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Mumbai Monorail

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Mumbai Monorail
Overview
OwnerMumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
LocaleMumbai, Maharashtra, India
Transit typeStraddle-beam monorail
Number of lines1
Number of stations17
HeadquartersMumbai, Maharashtra
Operation
Began operation2 February 2014 (line 1)
Number of vehicles4
Train length4 coaches
Headway45 minutes[1]
Technical
System length19.54 km (12.14 mi)[2]
Electrification750 V DC Third rail
Average speed32 km/h (20 mph)[3]
Top speed80 km/h (50 mph)
System map

Legend
km
Chembur Harbour line
Chembur
Sion-Trombay Road
(VNP Marg)
 VNP and RC Marg Junction
S G Barve Marg
Fertilizer Township
Bharat Petroleum
Eastern Freeway
Freight Rail (RCF)
Mysore Colony
Bhakti Park
Wadala Depot
↓ Services Operational from (03 Mar 2019)
Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar
Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar Harbour line
Antop Hill
Acharya Atre Nagar
Wadala Bridge
Wadala Road Harbour line
Dadar (East)
Naigaon
Ambedkar Nagar
Mint Colony
Dr. Ambedkar Road/
Lalbaug Flyover
Lower Parel Western line
Lower Parel
Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk
Sources: Google Maps

Mumbai Monorail is a monorail system in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra, built as part of a major expansion of public transport in the city. The project is implemented by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). It is the first monorail in India since the Kundala Valley Railway and Patiala State Monorail Trainways were closed in the 1920s.[4][5] The system started commercial operation after partially opening its Phase 1 to the public in 2014. And as of 2019, the Mumbai Monorail is the third largest monorail system in the world.

History

Background

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) first proposed a monorail in 2005.[6] According to the MMRDA, the bus service operating in the city plied crowded and narrow areas at very slow speeds, thus offering no benefits to the commuters and adding to the traffic congestion. The MMRDA stated that the monorail would connect many parts of the city which were not connected by suburban rail system or the proposed metro rail system. The agency also stated that the monorail would be an efficient feeder transit to the metro and suburban rail systems offering efficient, safe, air-conditioned, comfortable and affordable public transport to commuters.[7]

The construction of the first monorail line in Mumbai was mostly done from 2014. But nothing concrete came out of the notification for many years. The proposed line would connect Jacob Circle, Wadala and Mahul via Chembur, providing a feeder service to the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway.[8] On 11 November 2008, Larsen and Toubro, along with the Malaysian partners Scomi Engineering Bhd, were awarded a ₹24.6 billion (US$290 million) contract to build and operate the monorail until 2029.[9]

The cost of the monorail service was estimated in 2010 to be ₹2.0 billion (roughly ₹850 million (US$10 million) per km). Approximately 135 kilometres (84 mi) of line is planned to be built in phases between 2011 and 2031.[10]

Construction

Then Maharashtra Chief Minister Ashok Chavan laid the foundation stone in a ceremony at the Acres Club, Chembur on 9 February 2009.[11] The MMRDA commissioned the construction of the line in two phases. The first stretch linked Wadala on the outskirts of the island city with Chembur in the north-east, and the second connected Wadala with Jacob Circle in South Mumbai.[12] The original deadline for the project was April 2011.[13] The project was delayed by issues involving land, removal of encroachments, delays in getting permissions from the civic body and railways,[14] and missed several deadlines for completion. The following months had all been announced as deadlines for the first phase - December 2010, May 2011, November 2011, May 2012, December 2012, June 2013, August 2013, 15 September 2013,[15] October 2013 and December 2013. Deadlines announced for the second phase were May 2011, December 2011, May 2012, December 2012, December 2013, June 2014, December 2014 and March 2015.[16] A Right to Information (RTI) request filed by RTI activist Anil Galgali revealed that the three-year delay in commissioning the monorail was primarily due to change of alignment of its route, which led to further cost escalation of the project.[17]

