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Kakinada

Coordinates: 16°57′58″N 82°15′18″E / 16.96611°N 82.25500°E / 16.96611; 82.25500
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Kakinada
Coringa, Cocanada, Kaki Nandiwada
City
Nickname(s): 
Second Madras, Pensioner's Paradise
Kakinada is located in Andhra Pradesh
Kakinada
Kakinada
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Coordinates: 16°57′58″N 82°15′18″E / 16.96611°N 82.25500°E / 16.96611; 82.25500
CountryIndia
StateAndhra Pradesh
DistrictEast Godavari
Established1759
Incorporated (Municipality)1866
Government
[2]
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyKakinada Municipal Corporation
 • MayorSunkara Pavani[1]
 • MLAs
List of MLAs
 • MPVanga Geeta (YSRCP)
Area
[3]
 • City
57.6 km2 (22.2 sq mi)
Population
[4][3]
 • City
534,350 (6th) in AP
 • Metro
[3]
999,513
Demonym(s)Kākināḍōḍu, Kākināaḍian
Literacy
 • Literacy rate81.23%
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
533001, 533002, 533003, 533004, 533005, 533006, 533016
Area code+91–884
Vehicle registrationAP-05 AP-06
WebsiteKakinada Municipal Corporation

Kakinada (formerly called Cocanada, Coringa) listenⓘ is the 5th largest city of Indian State of Andhra Pradesh and serves as the district headquarters of East Godavari district of the State.[5] It lies on the coast of Bay of Bengal to the east in the district. It was once ruled by Dutch India and British East India Company. The reason why the First Polytechnic College of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Polytechnic was established here in 1946 by the Britishers. They even established the Christian Missionary school St. Joseph's Convent School[disambiguation needed]. It has a canal named Buckingham Canal where goods used to be transported by the boats during the time of Britishers. It was once home for Asia's largest Sea Port (now near the village Coringa). Many people from the city migrated from this Sea Port to many countries like Burma, Mauritius, Fiji and many South-east Asian countries to work there as workers where they were called as Coringas. They still live in those countries, learn Telugu and practice the Andhra culture.

Kakinada is known for its sweet called Khaja which became a famous recipe in South India known as Kakinada Kaja. Apart from this, it is also known for food. There is a cuisine named Subbaiah Hotel which is known in South India for its authentic Vegetarian meals. The city is also home for a snack called Bajji which is famous throughout the state. Along with these it is mostly known for its town planning, one of the most greatly well planned towns in the entire country. The Indian Standard Time (IST) exactly passes through this city in the southern part of India. Hope Island, which lies just off the city's coast, naturally acts as a barrier and protects the city from cyclones and tsunami effects which also serves as a tourist spot.

It used to have about 12 cinema theatres along a road (for which it has a dedicated road named after that as Cinema Road) and is known as Second Madras (because Madras [now Chennai], used to have many cinema theatres along a road). It also has a dedicated road for temples known as Temple Road which justifies its status as the best planned city. It is also known for its pleasant climate and recreating atmosphere for which it is also known as Pensioner's Paradise indicating as a place to settle for mental peace and health. It is also a gateway for a region called Konaseema which is regarded as Second Kerala which is very famous for its scenic Coconut Trees and picturesque green farm fields surrounded by River Gouthami just like Kerala. It also has one of the largest Mangrove forests in India near a village named Coringa which serves as a great tourist spot in Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary. It also has one of the oldest and biggest Government Hospitals of the state known as GGH Kakinada.

Due to the love for Cinema and arts it had for years, the city is also home for many Telugu Cinema (Tollywood) Film Celebrities namely Suryakantham, Rao Gopal Rao, Relangi, P.B.Srinivas, C.S.Rao, Chitti Babu, P.Adinarayana Rao, Chaganti Koteswara rao, Krishna Bhagawan, Goutham Raju, Ohmkar, Anchor Shyamala, Singer Anjana Sowmya, Pavala Syamala.

