Jump to content

User:Nehaoua/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
< User:Nehaoua

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Nehaoua (talk | contribs) at 20:44, 9 December 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

https://www.joradp.dz/JO2000/2002/047/FP6.pdf


Adrar [1] 

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|page=1293|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 01 - Adrar Province|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2013|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref>

[2]


Chlef 

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 02 - Wilaya de Chlef|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1293|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 02 - Chlef Province|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095640/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1293.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2013|accessdate=25 October 2019}}</ref>

Laghouat 

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1294.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 03 - Wilaya de Laghouat|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1294|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 03 - Laghouat Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-03}}</ref>

Communes

The district is further divided into 2 communes:[3]

Population

2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Chlef : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w02_p2.pdf|publication-date=}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>


Laghouat

2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Laghouat: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w03_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-03}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>
localities <ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Laghouat|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1476.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1477|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> 

== Localities  of the commune ==
The commune of '''Aflou'''  is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]] <ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Laghouat|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1476.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1476|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> :
{{Columns-list|* Ville d'Aflou
* El Frachiche 
* Béni Moukha
* Rahmania
* Ouled Sidi Bouabdallah
* Ouled Sidi Khaled
|colwidth=15em}}

Oum El Bouaghi Province

2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya d'Oum El Bouaghi: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w04_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-06}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 04 - Wilaya d'Oum El Bouaghi|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 04 - Oum El Bouaghi Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref>

Batna Province

2008<ref name="RGPH2008">{{cite web|title=Wilaya de Batna: répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion|language=FR|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w05_p2.pdf|publication-date=|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}. Data from the 2008 General Population and Housing Census on the site of the [[National Office of Statistics|NOS Algeria]].</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1991/041/FP1295.pdf|title=Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 05 - Wilaya de Batna|last=|first=|date=4 September 1991|website=|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|pages=1295|language=French|trans-title=List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 05 - Batna Province|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref>

The commune of '''Aïn Touta''' is composed of 6 [[Locality (settlement)|localities]] <ref>{{cite journal|date=19 December 1984|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya de Batna|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1483.pdf|journal=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|issue=67|pages=1483|access-date=3 October 2019|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>:
:

native name

 {{lang|ar|واد مرة}}

March 2020

This westward-looking aerial photograph shows the Shenandoah River (left) flowing into the Potomac River (right) at Harpers Ferry, WV. The Potomac then continues eastward toward the Chesapeake Bay. (Visible in the foreground are the ruins of the famed B&O Bridge which was destroyed nine times during the Civil War -- four times by military action and five times by floods.)
 
Boundary between Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia at Harpers Ferry
 
Satellite view of the Potomac River passing through two water gaps downstream of Harpers Ferry

For 400 years Maryland and Virginia have disputed control of the Potomac and its North Branch, since both states' original colonial charters grant the entire river rather than half of it as is normally the case with boundary rivers. In its first state constitution adopted in 1776, Virginia ceded its claim to the entire river but reserved free use of it, an act disputed by Maryland. Both states acceded to the 1765 Mount Vernon Compact and the 1877 Black-Jenkins Award which granted Maryland the river bank-to-bank from the low water mark on the Virginia side, while permitting Virginia full riparian rights short of obstructing navigation.

From 1957 to 1996, the Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) routinely issued permits applied for by Virginia entities concerning use of the Potomac. However, in 1996 the MDE denied a permit submitted by the Fairfax County Water Authority to build a water intake 725 feet (220 m) offshore, citing potential harm to Maryland's interests by an increase in Virginia sprawl caused by the project. After years of failed appeals within the Maryland government's appeal processes, in 2000 Virginia took the case to the Supreme Court of the United States, which exercises original jurisdiction in cases between two states. Maryland claimed Virginia lost its riparian rights by acquiescing to MDE's permit process for 63 years (MDE began its permit process in 1933). A Special Master appointed by the Supreme Court to investigate recommended the case be settled in favor of Virginia, citing the language in the 1785 Compact and the 1877 Award. On December 9, 2003, the Court agreed in a 7–2 decision.[4]

Map of land use in the watershed

The original charters are silent as to which branch from the upper Potomac serves as the boundary, but this was settled by the 1785 Compact. When West Virginia seceded from Virginia in 1863, the question of West Virginia's succession in title to the lands between the branches of the river was raised, as well as title to the river itself. Claims by Maryland to West Virginia land north of the South Branch (all of Mineral and Grant Counties and parts of Hampshire, Hardy, Tucker and Pendleton Counties) and by West Virginia to the Potomac's high-water mark were rejected by the Supreme Court in two separate decisions in 1910.[5][6]

Flora of the Potomac River Basin


Fauna of the Potomac River and its Basin

Fish

After an absence lasting many decades, the American Shad has recently returned to the Potomac.

