National Anthem] (in Greek). www.presidency.gr. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Central America :: Grenada — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Central America :: Guatemala — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Africa :: Guinea — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "Africa :: Guinea-Bissau — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ Cambridge, Vibert C. (May 21, 2015). Musical Life in Guyana: History and Politics of Controlling Creativity. University Press of Mississippi. p. 209–213. ISBN 9781626746442.
- ^ Hall, Michael R. (2012). "Historical Dictionary of Haiti". p. 182. ISBN 9780810878105. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ "Central America :: Honduras — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
- ^ "A Himnusz története" [History of Himnusz] (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2016-05-17.
- ^ "A Himnusz ügye az Országgyűlés előtt" [The matter of the anthem before Parliament] (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2016-05-17.
- ^ "Iceland – History". Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations (12th ed.). Thomson Gale. 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
- ^ Britannica, Editors of Encyclopedia (2008), Britannica Encyclopedia of India (Set of 5 Volumes), Encyclopedia Britannica India, p. 167, ISBN 978-81-8131-008-8
{{citation}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ "Error". www.jakarta.go.id.
- ^ "Elementary schools face new mandate: Patriotism, 'Kimigayo'". The Japan Times Online. Kyodo News. 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ^ 国旗及び国歌に関する法律 (法律第百二十七号） (in Japanese). Government of Japan. 1999-08-13. Archived from the original on 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
- ^ "Datenbank-europa.de". Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ Christine Zuchora-Walske (2008). Nepal in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 69. ISBN 0-8225-8578-2. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Sayaun Thunga Phulka.
- ^ "Nepali Cabinet Approves New National Anthem". People's Daily. 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
- ^ "«Ja, vi elsker» blir nasjonalsong". NRK. December 11, 2019.
- ^ "Representantforslag om å vedta at «Ja, vi elsker dette landet» skal anerkjennes som Norges offisielle nasjonalsang". Stortinget. June 4, 2019.
- ^ a b Martell, Peter (2011-01-11). "A Song for South Sudan: Writing a New National Anthem". BBC News. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
- ^ Royal anthem in a number of Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, but no official status as national anthem.
- ^ "Useful information - State symbols". mfaapsny.org. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
- ^ "State Symbols - NKR". www.nkr.am. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
- ^ "Kosovo Approves Anthem with No Lyrics". Balkan Insight. 2008-06-11. Archived from the original on 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
Most of the parliamentary groups said they listened to all three shortlisted proposals but opted for the composition called 'Europe' by Mehdi Mengjiqi, which has no lyrics as it would respect the multi-ethnic nature of Kosovo.
- ^ Hakki, Murat Metin (2007). The Cyprus Issue: A Documentary History, 1878-2006. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-392-6.
- ^ Minahan, James B. (2009-12-23). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34497-8.
- ^ "National anthem". english.president.gov.tw. Office of the President. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
- ^ "Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
External links