Culturally, the city has a popular dialect known as Kakinada/Godavari Dialect which is one of the most famous dialects of Andhra Pradesh. Politically, it is also very important seat of power as there is a sentiment of forming the government if won in this region along with Rajahmundry. It is also close to many famous holy temples of the district.

It is one of the three smart cities of Andhra Pradesh under Smart Cities Mission.[6] A second new port is being constructed by GMR Group which will become the biggest port in the state. A Petroleum Complex is also planned to be constructed by the Indian government as the region is full of gas and petroleum resources. It is one of the most rapidly developing cities of the India.

Etymology

Kaki Nandiwada, presently Kakinada was a Dutch settlement.[7] They used to store and export Saree (known as Coca or Koka in Telugu) products and hence the name Coca-nada.[8] There was also a theory when British East India Company ruled this city, they had difficulty to pronounce the city's name Coca-nada, so they changed it as Co-Canada for their convenience. It is even referred to as Coringa by the Britishers because of the proximity of its Sea Port to the river Koringa.

The British East India Company also called it Cocanada when they established the first Canadian Baptist Mission. After Independence, it finally got the name Kakinada. Some theories suggest Kakasura's losing his eye by an arrow of Lord Rama gave the name Kakinada or that Kaki Nandivada is derived from (Kaka, an Ikshvaku king) who built the town. Another theory says that it is Kakulavada, an abode of crows – for catching fish on the shore.[9]

History

During the colonisation of the Dutch Coromandel coast, the Dutch East India Company maintained a trading post known as Jaggernaikpoeram or Jaggernaickpuram (among other spellings) to the English.

The British established the site in 1759 as a shipbuilding and ship repair facility. The British knew the area as the Coromandel coast, and Coringa Town (now called Kakinada) on the Coringa River, a branch of the Godavari river. As the principal seaport on this coast, it soon became a large shipbuilding yard of some importance. In 1802 a dock was built for repair of Royal Navy and other vessels, it boasted the only wet dock between Bombay and Calcutta. ‘’Cape Cori, or Hope Island’' as it was called was known internationally for shipbuilding and repairs.[10] The facilities were destroyed by massive cyclonic storms and tidal waves in 1787 (causing 20,000 fatalities) and again on the 9th and 10 May 1832.[11][12] On 25 November 1839 yet another even greater cyclone finished off the port and it was not to recover. It has been estimated that the storm surge was as much as 40 feet. The harbour city was destroyed as were some 20,000 vessels of various sizes. This was one of the storms cited by Henry Piddington in a speech to the ‘’Asiatic Society of Bengal’’ where he first used the term ‘’cyclone’’ to describe the phenomena.[13] After the 1839 cyclone, homes were relocated further inland.

In 1901 due to sand depositing, and silting of the estuary not a single ship of any consequence could enter the port, by 1905 the construction of ships had ceased, and the port was closed.[14][15]

In the Madras Presidency, the District of Rajahmundry was created in 1823.[16] It was reorganised in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Krishna districts. During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was divided, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became headquarters of West Godavari.

Geography

District Collectorate Office built by Britishers at Kakinada

Kakinada is located at 16°56′N 82°13′E / 16.93°N 82.22°E / 16.93; 82.22.[17] The 82-degrees east longitude passes through the city. It has an average elevation of 2 metres (6 ft), and many areas of the city are below sea level.[5]

The city consists of two regions, connected by bridges. The southern part, Jagannadhapuram, is separated from the rest of the city by the Buckingham Canal.[18] The canal and its branches form Medaline Island,[19] which abuts the city in the southwest.

An industrial belt and rich, running north–south the length of the city, separates the eastern part from the coast.[20] Kakinada is bordered on the southeast by Kakinada Bay and a marshy wetland, home to India's second-largest mangrove forest and the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary.[21] A branch of the Godavari River, the Gouthami, flows into the Bay of Bengal at this point.

