Drama, Greece
Drama
Δράμα
Драма | |
|---|---|
Settlement | |
 Part of the town's Byzantine walls. | |
  Drama Location within the region  | |
| Coordinates: 41°9′N 24°8′E / 41.150°N 24.133°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | East Macedonia and Thrace |
| Regional unit | Drama |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Christodoulos Mamsakos |
| Area | |
| • Municipal unit | 488.8 km2 (188.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 115 m (377 ft) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Municipal unit | 58,532 |
| • Municipal unit density | 120/km2 (310/sq mi) |
| • Community | 44.823 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 661 00 |
| Area code(s) | 25210 |
| Vehicle registration | ΡΜ |
Drama (Template:Lang-el [ˈðrama]; Macedonian: Драма) is a city in Aegean Macedonia. It is located near the ancient Macedonian city of Philippi, which was founded by the Macedonian king Phillip II of Macedon in 358 BC. During the Middle Ages, Drama was first under Byzantine rule, and later under Ottoman rule, up until 1912 with the end of the First Balkan War, when the city was taken by force by the new Greek state. Historically, the city of Drama was populated mostly by native Macedonians, but after the Treaty of Lausanne, they were forcefully expelled to neighboring Bulgaria, and in their stead the Greek authorities resettled Greek refugees from Turkey, Pontus and the Caucasus[2].
Today, Drama is the capital of the regional unit of Drama which is part of the East Macedonia and Thrace region. The city (pop. 44,823 in 2011) is the economic center of the municipality (pop. 58,944), which in turn comprises 60 percent of the regional unit's population. The next largest communities in the municipality are Choristi (pop. 2,725), Χiropótamos (2,554), Kallífytos (1,282), Kalós Agrós (1,178), and Koudoúnia (996).
Built at the foot of mount Falakro (Macedonian: Боздаг) in a verdant area with abundant water sources, Drama has been inhabited since ancient times, and during the Byzantine Empire, Drama was a fortified city with a castle and rose to great prosperity under the Komnenoi as a commercial and military junction.[3]
In the modern era, tobacco production and trade, the operation of the railway (1895) and improvement of the road network towards the port of Kavala, led to an increase in the population of the city and to the enhancement of commercial activity.[4]
Drama hosts the "Eleftheria", cultural events in commemoration of the city's liberation, at the end of June or beginning of July, and an annual film festival in September.
Name
The name Drama is of Greek origin, since it is widely believed that Drama was founded by the Thracian tribe Edoni, who gave it the name Drabescus. The name Drama was given by the Greek merchants that had trading relations with the city. Drama was incorporated in the Kingdom of Macedon during the reign of the Macedonian king Phillip II of Macedon, and remained under Macedonian rule until 2 century BC. Archeologists unearthed a Macedonian tomb that was used for burial purposes during the 3 and 2 century BC.
Geography
Climate
| Climate data for Drama, Greece | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.2 (68.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
32.3 (90.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
28.0 (82.4) |
20.8 (69.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.3 (50.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
14.8 (58.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.4 (32.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 71 (2.8) |
63 (2.5) |
74 (2.9) |
38 (1.5) |
53 (2.1) |
74 (2.9) |
32 (1.3) |
22 (0.9) |
45 (1.8) |
75 (3.0) |
42 (1.7) |
71 (2.8) |
660 (26.2) |
| Source: [5] | |||||||||||||
Municipality
The municipality Drama was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):[6]
- Drama (Choristi, Drama, Kallifytos, Kalos Agros, Koudounia, Livadero, Makryplagio, Mavrovatos, Mikrochori, Monastiraki, Mylopotamos, Nikotsaras, Xiropotamos)
- Sidironero (Sidironero, Skaloti)
The municipality has an area of 840.103 km2, the municipal unit 488.830 km2.[7]
Population
| Year | City | Municipal community | Municipality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 36,109 | 37,118 | 37,118 |
| 1991 | 37,604 | 38,546 | 47,925 |
| 2001 | 42,501 | 43,485 | 55,632 |
| 2011 | 44,823 | 45,828 | 58,944 |
History
The city was originally named Ydrama or Dyrama (Ύδραμα, Δύραμα) by the ancient Greeks owing to its abundant water. Later known as Drabescus, it was part of the Roman and Byzantine Empires along with the rest of Greece. The region was conquered by Ottoman Empire in 1371. In the 19th century, the town became centre of the Sanjak of Drama. In 1912 during the First Balkan War, Drama was taken from the Ottomans by Bulgarian troops. Subsequently, in 1913 as a result of the Treaty of Bucharest, following the Second Balkan War, it was incorporated into Greece along with the rest of eastern Macedonia.
