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Eleanor de Clare

Coordinates: 51°59′25″N 2°09′37″W / 51.9903°N 2.1604°W / 51.9903; -2.1604
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Eleanor de Clare
Suo jure 6th Lady of Glamorgan (until 1329)[1][2]
Eleanor de Clare
Other titles1st Baroness le Despenser
Born3 October 1292[1]
Caerphilly Castle, Glamorgan, Wales[1]
Died30 June 1337 (age 45)[1]
Monmouth Castle
BuriedTewkesbury Abbey[1]
51°59′25″N 2°09′37″W / 51.9903°N 2.1604°W / 51.9903; -2.1604
NationalityEnglish
Spouse(s)Hugh le Despenser the Younger
William de la Zouche
IssueHugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer
Gilbert le Despenser
Edward le Despenser
John le Despenser
Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Arundel
Eleanor le Despenser
Joan le Despenser
Margaret le Despenser
Elizabeth le Despenser, Baroness Berkeley
William de la Zouche
Joyce Zouche
ParentsGilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford and Joan of Acre

Eleanor de Clare, suo jure 6th Lady of Glamorgan (3 October 1292 – 30 June 1337) was a powerful English noblewoman who married Hugh Despenser the Younger and was a granddaughter of Edward I of England.[2][3] With her sisters, Elizabeth de Clare and Margaret de Clare, she inherited her father's estates after the death of her brother, Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, 7th Earl of Hereford at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.[1][2][3] She was born in 1292 at Caerphilly Castle in Glamorgan, Wales and was the eldest daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester, 5th Lord of Glamorgan and Princess Joan of Acre.

De Clare inheritance

As a co-heiress with her sisters Elizabeth de Clare (wife of Roger d'Amory), and Margaret de Clare (wife of Hugh Audley), in 1314 she inherited the de Clare estates including the huge feudal barony of Gloucester, following the death of her brother, Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Gloucester at the Battle of Bannockburn. The partition was not fully settled until 1317. During this period the family seat of Caerphilly Castle was held by the king under the stewardship of Payn de Turberville of Coity Castle. In protest against Turberville's mistreatment, the Welsh nobleman Llywelyn Bren and his supporters launched a surprise attack on 28 January 1316, and besieged Caerphilly Castle, which successfully held out under the command of "The lady of Clare" (almost certainly Eleanor) and a small garrison until relieved by Sir William Montacute on 12 March 1316.[4]

Marriage to Hugh Despenser the younger

In May 1306 at Westminster, Eleanor married Hugh le Despenser the Younger, the son of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester by his wife Isabella de Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. Despenser thereby became Lord of Glamorgan. Her grandfather, King Edward I, granted Eleanor a dowry of 2,000 pounds sterling. Eleanor's husband rose to prominence as the new favourite of her uncle, King Edward II of England. The king strongly favoured Hugh and Eleanor, visiting them often and granting them many gifts. Eleanor's fortunes changed drastically after the invasion of Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer, following which her husband Hugh le Despenser was executed.

By Despencer Eleanor had nine children:

  1. Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer (1308–1349), eldest son and heir.
  2. Gilbert le Despenser, (1309–1381).
  3. Edward le Despenser, (1310–1342), soldier, killed at the siege of Vannes;[5] father of Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer, Knight of the Garter
  4. John le Despenser, (1311 - June 1366).
  5. Isabel le Despenser (1313 – living 1356), wife of Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel
  6. Eleanor le Despenser, (c. 1315 – 1351), a nun at Sempringham Priory
  7. Joan le Despenser, (c. 1317 – 1384), a nun at Shaftesbury Abbey
  8. Margaret le Despenser, (c. 1319 – 1337), a nun at Whatton Priory
  9. Elizabeth le Despenser (1325- 13 July 1389), wife of Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley.

Imprisonment

In November 1326, Eleanor was confined to the Tower of London.[3] The Despenser family's fortunes also suffered with the executions of Eleanor's husband and father-in-law. Eleanor and Hugh's eldest son Hugh le Despencer, Baron le Despencer (1308–1349), who held Caerphilly Castle against the queen's forces until the spring of 1327, was spared his life when he surrendered the castle, but he remained a prisoner until July 1331, after which he was eventually restored to royal favour. Three of Eleanor's daughters were forcibly veiled as nuns. Only the eldest daughter, Isabel, and the youngest daughter, Elizabeth, escaped the nunnery, Isabel because she was already married and Elizabeth on account of her infancy. In February 1328 Eleanor was freed from imprisonment. In April 1328, she was restored to possession of her own lands, for which she did homage.[2][3]

