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/æ/ raising in North American English[1]
Following
consonant 		Example
words[2] 		New York
City, New
Orleans[2] 		Baltimore,
Philadel-
phia[2] 		General
American,
New England,
Western US 		Midland US,
Pittsburgh 		Southern
US 		Canada,
Northern
Mountain
US 		Minnesota,
Wisconsin 		Great
Lakes
US
Non-prevocalic
/m, n/ 		fan, lamb, stand [eə][a][b] [eə] [eə] [eə~ɛjə][4] [eə][5] [eə][6]
Prevocalic
/m, n/ 		animal, planet,
Spanish 		[æ]
/ŋ/[7] frank, language [eɪ][8] [æ] [æ~æɛə][4] [ɛː~ɛj][5] [eː~ej][9]
Non-prevocalic
/ɡ/ 		bag, drag [eə][a] [æ][c] [æ][d]
Prevocalic /ɡ/ dragon, magazine [æ]
Non-prevocalic
/b, d, ʃ/ 		grab, flash, sad [eə][a] [æ][13] [ɛə][13]
Non-prevocalic
/f, θ, s/ 		ask, bath, half,
glass 		[eə][a]
Otherwise as, back, happy,
locality 		[æ][e]
  1. ^ a b c d Most function words (am, can, had, etc.) and some learned or less common words (Afghan, alas, asterisk, etc.) have [æ].
  2. ^ In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs began, ran, swam, and wan (variant of won) have [æ].[3]
  3. ^ In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone have [eə].
  4. ^ In New England, Pittsburgh,[10] and Florida[1] and in scatterings through the Midland US,[11] the (mostly coastal) Southern US, and the Western US,[1]
    the quality of /æ/ is more close before /m, n/, more mid before /d/ (and possibly other voiced stops like /b, ɡ, dʒ/), and more open elsewhere.[12] However, in most of the Western US and elsewhere
    in the Midland US,[1] it is more continuous, though still the most close before /m, n/.
  5. ^ In New York City, exceptional [eə] is found notably in avenue and variably before /dʒ/ as in imagine and magic.[14]
  1. ^ a b c d Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  2. ^ a b c Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–4. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  3. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 238. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  4. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 178, 180. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  5. ^ a b Boberg (2008), p. 145.
  6. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–7. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  7. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 183. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  8. ^ Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008).
  9. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 181–2. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  10. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 181. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  11. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 175. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  12. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 174. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  13. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 82, 123, 177, 179. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  14. ^ Labov (2007), p. 359.


/æ/ raising in North American English[1]
Environment Phonemic systems Non-phonemic (continuous) systems
Consonant after /æ/ Example words New York City & New Orleans Baltimore & Philadelphia General US, Florida, Midland US, New England, & Western US Canadian, Northwest US, & Upper Midwest US Southern US & Black Vernacular Great Lakes US
/m, n/ Checked: aunt, fan, ham, pants, plan, lamb, understand,[2] etc.[a] [eə][4] [iə][b] [ɛə~æ] [ɛə~eə] [eə]
Free: animal, ceramic, manatee, Montana, planet, Spanish,[5] etc.[note 1] [æ][7]
/ɡ/ Checked: bag, drag, tag,[8] etc. [eə][9] [æ][10] [æ][c] [eːɪ̯][17][d] continuous [eʲ] [ɛ(j)ə~æ] [ɛə~æ]
Free: agate, dragon, magazine, etc. [æ][19]
/b, d, dʒ, ʃ/ Checked: bad, flash, glad, grab, mad, sad,[20] etc.[e] [eə][21] continuous [æ] [eə~ɛə]
/f, s, θ/ Checked: ask, bath, calf, half, glass,[22] etc. [eə][23]
Others as, back, frank, happy, locality;[24] etc. [æ][25]
For the phoneme /æ/, [eə] represents a tense pronunciation and [æ] a non-tense (or lax) pronunciation. The term "continuous" refers to a system without a decisive phonemic split of /æ/, followed by whichever allophone predominates in the given context.

Notes

  1. ^ In Philadelphia, began, ran, and swam alone remain lax.[3]
  2. ^ Exact allophones vary by region's or even individual's participation in a nasal or continuous system.
  3. ^ In New England, Pittsburgh,[11] and Florida[12] and in scatterings through the Midland US,[13] the (mostly coastal) Southern US, and the Western US,[14] /æ/ is more close before /m, n/, more mid before /b, g, d, dʒ/, and more open elsewhere.[15] However, in most of the Western US and elsewhere in the Midland US,[16] possible pronunciations of /æ/ are more continuous, though still the most close before /m, n/.
  4. ^ In Minnesota and Wisconsin especially, /æ/ raising before /g/ is often strong enough to produce a merger of /æg/ and /eɪg/, for example causing haggle and Hegel to be homophones.[18]
  5. ^ In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone in this set become tense.
Footnotes
  • Nearly all American English speakers pronounce /æŋ/ somewhere between [æŋ] and [eɪŋ], though Western speakers specifically favor [eɪŋ].
  • The Great Lakes dialect traditionally tenses /æ/ in all cases to at least some degree, but reversals of that tensing before non-nasal consonants (while often maintaining some of the other vowel shifts of the region) has been observed recently where it has been studied (in Lansing and Syracuse).
  • In American phonology, /æ/ before /r/ is often transcribed as /ɛ/ due to the prevalence of the Mary–marry merger. However, a distinct /æ/ before /r/ remains in much of the Northeastern U.S. (strongest in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Baltimore) and some of the Southern U.S.


TENSE": magic, imagine,

checked /b, d, dʒ/ or any old /b, d, ʃ, v, z/?

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A chart of the pronunciation of stressed /ɒr/ and /ɔːr/ before a vowel
represented by the diaphoneme /ɒr/ represented by the diaphoneme /ɔr/
pronounced [ɒɹ] in mainstream England pronounced [ɔːɹ] in mainstream England
pronounced [ɒɹ] in Boston pronounced [ɔɹ] in Boston
pronounced [ɔɹ] in Canada
pronounced [ɒɹ~ɑɹ] in New York City pronounced [ɔɹ] in New York City
pronounced [ɑɹ] in the mainstream United States pronounced [ɔɹ] in the mainstream United States
these five words only:
borrow, morrow,
sorry, sorrow,
tomorrow 		corridor, euphoric,
foreign, forest,
Florida, historic,
horrible, majority,
minority, moral,
orange, Oregon,
origin, porridge,
priority, quarantine,
quarrel, sorority,
warranty, warren,
warrior (etc.) 		aura, boring,
choral, deplorable,
flooring, flora,
glory, hoary,
memorial, menorah,
orientation, Moorish,
oral, pouring,
scorer, storage,
story, Tory,
warring (etc.)
  1. ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 182. ISBN 3-11-016746-8.
  2. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  3. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 238.
  4. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
  5. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  6. ^ Trager, George L. (1940) One Phonemic Entity Becomes Two: The Case of 'Short A' in American Speech: 3rd ed. Vol. 15: Duke UP. 256. Print.
  7. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 173.
  8. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 174.
  9. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  10. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  11. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 181.
  12. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 182.
  13. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 175.
  14. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 182.
  15. ^ Labov, 2006, p. 174.
  16. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 182.
  17. ^ Boberg, 2008, p. 145
  18. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 181–2. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006 (help)
  19. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  20. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  21. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  22. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  23. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173.
  24. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.
  25. ^ Labov, 2006, pp. 173-4.


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