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Luke 10

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Luke 10
The Latin text of Luke 10:41-11:5 in Codex Claromontanus V, from 4th or 5th century.
BookGospel of Luke
CategoryGospel
Christian Bible partNew Testament
Order in the Christian part3

Luke 10 is the tenth chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It records the sending of seventy disciples by Jesus, the famous parable about the Good Samaritan, and his visit to the house of Mary and Martha.[1] The book containing this chapter is anonymous, but early Christian tradition uniformly affirmed that Luke composed this Gospel as well as the Acts of the Apostles.[2]

Text

The Latin text of Luke 9:9–11:35 in Codex Gigas (13th century).
Luke 10:38-42 in Papyrus 3 (6th/7th century)

The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 42 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

Old Testament references

Narrative of the Seventy

Main article: Seventy disciples

Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer calls this section (verses 1-16) the "Narrative of the Seventy" and links it to the earlier account of the sending out of advance messengers in Luke 9:52.[5] The return of the seventy concludes this section (verses 17-20). This passage includes Jesus's assertion that "the laborer is worthy of his wages",[6] which is reflected in similar wording in 1 Timothy 5:18:

For the Scripture says, "You shall not muzzle an ox while it treads out the grain", and "The laborer is worthy of his wages".

The first of these statements is found at Deuteronomy 25:4, but the second statement is not found in the Old Testament, leading to the suggestion that the author of the letter to Timothy may have referred to Luke or the equivalent verse in Matthew.[7]

Verse 16

"He who hears you hears Me, he who rejects you rejects Me, and he who rejects Me rejects Him who sent Me."[8]

This verse offers confirmation in principle of the fact that Jesus placed on equal grounds the cities which reject the seventy and those which reject Himself. In the second part, the saying rises to a climax: a deepening of the emotion, a solemn conclusion.[5] Matthew's parallel text is entirely positive:

“He who receives you receives Me, and he who receives Me receives Him who sent Me. He who receives a prophet in the name of a prophet shall receive a prophet’s reward."[9]

Luke's treatment retains the positive side of the seventy's potential reception but places more emphasis on the negative.[10]

The Great Commandment and the Parable of the Good Samaritan

The Parable of the Good Samaritan by Jan Wijnants (1670) shows the Good Samaritan tending the injured man.
Main articles: Great Commandment and Parable of the Good Samaritan

A lawyer or 'expert in the law' asked Jesus what he should do to inherit eternal life. Jesus asked him what was written in the law, and the lawyer referred to the teaching in Deuteronomy 6:4–5,

You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind,

and to the ordinance of Leviticus 19:18,

You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself.[11]

Jesus confirmed that the lawyer's answer was correct. Luke's treatment of this Great Commandment differs from those of Mark and Matthew, where Jesus directly instructed his disciples that these are the greatest commandments in the Law.

The lawyer then asked who his 'neighbour' is. In response, Jesus told a story of a traveller (who may or may not have been a Jew [12]) who is beaten, robbed, and left half dead along the road. First a priest and then a Levite come by, but both avoid the man. Finally, a journeying Samaritan comes by. Samaritans and Jews generally despised each other, but the Samaritan helps the injured man. This parable is recounted only in this chapter of the New Testament.

Portraying a Samaritan in a positive light would have come as a shock to Jesus's audience.[13] Some Christians, such as Augustine and John Newton,[14] have interpreted the parable allegorically, with the Samaritan representing Jesus Christ, who saves the sinful soul.[15] Others, however, discount this allegory as unrelated to the parable's original meaning,[15] and see the parable as exemplifying the ethics of Jesus.[16]

The parable has inspired painting, sculpture, poetry and film. For example, Vincent van Gogh's painting, The Good Samaritan, after Delacroix 1890, captures the reverse hierarchy of Luke's parable. Although the priest and Levite are near the top of the status hierarchy in Israel and the Samaritans near the bottom, van Gogh reverses the traditional hierarchy in his painting. He foregrounds the Samaritan, transforming him into a colorful figure who is larger than life, while the priest and Levite are in the background, small and insignificant.[17] The colloquial phrase "good Samaritan", meaning someone who helps a stranger, derives from this parable, and many hospitals and charitable organizations are named after the Good Samaritan.

Mary and Martha

Main article: Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary

In Luke's account, the home of Martha and Mary is located in 'a certain village'.[18] Bethany is not mentioned and would not fit with the topography of Jesus' journey to Jerusalem, which at this point in the narrative is just commencing as he leaves Galilee. John J. Kilgallen suggests that "Luke has displaced the story of Martha and Mary".[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962.
  2. ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
  3. ^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
  4. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F. (1901). The Book of Psalms: with Introduction and Notes. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Vol. Book IV and V: Psalms XC-CL. Cambridge: At the University Press. p. 839. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Meyer, H. A. W. (1873), Meyer's NT Commmentary on Luke 10, accessed 12 June 2012
  6. ^ Luke 10:7
  7. ^ Meyer, H. A. W. (1873), Meyer's NT Commentary on 1 Timothy 5, accessed 22 July 2020
  8. ^ Luke 10:16
  9. ^ Matthew 10:41–42
  10. ^ Nicoll, W. R., Expositor's Greek Testament on Luke 10, accessed 23 July 2020
  11. ^ Leviticus 19:18
  12. ^ Joel B. Green, The Gospel of Luke, Eerdmans, 1997, ISBN 0-8028-2315-7, p. 429.
  13. ^ Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels, HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Luke" p. 271-400
  14. ^ Newton, J., The Good Samaritan, accessed 13 June 2018
  15. ^ a b Caird, G. B. (1980). The Language and Imagery of the Bible. Duckworth. p. 165.
  16. ^ Sanders, E. P., The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 6.
  17. ^ James L. Resseguie, Narrative Criticism of the New Testament: An Introduction (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2005), 26-30 at p. 29.
  18. ^ Luke 10:38
  19. ^ Kilgallen, J. J., Martha and Mary: Why at Luke 10,38?, Biblica, Vol. 84, No. 4 (2003), pp. 554-561
Preceded by
Luke 9 		Chapters of the Bible
Gospel of Luke 		Succeeded by
Luke 11
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