Marriage to William de la Zouche

Arms of la Zouche: Gules, ten bezants 4, 3, 2, 1
1329 seal of William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Mortimer (died 1337), jure uxoris Lord of Glamorgan, husband of Eleanor de Clare (1292–1337), daughter and eventual heiress of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester, Lord of Glamorgan and feudal baron of Gloucester. Inscribed: S(igillum) Will(elm)i La Zouche Domini De Glamorgan ("Seal of William la Zouche, Lord of Glamorgan"). His shield and the caparison of his horse show the Zouche arms bezantée

In January 1329 Eleanor was abducted from Hanley Castle by William la Zouche, 1st Baron Zouche of Mortimer, who had been one of her first husband's captors and who had led the siege of Caerphilly Castle. The abduction may in fact have been an elopement; in any case, Eleanor's lands were seized by King Edward III, and the couple's arrest was ordered. At the same time, Eleanor was accused of stealing jewels from the Tower of London. Sometime after February 1329, she was imprisoned a second time in the Tower, and was later moved to Devizes Castle. In January 1330 she was released and pardoned after agreeing to sign away the most valuable part of her share of the lucrative Clare inheritance to the crown. She could recover her lands only on payment of the enormous sum of 50,000 pounds in a single day.

Within the year, however, the young future King Edward III (Eleanor's first cousin) overthrew Queen Isabella's paramour, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, and had him executed. Eleanor was among those who benefited from the fall of Mortimer and Isabella. She petitioned Edward III for the restoration of her lands, claiming that she had signed them away after being threatened by Roger Mortimer that she would never be freed if she did not. In 1331 Edward III granted her petition "to ease the king's conscience" and allowed her to recover the lands on the condition that she should pay a fine of 10,000 pounds, later reduced to 5,000 pounds, in instalments. Eleanor made part-payments of the fine, but the bulk of it was outstanding at her death.

Eleanor's troubles were by no means over, however. After Eleanor's marriage to Zouche, John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield claimed that he had married her first. In 1333 Grey was still attempting to claim marriage to Eleanor; the case was appealed to the Pope several times. Ultimately, Zouche won the dispute and Eleanor remained with him until his death in February 1337, only a few months before Eleanor's own death. By Zouche Eleanor had children as follows:

  1. William de la Zouche, born 1330, died after 1360, a monk at Glastonbury Abbey.
  2. Joyce Zouche, born 1331, died after 4 May 1372, married John de Botetourt, 2nd Lord Botetourt.

Tewkesbury Abbey Renovations

Hugh le Despenser the younger and Eleanor are generally credited with having begun the renovations to Tewkesbury Abbey, a foundation of her ancestors, which transformed it into one of the finest examples of the decorated style of architecture surviving today. The famous fourteenth-century stained-glass windows in the choir, which include the armour-clad figures of Eleanor's ancestors, brother and two husbands, were most likely Eleanor's own contribution, although she probably did not live to see them put in place. The naked kneeling woman watching the Last Judgment in the choir's east window may represent Eleanor.

Ancestry

Fictional portrayals

Eleanor is a supporting character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. She was portrayed by Florence Dunoyer in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Angèle Humeau in the 2005 adaptation.

Eleanor features in the 1975/1976 two-part novel, Feudal Family: The De Clares of Gloucester, by Edith Beadle Brouwer. She is the heroine of Susan Higginbotham's 2005 historical novel The Traitor's Wife: A Novel of the Reign of Edward II.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Mason, E. (1984). Legends of the Beauchamps' ancestors: the use of baronial propaganda in medieval England. Journal of medieval history, 10(1), 25-40.
  2. ^ a b c d Davies, J. C. (1915). The Despenser War in Glamorgan. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Third Series), 9, 21-64.
  3. ^ a b c d Lewis, M. E. (2008). A traitor's death? The identity of a drawn, hanged and quartered man from Hulton Abbey, Staffordshire. antiquity, 82(315), 113-124.
  4. ^ 'The Rebellion of Llywelyn Bren', J. Beverley Smith in Glamorgan County History Volume III: the Middle Ages, ed. T. B. Pugh (Cardiff, 1971), pp. 72–86
  5. ^ "A few notes on Hugh le Despenser". Patp.us. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2015. Also said to have died at Morlaix, on the other coast of Brittany
Sources
  • Altschul, Michael, A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares
  • Mary Anne Everett Green, Lives of the Princesses of England
  • Roy Martin Haines, King Edward II
  • Richard K. Morris and Ron Shoesmith, Tewkesbury Abbey: History, Art, and Architecture
  • Pugh, T. B., ed., vol. 3, Glamorgan County History
  • Rees, William, Caerphilly Castle and Its Place in the Annals of Glamorgan
  • Underhill, Frances. For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh
  • Calendar of Close Rolls
  • Calendar of Fine Rolls
  • Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland
  • Calendar of Patent Rolls
  • The Parliament Rolls of Medieval England (CD-ROM version), ed. by C. Given-Wilson, et al.
  • A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe
  • Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Lines: 8-30, 8-31, 39-32, 74-32
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