Climate

Kakinada has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: Af) with hot, humid weather most of the year. The warmest time of the year is late May and early June, with maximum temperatures around 38–42 °C (100–108 °F). January is the coolest month, with minimum temperatures of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the southwest monsoon, although considerable rain also falls during the northeast monsoon (from mid-October to mid-December). Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal frequently strike the city.[22] Kakinada's prevailing winds are from the southwest for most of the year, except from October to January when they are from the northeast. The city's average annual rainfall is 110–115 centimetres (43–45 in).

Climate data for Kakinada (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.6
(94.3) 		37.8
(100.0) 		40.0
(104.0) 		42.8
(109.0) 		46.9
(116.4) 		47.4
(117.3) 		41.7
(107.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		37.9
(100.2) 		37.3
(99.1) 		35.9
(96.6) 		34.0
(93.2) 		47.4
(117.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.2
(84.6) 		31.2
(88.2) 		34.0
(93.2) 		36.2
(97.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.8
(96.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		31.9
(89.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		29.2
(84.6) 		32.8
(91.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.3
(68.5) 		21.7
(71.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		26.2
(79.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		22.5
(72.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		24.4
(75.9)
Record low °C (°F) 12.0
(53.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.3
(70.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		13.9
(57.0) 		12.0
(53.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 12.6
(0.50) 		10.3
(0.41) 		7.5
(0.30) 		16.4
(0.65) 		42.3
(1.67) 		122.8
(4.83) 		175.4
(6.91) 		176.9
(6.96) 		199.4
(7.85) 		243.4
(9.58) 		98.8
(3.89) 		10.7
(0.42) 		1,116.6
(43.96)
Average rainy days 0.9 1.1 0.5 1.1 2.8 7.1 10.9 10.2 9.1 9.0 3.8 0.9 57.5
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 66 63 61 60 61 60 68 72 74 73 68 66 66
Source: India Meteorological Department[23][24]
Andhra Sahitya Parishat, an Archaeological Museum at Kakinada

Demographics

As of 2011 census of India, Kakinada had population of 443,028 of which 222,461 were male and 220,567 female.[25] The Kakinada urban agglomeration had a population of 443,028 of which males are 217,459 while female population are 225,569.[26] There are 101 identified slums in the city, which contains a population of 132,185, 41% of the city's population. It is the 115th biggest city in India and one of the fastest growing cities in Andhra Pradesh.[27]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 17,839—    
1881 28,856+61.8%
1891 40,553+40.5%
1901 48,096+18.6%
1911 54,110+12.5%
1921 53,348−1.4%
1931 69,952+31.1%
1941 75,140+7.4%
1951 99,952+33.0%
1961 122,865+22.9%
1971 164,200+33.6%
1981 226,409+37.9%
1991 279,875+23.6%
2001 327,541+17.0%
2011 376,861+15.1%

Governance

Kakinada Municipal Corporation is spread over an area of 16.63 km2 (6.42 sq mi), while the urban agglomeration area of Kakinada spreads over an area of 40.36 km2 (15.58 sq mi). The urban agglomeration constituents include the areas of Kakinada Municipal Corporation, census towns of Chidiga, Ramanayyapeta, Suryaraopeta and the out growths of Ganganapalle, Sarpavaram, Vakalapudi and Turangi.[28][29]

Economy

The economy of the city depends mainly on agriculture, fishing and industrial sectors. paddy, coconut are agro products from the city. The majority of the industrial sector is covered edible oil refineries, fertilizers and natural gas.[8] During the late 1940s (around the time of Indian independence) there was little industry in or around Kakinada;[30] the local economy was based on agriculture and fishing. Until the early 1980s (before the fertilizer companies began operation), the local economy revolved around the textile industry, auto parts, steel-related ancillary units, agriculture and fishing.[5]

Kakinada port

Hope Island, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the coast, makes Kakinada Port a natural harbour.[31] It is home to two ports namely, an Anchorage port and a Deep-water port ( and also third port is going to be constructed in KSEZ which will be Greenfield Seaport ).[32] Kakinada's deep-water port is the second-largest in the state (after Visakhapatnam port) and the first in the country to be built in a public-private partnership, in 1996 It is operated by Kakinada Seaports.[33] Before the deep-water port was built, the Anchorage port was the largest of India's 40 minor ports.[34]

Kakinada's principal exports include seafood (Prawns, Shrimp, Fish) and related products, agricultural products (including rice and corn,[35] oilmeals, processed food products, chemicals, iron ore, bauxite powder and biofuel. Imports include chemicals, edible oils and agricultural products[36] (including wheat and sugar).