A 108-meter test run was successfully conducted on 26 January 2010.[18] A one-kilometer test run from Wadala to the Bhakti Park monorail station was undertaken on 18 February 2012.[19] The first test run of the entire route was conducted by the MMRDA in November 2012.[13]

In late December 2013, the MMRDA announced that it had submitted an application to Safety Certification Authority (Engineer) for the Chembur-Wadala stretch. The Safety Certification Authority goes through the documents, and physically inspects the corridor, and commercial operations can commence only after receiving its approval.[20] The electrical systems were certified by the Electrical Inspector General.[19] The contractor, the consortium of L&T and Scomi Engineering, had safety checks performed by an independent inspector. Official safety checks were performed by SMRT Corp of Singapore and R.C. Garg, retired Commissioner of Railway Safety.[21] The final safety certificate was issued on 20 January.[22][23] The safety certificate was then forwarded to the State Government, which issued a notification for commissioning the system. The notification contains norms for operation and maintenance of the system, which requires approval from the Chief Minister.[24]

Opening

Line 1 was inaugurated by Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan on 1 February 2014 at the Wadala Depot monorail station. After flagging off the first monorail train at 3:47 pm, Chavan along with Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar, and other officials rode the entire route, arriving at Chembur monorail station, 20 minutes later.[25][26][27][28] The party then proceeded to Gandhi Maidan, 15th Road, Chembur (East), where the Chavan declared the monorail "open".[29] The monorail was opened to the public the following day,[30] with the first trip commencing from Wadala Depot at 7:08 am.[31] According to the MMRDA, it had very few passengers, as the gates were opened to the public only at 7:10 am, when the train had already left.[32] Nallasopara resident Sunil Appa Khade claimed to be the first ever commuter on the monorail. However, Abhishek Chopra claimed that though he was second in queue, he had managed to enter the monorail first.[32][33] The first train from the opposite side, departed Chembur at 7:10 am[34] Services had been scheduled to operate until 3:00 pm, however, station doors were closed by 2:30 pm due to larger than expected ridership. Services were operated until 4:30 pm, in order to provide a ride to everyone who had purchased a ticket.[35] On opening day, 19,678 passengers travelled on the line. Sixty-six services were operated on the first day,[36] netting a revenue of ₹2.2 lakh (US$2,600) through the sale of tickets and smart cards.[31][33][37]

In the first week of operations (2–8 February 2014), the monorail transported 1,36,865 passengers in about 512 trips, earning a total revenue of ₹14,24,810. A total of 1,32,523 tokens and 1409 smart cards were also sold during the first week.[38][39][40] According to the MMRDA, between 2 February and 1 March, a total of 4,58,871 commuters used the monorail, generating a total revenue ₹44,66,522.[41] The monorail was closed for the first time on 17 March 2014 due to Holi.[42]

Years of delays later Phase 2 was inaugurated by Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis on 3 March 2019.[43]

Plan

The Mumbai Monorail master plan proposed the construction of 8 lines at a cost of ₹202.96 billion (US$2.4 billion).[44]

Phase Line Corridor Length (km) Estimated cost
Phase I 1 Chembur–Wadala Depot–Jacob Circle 19.54 ₹27.16 billion (US$330 million)
2 Mulund–Goregaon–Borivali 30 ₹41.7 billion (US$500 million)
4 Lokhandwala–SEEPZ–Kanjurmarg 13.14 ₹18,265 million (US$220 million)
5 Thane – Mira-Bhayandar – Dahisar 24.25 ₹33,708 million (US$400 million)
Phase II 6 Kalyan–Ulhasnagar–Dombivli 26.40 ₹36,696 million (US$440 million)
7 Chembur–Ghatkopar–Kopar Khairane 16.72 ₹36,863 million (US$440 million)
8 Mahape–Shil Phata–Kalyan 21.10 ₹29,329 million (US$350 million)

