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Sudan has a Country Study located here and a profile here. Use the public domain studies as part of WikiProject Library of Congress to add information about Sudan to Wikipedia. The following is a list of sections in the study. Strike the section to certify that all information in the section is either not useful or has been included in Wikipedia. List articles under the section where you have used information from the section.

Sudan Profile sections

Sudan Country Study sections

Country Profile. xxv

Introduction. xli

Chapter 1. Historical Setting. 1

Thomas P. Ofcansky

EARLY HISTORY. 3

Kush. 4

Meroe. 5

Christian Nubia. 7

THE COMING OF ISLAM . 8

The Arabs. 10

The Decline of Christian Nubia. 11

The Rule of the Kashif. . 12

The Funj. 12

The Fur. 13

Southern Groups. 14

THE TURKIYYAH, 1821-85 . 14

THE MAHDIYYAH, 1885-98 . 17

The Khalifa. 20

The Reconquest of Sudan. 21

THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN CONDOMINIUM,

1899-1955 . 22

Britain’s Southern Policy. 26

The Rise of Sudanese Nationalism. 27

The Road to Independence. 28

The South and the Unity of Sudan. 29

INDEPENDENT SUDAN . 31


Vll
















The Politics of Independence. 31

The Abbud Military Government, 1958-64. 33

Return to Civilian Rule, 1964-69. 34

THE AL-NUMAYRI ERA, 1969-85 . 36

The Revolutionary Command Council. 36

The Southern Problem. 38

Political Developments. 39

National Reconciliation. 40

Economic Developments since Independence. 41

THE TRANSITIONAL MILITARY COUNCIL . 42

SADIQ AL-MAHDI AND COALITION

GOVERNMENTS . 43

UMAR AL-BASHIR AND THE ISLAMIST

REVOLUTION . 44

Hassan al-Turabi and the Islamization of Sudan. 50

Sudan and International Terrorism. 53

The Peace Process in Southern Sudan. 56

Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment. 59

Peter K. Bechtold

PHYSICAL SETTING. 62

Geographic Regions. 63

Soils. 66

Hydrology. 67

Climate. 70

POPULATION. 71

MIGRATION AND REFUGEES . 73

ETHNICITY AND LANGUAGES. 76

Ethnicity. 76

Languages. 77

ETHNIC GROUPS . 79

Muslim Peoples. 79

Non-Muslim Peoples. 87

Regionalism and Ethnicity. 93

RELIGIOUS LIFE. 96

Islam: Tenets and Practice. 96

Islamic Movements and Religious Orders. 100

Christianity. 103

Indigenous African Religions. 106

SOCIAL ORDER. 109


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Northern Society. 110

Southern Communities. Ill

Urban and National Elites. 114

Women and the Family. 118

EDUCATION. 120

Development of the Education System. 121

Primary and Secondary Education. 123

Educational Opportunity. 125

Female Education . 127

Higher Education . 128

HEALTH. 132

Regional Disparities. 132

Healthcare. 134

Diseases. 136

Chapter 3. The Economy. 141

Virginia DeLancey

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT. 144

The Colonial Period. 144

The Postcolonial Period. 144

STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY. 147

Overview of the Economy. 147

Gross Domestic Product. 148

Prices and Inflation. 150

Privatization. 150

Foreign Investment. 151

ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT. 153

Development Planning and the Debt. 153

The Budget. 155

Foreign Aid. 156

MONEY AND BANKING. 160

Currency. 160

Banking. 161

Islamic Banking. 163

LABOR FORCE, WAGES, AND UNIONS . 164

Labor Force. 164

The Informal Sector. 166

Wages. 168

Unions. 169


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AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES, AND

FORESTRY. 171

Land Use. 172

Land Tenure. 173

Agriculture. 174

Crops. 181

Livestock. 183

Fisheries. 186

Forestry. 187

INDUSTRY. 189

Manufacturing. 189

Energy. 192

Mining. 196

Petroleum. 197

TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS . . 201

Railroads . 201

Roads. 205

Inland Waterways. 206

Civil Aviation. 208

Marine Ports and Shipping. 209

Pipelines. 210

Telecommunications. 211

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BALANCE OF

PAYMENTS. 213

International Trade. 213

Balance of Payments. 215

PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE . 216

Chapter 4. Government and Politics. 221

David H. Shinn

THE AL-BASHIR ERA. 224

Institutions of Government. 227

Recent Constitutional Developments. 228

The Federal System. 229

Elections. 232

Corruption and Governance Issues. 234

The Presidency. 235

National Council of Ministers. 237

South Sudan Council of Ministers. 238

National Legislature. 239



















South Sudan Legislative Assembly. 240

Civil Service. 241

State and Local Government. 242

THE LEGAL SYSTEM . 244

The Courts. 245

Sharia Law. 248

Human Rights. 249

POLITICAL GROUPS. 251

National Congress Party. 253

Popular Congress Party. 254

Umma. 256

Democratic Unionist Party. 258

National Democratic Alliance . 259

Sudanese National Alliance . 260

Sudan Communist Party. 260

Other Northern Political Groups. 261

Western Political Groups. 261

Eastern Political Groups. 262

Sudan People’s Liberation Movement. 263

Other Southern Groups. 264

REGIONAL DYNAMICS AND CONFLICT . 266

South Sudan. 267

Western Sudan. 269

Eastern Sudan. 270

INFORMATION MEDIA. 271

Print Media. 272

Radio, Television, and Internet. 274

FOREIGN RELATIONS . 275

Egypt. 277

Libya. 278

Ethiopia and Eritrea. 280

Chad and the Central African Republic. 282

The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and

Kenya. 284

African Regional Organizations. 286

Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. 287

Arab and Islamic Organizations. 288

China, Russia, India, and Malaysia. 289

European Union, Britain, and France. 291

United States. 292


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United Nations. 294

OUTLOOK. 296

Chapter 5. National Security. 299

Thomas P. Ofcansky

THE MILITARY IN NATIONAL LIFE. 302

Early Development of the Armed Forces. 302

World War I. 303

The Interwar Period. 304

The Italian-Ethiopian War and World War II. 305

Role in Government. 306

The Armed Forces in Sudanese Society. 310

EXTERNAL SECURITY CONCERNS . 312

Relations with Neighboring States. 312

United States-Sudanese Relations. 316

CIVIL WARFARE IN THE SOUTH AND WEST. 317

First Southern Civil War, 1955-72 . 317

Second Southern Civil War, 1983-2005 . 318

Security Provisions of the CPA. 321

The War in Darfur, 2003-11 . 324

AU and UN Forces in Darfur. 329

THE SUDAN ARMED FORCES . 330

Army. 331

Air Force. 333

Navy. 334

Personnel. 334

Training. 336

Defense Expenditures. 337

THE SUDANESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION

MOVEMENT/ARMY . 337

PARAMILITARY GROUPS AND FORCED

MIGRATION. 340

Militias. 340

Forced Migration. 343

FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE. 344

INTERNAL SECURITY AGENCIES. 348

The Sudan Police Force. 348

Security and Intelligence Apparatus . 351

THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM . 353

Criminal Courts and Laws. 353

The Prison System. 356

FUTURE PROSPECTS . 358

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