Industrial sector

A number of industries and edible oil refineries, and serves as a base for a thriving oil and gas industry for the state of Andhra Pradesh are established at Kakinada.[8]

Agro−products

Coconuts are exported by several companies in and around Kakinada. The Murugappa Group-owned EID Parry (India) and Cargill International joint venture, Silk Road Sugars, has a port-based stand-alone sugar refinery in Kakinada with a capacity of 600,000 tonnes.,[37][38]

Edible oil refineries and biofuel plants

In 2002, several edible-oil refineries were established in Kakinada, with a refining capacity of 3,000 tons per day; they include Acalmar Oils and Fats (taken over by Adani Wilmar), Ruchi Infrastructure and Nikhil Refineries. The port facilitates the importation of crude palm and soybean oil.[39]

Vakalapudi Industrial Park has attracted over $10 million in investment from biodiesel companies such as Reliance Industries, Natural Bioenergy and Universal Bio Fuel.[40][41] Andhra Pradesh has entered into an agreement with Reliance Industries for jatropha planting. The company selected 200 acres (81 ha) of land in Kakinada to grow jatropha for quality biodiesel fuel.[42]

Information technology

Kakinada is a tier-II city. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) established a facility here in 2007. Since then, several IT companies have come up in the city, mainly due to its educated workforce available in the city.[43]

Nearly, 35 Software and IT companies are operating from Kakinada. Some of the notable software companies include Cyient, Avineon, Krify, Primesoft etc.[44]

An IT Association by the name "Godavari IT Association of East and West Godavari districts" (GITA) which an association of IT companies in the twin Godavari districts is formed in 2008 which is based in the city.[45] Since 2016, GITA is merged with "IT Association of Andhra Pradesh" (ITAAP) forming a separate chapter called ITAAP Godavari Chapter.[46]

Resources

Power generation

There are several power plants in and around Kakinada. Spectrum Power Generation has a 208-MW plant and was one of the first Independent Power Producers in the country. The company is planning to expand its capacity to 1350 MW in phases. Tenders for a 350-MW expansion have been requested.[47] A 220-MW power station (being expanded to 2400 MW at a cost of Rs 100 billion) owned by Reliance Energy[48] and a 464-MW combined-cycle power plant by GVK Group are in operation at Samalkota (Kakinada Rural). These plants supply electricity to the state's transmission utility, AP Transco, under a power purchase agreement.

Natural gas and petroleum

Kakinada is the base for Oil and Natural Gas Corporation's Eastern Offshore Asset. Several oil companies use Kakinada for oil and gasoline shipments. Baker Hughes and Schlumberger are field-development companies working on offshore natural-gas fields near the city. The Krishna Godavari Basin is considered the largest natural gas basin in India.[49] Significant discoveries of oil and natural gas were made by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation and Reliance, which has been extracting gas from its KG D6 block off the Kakinada coast. Reliance has an onshore terminal in Gadimoga, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Kakinada, to process and distribute gas to other parts of the country. Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure (RGTIL) has built a 1,440-kilometre (890 mi) pipeline from Kakinada to Bharuch (Gujarat) to transport 120 million cubic meters per day (mcmd) of natural gas from the Krishna-Godavari fields (owned by Reliance Industries)[50] across India to its west coast.

In 2010, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board awarded Kakinada's gas-distribution project to Bhagyanagar Gas, a consortium of GAIL and Hindustan Petroleum.[51] Construction is underway to supply gas to Kakinada and the surrounding towns of Samalkot, Peddapuram and Pithapuram, making Kakinada the second city in Andhra Pradesh to have a piped gas supply for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes.