In September 2011, the MMRDA said that did not have an immediate plan to begin construction of a second monorail line in the region.[45] They clarified that although it did not mean that they are not interested in carrying out the project, it may not follow the currently planned schedule. An MMRDA official stated, "There is no point in going for new routes. As long as the first route is not commissioned and the results are not out, we would not commission any new routes. MMRDA feels the need for a monorail would arise after all the proposed metro rail routes were commissioned with the monorail serving as a feeder service."[46]

In 2009, the MMRDA proposed the construction of an additional line on the Thane-Bhiwandi-Kalyan route. The route was proposed to have a station at every kilometer, cost ₹3,750 crore (equivalent to ₹94 billion or US$1.1 billion in 2023) and be implemented on public-private partnership basis. It was further proposed to extend the corridor from Kalyan to Badlapur in the next phase.[47] This project was shelved by the MMRDA in February 2014. The proposed corridor would have been 23.75 km long, and cost approximately ₹3,169 crore.[48]

Further development of the monorail system is on hold, and questions have been raised as to whether the proposed monorail corridors will have sufficient capacity to meet Mumbai's requirements.[49] The monorail may not be further extended by the MMRDA, as it may prove inadequate for Mumbai's population density. Foreign consultants have suggested a Metro or LRT system over a monorail for many Indian cities, e.g. Bangalore.[50][51][52]

On 16 April 2015, The Economic Times reported that the State Government had decided to scrap all future monorail projects. The paper quoted an MMRDA official as saying, "There was a proposal for a Monorail from Thane to Kalyan and Bhiwandi, and also a line from Thane to Wadala. However, all those plans have been scrapped. There won't be any new Monorail projects."[53][54][55]

Line 1

Line 1 on Mumbai map
Main article: Line 1 (Mumbai Monorail)

Line 1 connects Jacob Circle in South Mumbai with Chembur in eastern Mumbai.[56] It was built at a cost of approximately ₹3,000 crore (US$360 million). The 20.21 km line is fully elevated. Line 1 is owned and operated by the MMRDA.[57] The monorail supplements service of the Mumbai Suburban Railway in some heavily populated areas.[58] The first phase, built at a cost of ₹1,100 crore (US$130 million),[59] consists of 7 stations from Chembur to Wadala Depot, and was opened to the public on 2 February 2014. An extension for Line 1 consisting of 11 stations from Wadala Depot to Jacob Circle will be built at a cost of ₹1,900 crore (US$230 million).[25] It suffered through delays due to shortage of functional monorail rakes.[60] Phase 2 finally opened on 3 March 2019.[61]

Infrastructure

Rolling stock

Monorail arrival inside station

The monorail uses Scomi SUTRA systems built in Malaysia by Scomi Rail Bhd. The first car was shipped to India on 2 January 2010, marking the first time that rail cars manufactured by the company were exported overseas.[62] Six trains currently operate in the first phase of the line. Ten more will be added in the second phase.[63] Monorail trains are royal pink, apple green, and ice blue in colour,[64] with black and white stripes.[58]

Each monorail train consists of 4 coaches having a combined passenger capacity of 568.[65] There are roughly 18 seated and 142 standing passengers at an average of seven persons per square metre per carriage (the end cars have a different capacity due to the driving position).[66] The low number of seats was to ensure that the flow of people in and out of the coach was not hampered.[67] Some sections of seats are reserved for pregnant women, the elderly and the differently-abled.[68] Handrails and handgrips are installed in coaches, within easy reach of all standing passengers. A 4-coach monorail train has a total length of 44.8 metres, and each coach weighs 15 tonnes.[69] All coaches are air-conditioned.[67] There are 2 CCTV cameras installed in each coach.[70]

Stations

Mumbai Monorail Bhakti Park Station

The elevated stations can be reached via staircases and escalators.[58] Each station will soon have a total of four escalators - two from ground level to concourse, and two more from concourse to the platform.[71][72] Stations do not have any public toilets.[73] MMRDA Commissioner UPS Madan said, "Nowhere in the world are there public toilets at monorail stations. The monorail journey is a short one, so the provision of public toilets was not made when the plan for stations was chalked out."[74] All stations are equipped with baggage scanners, armed security guards at all stations entry points and CCTV cameras.[75] Personnel of the Maharashtra State Security Corporation (MSSC) are deployed at the stations.[76]