World War II
Drama was occupied by Bulgarian troops in the wake of the German invasion of Greece, from 1941 to 1944 during World War II.
On 29 September 1941, in response to local communist guerrilla attacks organized by native Macedonians and Greeks against the Bulgarians in the villages of Drama, the Bulgarian occupation forces applied harsh reprisals in Drama, Doxato and several villages like Choristi, Kyrgia, Koudounia and Prosotsani.[8] The attacks are commonly known as the Drama uprising, which resulted in more than 3.000 casualties both Macedonian and Greek.
On 4 March 1943, after midnight, the Bulgarian military authorities rounded up the Jewish population across their zone of occupation in eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The 4,000-strong community, including 589 Jews from Drama, was carried by train into Bulgarian territory and assembled in the tobacco warehouses, which were empty at that time of year. From there, they were taken by train to the Treblinka extermination camp. None of the 589 Jews from Drama ever returned.[9][10]
Economy
In the recent past the economy of the Drama area relied heavily on the local paper and textile-clothing industries. However, these industries have either closed down or moved across the border to Bulgaria,[11] because of the low demands of the Bulgarian workforce,[12] with a negative impact on the local economy and employment. The situation worsened after 2007, when Bulgaria was admitted to the EU, and local Greek businessmen moved to expand their operations there. Other sources of revenue include agriculture, consisting mainly of tobacco plantations, small-scale mining (particularly of marble) and forestry. Recently, there have been efforts to exploit the rich local natural environment and to develop ecotourism.
There is a modern ski resort on Mount Falakro. Drama also hosts an annual short film festival.[13]
Culture
Since 1978, Drama hosts Drama International Short Film Festival. In 1987, the festival was recognized nationally. In 1995, it added the International competition section where short films from all over the world visiting the city every year.[14] In 1996, the festival was included in the National Cultural Network of Cities by the Greek Ministry of Culture.
Museums
Archaeological Museum
The Archaeological Museum of Drama covers human presence in the regional unit of Drama from the mid Paleolithic Period (50,000 years before present) with traces of life from Paleolithic hunts in the caves of the source of the Angitis, up to modern times (1913).
The exhibition space consists of three main halls. In the first archaeological finds from the cave of Maara give witness to the presence of nomadic hunters in the area from the mid Palaeolithic period, while other finds show us about the life of settled farmers and animal rearers from Neolithic villages and the passage of the Copper Age in the city of Drama and the village of Sitagri. The reproduction of a Neolithic house with finds which describe the activities of Neolithic man and his daily activities is the main centre of interest for visitors of all ages.
Bust of Dionysius, found in the area of Kali Vrysi. The same hall continues the journey through time to the Iron Age and later years where the main element was the worship of Dionysius at the city of Drama itself and at Kali Vrysi and other areas of the regional unit. In the second hall architectural sculptures, pottery and coins confirm that life continued in the city and throughout the whole regional unit during early Christian, Byzantine and post-Byzantine years.
The visitor is taken through modem recent history by a photographic exhibition relating to the city of Drama, the towns of the regional unit and the mountain villages. The exhibition covers the period from the beginning of Ottoman period up to the middle of the 19th century. In the third hall which is roofed with an atrium, the visitor can admire sculptures arranged into three thematic groups. The first includes architectural sculptures dating from ancient times up to Turkish occupation. The second contains votive monuments connected with the worship of various gods in the Greco-Roman pantheon as well as local deities, with particular reference to Dionysius while the third group of sculptures focuses on funerary monuments from Hellenistic and Roman times.
Ecclesiastical Museum
The history of the Christian Church in Drama began during the Byzantine period and underwent difficult and troubled times. From the 14th century when the city was captured by the Ottomans until the 20th century with successive foreign occupations, the Greek Orthodox Church in Drama struggled without end, fed by the blood of many faithful, martyrs to the faith and to the Hellenic ideal and provided succor to its followers through difficult periods.
The collection of icons dating from Byzantine times to the 20th century forms the basic core of the museum's exhibits. The Museum of the Cathedral of Drama, founded during the reign of the honourable Bishop Dionysius 1st, is now housed in a recently restored five-storey wing of the Bishop of Drama's palace on Venizelou St. In the spacious and well-attended halls, ecclesiastical treasures of priceless spiritual and artistic value are on exhibition. The Icons of the Virgin Ηοdegetria and the Blessing Lord from the 13th century, icons from the 17th century and particularly from the 19th century decorate and sanctify the place. Moreover, the episcopal canonicals, holy vessels and their covers, many from the 19th century, relics of Chrysostomos of Drama and Smyrni, constitute the most important exhibits in the museum.