Culture

Festivals

Kakinada Kaaja, a sweet delicacy of Kakinada
Kakinada Madata Kaja

Kakinada Beach Festival (also Sagara Sambaralu) is a music festival held in Kakinada.[52] It was declared as an annual festival by the government of Andhra Pradesh in 2012.[53] It is a three-day event where many artists perform.[52][54]

Notable personalities

The city has its recognition in Tollywood films with notable actors, actresses and directors namely, Anjali Devi, Suryakantham, Relangi Venkata Ramaiah, Rao Gopal Rao, C. Pullaiah, P. B. Srinivas, and Chittajallu Srinivasa Rao

Indian crickter BCCI with notable players, Cricketer namely, Hanuma Vihari

Literature

There are many scholars like Kasibhatta Brahmaiah Sastry, who is a noted Sanskrit and Telugu scholar and who coined the term "Navala" in Telugu literature, Peddada Ramaswamy English literature, Chaganti Koteswara Rao (Hindu scholar), Garikipati etc.

Transport

The city has various modes of transport in terms of road, rail and sea.[8] The primary mode of intra-city public transport is auto rickshaws and there are about 7,000 of them being operated in the city limits with an additional of 3,000 from the surrounding settlements.[55] Non-transport vehicles cover, Motorcycles, bicycles.[56] For cyclists and motorists, there are planned cycling paths, bicycle sharing stations,[57] and bike hiring outlets.[58]

Roadways

Kakinada is connected by road to the rest of the state and other cities of India by means of National Highways. National Highway 216 which stretches from Kathipudi to Ongole passes through Kakinada. The bypass road is under construction which reduces the traffic in the city[59] It is a well planned city with Grid type Road network.[8] The city has a total road length of 719.21 km.state highway 42 connects Kakinada with other cities.ADB Road and Canal Road connects Kakinada with Rajamahendravaram. Government is going to construct a new national highway to Tuni along coast under Sagaramala scheme.[60]

Railways

Kakinada Town Jn. Railway Station main entrance

Kakinada Town and Kakinada Port are the two railway stations serving the rail needs of the city.[61] Kakinada Town is classified as an A–category station in Vijayawada railway division.[62] It is recognised as an one of the Adarsh station of the division in South Coast Railway zone.[63]

Samalkot Junction located on Chennai – Howrah Main Line is also the main junction serving Kakinada.

Kakinada-Kotipalli Railway line reinstalled to link Konaseema with mainland. Kakinada-Pithapuram railway line is still in progress. Three main trains run from Kakinada namely, Gowthami Express to Hyderabad, Circar Express to Chennai and Seshadri Express to Bangalore, Kakinada to Hyderabad AC cocanada Express, Kakinada to BHavnagar Express, Kakinada to LTT, Kakinada to Shirdi Express, Kakinada to Vijayawada PAssenger, Kakinada to Vishakapatnam Passenger, Kakinada to Tirupathi Passenger, Kakinada to Kotipalli bus train.

Waterways

Far view of Kakinada port from Beach

Kakinada Port is located on the shore of Bay of Bengal. It is one of the intermediate ports in the state. The National Waterway 4 connects Kakinada with Puducherry and was declared in 2008 as National Waterway by the Inland Waterways Authority of India for cargo transport and tourism.[8]

Airways

The nearest airport is Rajahmundry airport which is 55 km from the city. Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) operates an Aerodrome at Gadimoga in the city.

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Kakinada
JNTU Kakinada Main Gate

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by the government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English and Telugu.

Kakinada is an educational hub, meeting the growing educational demands of the state. Several professional colleges in and around the city offer courses in engineering, medicine, information technology and management at the graduate and postgraduate levels. The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, previously established as Vizagapatnam college of Engineering on military land offers engineering courses and has a business school, and Rangaraya Medical College is a reputed medical college in the state.

