Millie and Christine McKoy
Millie and Christine McKoy | |
|---|---|
 Millie and Christine in 1867 | |
| Born | July 11, 1851 |
| Died | October 8, 1912 (aged 61) |
| Occupation(s) | Sideshow performers, initially while enslaved |
Millie and Christine McKoy (July 11, 1851 – October 8, 1912) were American conjoined twins who went by the stage names "The Carolina Twins", "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and "The Eighth Wonder of the World". The Twins traveled throughout the world performing song and dance for entertainment, overcoming years of slavery, forced medical observations, and forced participation in fairs and freak shows.
Life
Millie and Christine (the "Carolina Twins") were born in Whiteville, North Carolina on July 11, 1851, to Jacob and Monemia McKoy who were slaves of blacksmith, Jabez McKay.[1] The McKay farm was near the town of Whiteville. Prior to the sisters' birth, their mother had borne seven other children, five boys and two girls, all of ordinary size and form.[1] The twins were conjoined at the lower spine and stood at an approximately 90-degree angle to each other.
The twins were first sold at 10 months of age to South Carolinian John C. Pervis.[1] Pervis and McKay reached an agreement where Pervis exhibited the girls for pay and then paid a percentage to McKay. Fourteen months after the original sale, they were sold to a showman, Brower, who had the backing of a wealthy merchant named Joseph Pearson Smith.[1] Brower first exhibited the twins at North Carolina's first state fair, held in 1853. They were constantly being called "Freaks of Nature". The North Carolina State Fair was a success for Brower and The Carolina Twins; however, Brower's fortune changed over the next months. Brower was conned by a Texas adventurer, who offered land worth an estimated forty-five thousand dollars as a purchase price for the twins.[1] Brower accepted, sent the twins on to the Texan, and then waited several days for the deeds before realizing that he had been swindled. Brower returned to North Carolina to relate the loss to Joseph Pearson Smith. Since Brower was left destitute, Smith was given the promissory note and was now the owner of The Carolina Twins. Millie and Christine were handled by several managers before being reclaimed by Smith in Britain in 1857.[1]
On January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation ended their slave status and they were no longer anyone's property. Before their emancipation, the girls had been showcased in fairs and freak shows in several U.S. cities and even Montreal, Canada.[2]
Smith traveled to Britain to collect the girls and brought with him their mother, Monemia, from whom they had been separated. He and his wife provided the twins with an education and taught them to speak five languages, dance, play music, and sing.[3] During their time in Britain, they met Queen Victoria.[4] For the rest of the century, the twins enjoyed a successful career as "The Two-Headed Nightingale", and appeared with the Barnum circus. In 1869, a biography on the twins, titled History and Medical Description of the Two-Headed Girl, was sold during their public appearances.[3] Joanne Fish Martell, former court reporter, discovered a memoir written by the girls at the age of 17 and with that and other sources, created her book Millie-Christine: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made, which was published in 2000. The twins' motto was "As God decreed, we agreed," and they strove to turn impediments into assets. As toddlers, they were clumsy and fell down quite frequently. They eventually developed a sideways walk that turned into a crowd-pleasing dance style. They were able to master keyboard duets with one soprano and one alto voice, and learned to harmonize.
When they were in their 30s, the twins moved back to the farm where they were born, which their father had bought from Jabez McKay and left to them.[4][5]
On October 8, 1912, Millie and Christine died at age 61 of tuberculosis;[3] Christine died 12 hours after her sister. They were buried in unmarked graves but in 1969 they were moved to a cemetery in Whiteville.[4]
Biography
An undated and unsigned biography of the sisters was written around 1905. It includes events from their childhood, their kidnapping and movement to England, and finally their return to the United States and a bit of their life afterwards. The writing is only 22 pages long and contains letters from various physicians attesting to the genuine nature of the twins' conjoined physiology. At the end of the work, the girls answer the question as to whether they are one person or two, saying "Although we speak of ourselves in the plural we feel as but one person; in fact as such we have ever been regarded, although we bear the names Millie and Christina" (McKoy, 20).[6]
Cultural references
Marilyn Nelson explored the sister's lives in her 2008 poem, "Millie-Christine."[7]
The sisters are the subject of a series of poems in Tyehimba Jess' Olio (2016), where their significant life details are laid out, as well as their relationship to their master and their mother.
"We have been examined most scrutinizingly by too many medical men to be regarded as humbugs by any one" (Jess 43).
"We wish to be viewed as something entirely void of humbug – a living curiosity – not a sham gotten up to impose upon and deceive the people" (Jess 51).
The sisters also wrote their own autobiography that was published in Buffalo in 1869. This booklet cover revealed that the booklet was "Sold by their Agents for Their [the Twins'] Special Benefit, at 25 cents".
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Martell, Joanne. "Millie-Christine: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made". John F. Blair, Publisher, 2000, p. 4.
- ^ "Review 'The Two-Headed Nightingale'". Stanford Alumni. Stanford University.
- ^ a b c "From 'Monsters' to Modern Medical Miracles - Marvels on Exhibit (15th through 18th-centuries)". www.nlm.nih.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 17 September 2013.
- ^ a b c Sexton, Scott (August 9, 2014). "Family a link to state's 'other' conjoined twins". Winston-Salem Journal. p. 1A.
- ^ "Millie and Christine McCoy – The Two-Headed Nightingale". Archived from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ^ Biographical Sketch of Millie Christine, the Carolina Twin, Surnamed the Two-Headed Nightingale and the Eighth Wonder of the World. Cincinnati: Hennegan & Co. 1902.
- ^ Nelson, Marilyn (2009). "Millie-Christine". African American Review. 43 (2–3): 397–400. doi:10.1353/afa.2009.0044.
References
- Waukesha Daily Freeman; Waukesha, Wisconsin; Thursday, June 29, 1882.
- Biographical Sketch of Millie Christine, the Carolina Twin, Surnamed the Two-Headed Nightingale and the Eighth Wonder of the World. Cincinnati: Hennegan & Co. 1902.
- Fayetteville Observer; January 16, 2000.
- Fayetteville Observer; March 1, 2001.
- Millie-Christine: Fearfully and Wonderfully Made; Joanne Martell; John F. Blair Publisher (2001)
- Philadelphia Daily News; February 5, 2003.
- The History of the Carolina Twins: Told in "Their Own Peculiar Way" by "One of Them." Buffalo: Buffalo Courier Printing House, 18??
- Keene, Ann T. "McKoy, Millie and Christine McKoy". American National Biography. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.2001879.
External links