Many of the exhibits are relics brought by refugees from Asia Minor and Pontus in 1922 from the churches of their ancient homes to their new home, valuable reminders of who they were and where they came from. Organized groups of pilgrims and visitors to the city are advised to contact the office of the Diocese of Drama before visiting the museum to make arrangements.
Other museums
Sport
Drama hosts many sport teams in various sports. The most famous and most popular is Doxa Dramas, founded in 1918. Other successful clubs with presence in Greek national divisions are KAOD (basketball club), Pandramaikos FC, Drama 1986 and Amazones Dramas.
| Sport clubs based in Drama | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Club | Founded | Sports | Achievements |
| Doxa Dramas | 1918 | Football | Earlier long-time presence in A Ethniki |
| Pandramaikos FC | 1969 | Football | Earlier presence in Beta Ethniki |
| Drama 1986 | 1986 | Handball | Presence in A1 Ethniki |
| KAOD | 1989 | Basketball | Presence in A1 Ethniki |
| Titanes Dramas | 1990 | Basketball | Presence in A2 Ethniki women |
| Amazones Dramas | 2005 | Football | Panhellenic title in Greek women football |
Notable people
- Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha- Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, (died 1637)
- Mahmud Dramali Pasha (1780–1822) - Ottoman General during the Greek Independence War
- Yesari Asım Arsoy (1900–1992), classical Turkish music composer - singer
- Koulis Stoligkas (1910–1984), actor
- Michael Athans (b. 1937), electrical engineer, retired MIT professor
- Apostolos Nikolaidis (1938–1999), Greek singer
- Basilis C. Xanthopoulos (1951–1990), theoretical physicist
- Nikos Sergianopoulos (1952–2008), television and stage actor
- Tania Tsanaklidou,(b. 1952) singer
- Petros Gaitanos (b. 1967), singer
- Melek Usta (b. 1990), businesswoman
- Natassa Theodoridou, (b. 1970), singer
- Paraskevas Antzas (b. 1977), footballer
- Vassiliki Pavlidou (b. 1977), astrophysicist
- Giannis Papazisis (b. 1978), actor
- Stratos Perperoglou (b. 1984), basketball player
- Konstantinos Douvalidis (b. 1987), hurdler
- Dimitris Siovas (b. 1988), footballer
- Ioannis Fetfatzidis (b. 1990), footballer
- Anna Korakaki (b. 1996), shooter, Gold medalist Women's 25m pistol, bronze medalist in the 10m air pistol at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Gallery
-
Grave stele of Tiberius Claudius Maximus, Archaeological Museum of Drama -
Agia Sofia Byzantine church -
Spierer tobacco warehouse in snow -
Holocaust memorial
.jpg)
See also
Cooperation with other cities
References
- Notes
- ^ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
- ^ "Local Culture". Municipality of Drama. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-05-15.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ http://users.sch.gr/ipapath/istoria%20dramas.pdf
- ^ Drama (drm) Monthly Climate Average, Drama, World Weather Online, October 2019
- ^ Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior (in Greek)
- ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
- ^ see e.g. Xanthippi Kotzageorgi-Zymari and Tassos Hadjianastassiou, "Memories of the Bulgarian Occupation of Eastern Macedonia: Three Generations.", in: Mark Mazower (ed.), After the War was Over: reconstructing the family, nation, and state in Greece, 1943-1960. Princeton University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-691-05842-9 p. 273-292, also in the introduction, p. 4
- ^ "יהודי בולגריה - כפשע בינם לבין המוות (Bulgaria's Jews - avoiding the death)" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Yad Vashem Memorial. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ (in Hebrew):Bar-Zohar, Michael, The trains went out empty, Hed-Artzi, Or-Yhuda, Israel, 1999
- ^ "Job Creation and Enterprise Development Department (EMP/ENTERPRISE)" (PDF). Ilo.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ Αγγελιοφόρος, September 24, 2006
- ^ dramafilmfestival.gr
- ^ "Short Film Festival in Drama - History". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Bibliography
- Gaydarska, B. "Prehistoric Drama and its regional context," in Stoyanov, T., Angelova, S. & Lozanov (eds), Stephanos Archaeologicos in honorem Professoris Ludmilli Getov, Vol. I (Sofia: Sofia University Press, 2005), 116 – 133.
External links
Drama travel guide from Wikivoyage- Official website of Drama regional unit
Administrative division of the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Region | ||
|---|---|---|
| Regional unit of Drama |  | |
| Regional unit of Evros | ||
| Regional unit of Kavala | ||
| Regional unit of Rhodope | ||
| Regional unit of Thasos | ||
| Regional unit of Xanthi | ||
| ||