P R College is another old college and Shri Peddada Rama Swamy worked as a principal for some time. Personalities like Devulapalli Krishna Sastri, P V Narasimha Rao, Ushasri were students at that time. PR high school & Christian Missionary school in Jagannadhapuram are the oldest institutions in the Town.

Andhra University Postgraduate Centre, established in 1977, is another college in Kakinada. The university is located on a 50.93-acre (20.61 ha) campus in Thimmapuram, six kilometers from the Kakinada Town Railway Station.

There are a total of 65 Government Schools with 11,240 students studying in them.

Andhra Polytechnic was established in 1946 by the British India Government on the land donated by MSN Charities Jagannaickpur. MSN Charities also running so many educational institutions including Vedic school since the British era and a Degree College.

National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem is 80 km from Kakinada City.

Tourism

Coringa wildlife sanctuary
Kakinada Beach

Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, part of the Godavari delta, Hope Island, India, a sandspit formed by the Godavari, Konaseema, scenic Godavari delta islands. It is the second-largest mangrove forest in India after Sundarbans.[21] Uppada beach is primarily considered as Kakinada beach which is having one of longest coastlines in Indian beaches.[64] Kakinada beach is meant for its mild blue waters and cold breeze all the day. The temples of Suryanarayana Swami and Kodandaramalayam are located at G. Mamidada which is 20 km from the city.

Sports

Cricket is the most popular game in the city, followed by badminton and athletics. Kakinada is home to a number of local cricket teams participating in district and zone matches,[65] with a stadium used for Ranji Trophy matches. The East Godavari District Sports Authority has a sports complex in the city with an indoor stadium and swimming pool. Indian cricket player Hanuma Vihari hails from Kakinada.

Tennis is taught to students by the KTA (Kakinada Tennis Academy) at the tennis courts of Rangaraya Medical College There is a roller-skating rink in Vivekananda Park.[66]

See also

References

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  2. ^ M. N., Samdani (12 May 2015). "Andhra Pradesh's move to supply Krishna water to Coca-Cola plant irks opposition". The Times of India. Mangalagiri. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "India Smart City Profile" (PDF). Smart Cities Mission. p. 1. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
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  5. ^ a b c Kalavalapalli, Yogendra (19 July 2016). "Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age". Livemint. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  6. ^ "Govt. announces list of first 20 smart cities under 'Smart Cities Mission'". The Hindu. 28 January 2016.
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  10. ^ Sankar, K.N. Murali (20 July 2016). "Coringa's relic of the past". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  11. ^ Horsburgh, James (1841). The India Directory, Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the ..., Volume 1. Wm. H. Allen and Co. pp. 602–603. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  12. ^ Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica. India: Select essays. Encyclopedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd. p. 409. ISBN 0-85229-762-9. Retrieved 24 April 2018. shipbuilding in Coringa.
  13. ^ 1839 Coringa destroyed by cyclone. Knappily Books. 25 November 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  14. ^ "Coringa". Knappily Books. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
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  16. ^ Bhaskar, B. v s (8 June 2014). "'Nyapathi Subbarao carved an identity for Telugus'" – via www.thehindu.com.
  17. ^ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Kakinada". Fallingrain.com. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  18. ^ "Parks to parking lots: 20 smart cities list their complaints to HT". Hindustan Times. 29 January 2016.
  19. ^ Sankar, K. n Murali (10 May 2016). "Merger issue returns to haunt Medaline Island" – via www.thehindu.com.
  20. ^ "India, ADB ink $375 mn loan pact for industrial corridor". 24 February 2017.
  21. ^ a b srinivas, vadrevu (26 December 2015). "Coringa to be ecotourism hotspot". Deccan Chronicle.
  22. ^ Kurian, Vinson. "Cyclone 'Vardah' may cross Nellore-Kakinada on AP coast by Monday". @businessline.
  23. ^ "Station: Kakinada Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 375–376. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  24. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  25. ^ "Kakinada Census 2011". Census 2011.
  26. ^ "Kakinada Metropolitan Population". Census 2011.
  27. ^ "Kakinada Snapshot" (PDF). SMART CITY KAKINADA.
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