As part of the Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme (SATIS), the MMRDA announced in April 2017 that it would move all bus and taxi stands to a distance of about 40–50 metres away from the monorail stations. The MMRDA believes that the current location of the stand just next the stations results in traffic congestion and restricts movement of pedestrians.[77]

Depot and control centre

At Wadala, facilities were built on a 6.5-hectare site for administration and other operational needs.[78] The operation control centre is equipped with surveillance video feeds from CCTVs and SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), which monitors the power supply.[6] Vehicle and train washing specialist Smith Bros & Webb was awarded a contract to provide Britannia Train Wash plants for the Mumbai Monorail. Smith Bros & Webb designs and manufactures its own wash equipment under the brand name of Britannia.[79]

Safety and security

Every station on the line is equipped with Door Frame Metal Detectors (DFMDs),[80] X-ray baggage scanners, CCTV cameras[81] and comply with NFPA (National Fire Protection Agency) 130 norms.[6] Around 500 armed personnel and private guards are deployed at the 7 stations of the first phase. Officers in plainclothes are present inside trains, and real-time checks are conducted to curb trouble-makers, pickpockets and molesters.[81] All stations have armed security guards at all entry points,[75] and personnel of the Maharashtra State Security Corporation (MSSC) are deployed at the stations.[76] All personnel manning the station premises are equipped with hand-held detectors. A bomb detection and disposal squad and a dog squad are also deployed at all stations.[81]

The doors of coaches will not open when the train is in motion.[69] Train operators will be given breath analyser tests when they report for duty. Violations will be met with disciplinary action, fines, and possible civil charges.[82]

Operations

Fares

On 1 February 2014, at the time of inauguration the minimum fare on Line 1 was ₹5

Noise

According to studies conducted by the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) during the monorail trial run, it was found that the monorail produces between 65 – 85 decibels of noise, significantly lower than the 95 decibel noise level of a BEST Bus.[83]

Speed

The monorail will have a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), an average speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 mph)[5] and the overall speed including dwell time at stations would be around 31 kilometres per hour (19 mph).[10]

Capacity and frequency

The capacity of each four-car consist is 568 commuters under a 'crush load'[84] and 852 passengers for a six-car consist.[85] There are roughly 20 seated and 124 standing passengers per carriage (the end cars have a different capacity due to the driving position).[86] The system has been designed for a 3-minute headway with operation from 05:00 to 24:00. The projected peak-hour traffic is 7,400 passengers per hour per direction with 125,000 passengers per day; this is projected to rise to 8,300 and 300,000 respectively by 2013.[87] In December 2017, the frequency is only 18,000 passengers per day.[88]

The monorail initially operated from 7 am and 3 pm.[89] This was later expanded to 7 am to 7 pm. The full operating hours will be from 5 am to midnight, starting by February 2015.[90] The MMRDA announced that Mumbai monorail from Wadala depot to Chembur will be running for 14 hours straight. The services would run from 6 am to 8 pm with a frequency of 15 minutes. Extended timing will also result in increase in number of monorail services per day from 64 to 112.

After Phase 2 opened, schedule was changed to 6 am to 10 pm with frequency of 45 minutes.[1][61]

Proposed future extension

There have been calls among several experts to extend the Mumbai Monorail Line 1 from its current southern endpoint of Jacob Circle to further west for 2 kilometers to Worli via E Moses Road and also then to extend from the current starting point of Chembur monorail station and extend by 2 kms north to Ghatkopar Station via Mahul Road thereby establishing a link between two currently unconnected Transportation hubs, thereby enhancing and adding on the current usability, reach and capacity of the system. Official planning has not begun.

See also

References

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Mumbai Monorail employees sent on unpaid leave; commuters continue to wait for its opening http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-175-mumbai-monorail-staffers-sent-on-unpaid-leave-2625835

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