A variety of fish inhabit the Potomac, including bass, muskellunge, pike, walleye. The northern snakehead, an invasive species resembling the native bowfin, lamprey, and American eel, was first seen in 2004.[7][8] Many types of sunfish are also present in the Potomac and its headwaters.[9] Although rare, bull sharks can be found.[10]

After having been depressed for many decades, the river's population of American Shad is currently re-bounding as a result of the ICPRB's successful "American Shad Restoration Project" that was begun in 1995. In addition to stocking the river with more than 22 million shad fry, the Project supervised construction of a fishway that was built to facilitate the passage of adults around the Little Falls Dam on the way to their traditional spawning grounds upstream.[11]

Mammals

Several hundred Bottle-nosed Dolphins live six months of the year (from mid-April through mid-October) in the Potomac. Depicted here, a mother with her young.

Early European colonists who settled along the Potomac found a diversity of large and small mammals living in the dense forests nearby. Bison, elk, wolves ( gray and red) and panthers (cougars) were still present at that time, but had been hunted to extirpation by the middle of the 19th century. Among the denizens of the Potomac's banks, beavers and otters met a similar fate, while small populations of minks and martens survived into the 20th century in some secluded areas.

There is no record of early settlers having observed marine mammals in the Potomac, but several sightings of Atlantic Bottle-nosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were reported during the 19th century. In July 1844. a pod of 14 adults and young was followed up the river by men in boats as high as the Aqueduct Bridge (approximately the same location occupied by Key Bridge today).[12]

Since 2015, perhaps as a result of warmer temperatures, rising water levels in the Chesapeake Bay and improving water quality in the Potomac, unprecedented numbers of Atlantic Bottle-nosed Dolphins have been observed in the river. According to Dr Janet Mann of Georgetown University's Potomac-Chesapeake Dolphin Project, more than 500 individual members of the species have been identified in the Potomac during this period.[13]

Birds

A Great Blue Heron
Birds of the Potomac River Basin


Reptiles

Eastern Box Turtles are frequently spotted along the towpath of the C&O Canal.
Five-lined skink, juvenile

Amphibians

Eastern Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) can be found sheltering under rocks along the banks of the Potomac.


The Potomac River System

North Branch Potomac River

The North Branch between Cumberland, Maryland, and Ridgeley, West Virginia, in 2007

The source of the North Branch Potomac River is at the Fairfax Stone located at the junction of Grant, Tucker and Preston counties in West Virginia.

Confluence of the North and South Branches of the Potomac River near Potomac Forks Campsite (southeast of Cumberland), Allegany County, Maryland

From the Fairfax Stone, the North Branch Potomac River flows 27 miles (43 km) to the man-made Jennings Randolph Lake, an impoundment designed for flood control and emergency water supply. Below the dam, the North Branch cuts a serpentine path through the eastern Allegheny Mountains. First, it flows northeast by the communities of Bloomington, Luke, and Westernport in Maryland and then on by Keyser, West Virginia to Cumberland, Maryland. At Cumberland, the river turns southeast. 103 miles (166 km) downstream from its source,[14] the North Branch is joined by the South Branch between Green Spring and South Branch Depot, West Virginia from whence it flows past Hancock, Maryland and turns southeast once more on its way toward Washington, D.C., and the Chesapeake Bay.

The following table shows the major tributaries of the North Branch Potomac River, listed in order from the source to its mouth. Numerous other tributary creeks exist.

South Branch Potomac River

Main article: South Branch Potomac River
The South Branch near South Branch Depot, West Virginia

The South Branch Potomac River has its headwaters in northwestern Highland County, Virginia near Hightown along the eastern edge of the Allegheny Front. After a river distance of 139 miles (224 km),[14] the mouth of the South Branch lies east of Green Spring in Hampshire County, West Virginia where it meets the North Branch Potomac River to form the Potomac.[15]

The North Fork South Branch Potomac River, 43.6 miles (70.2 km) long,[14] forms just north of the Virginia/West Virginia border in Pendleton County at the confluence of the Laurel Fork and Straight Fork along Big Mountain 3,881 feet (1,183 m). From Circleville, the North Fork flows northeast through Pendleton County between the Fore Knobs 2,949 feet (899 m) to its west and the River Knobs, 2,490 feet (759 m) to its east. At Seneca Rocks, the North Fork is met by Seneca Creek. From Seneca Rocks, the North Fork continues to flow northeast along the western edge of North Fork Mountain 3,389 feet (1033 m) into Grant County. Flowing east through North Fork Gap, the North Fork joins the South Branch Potomac at the town of Cabins, west of Petersburg.

The South Fork South Branch Potomac River forms just north of U.S. Route 250 in Highland County, Virginia near Monterey, and flows 68.4 miles (110.1 km)[14] north-northeastward to the South Branch Potomac River at Moorefield in Hardy County, West Virginia. From 1896 to 1929, it was named the Moorefield River by the Board on Geographic Names to avoid confusion with the South Branch.

Upper Potomac River

This stretch encompasses the section of the Potomac River from the confluence of its North and South Branches through Opequon Creek near Shepherdstown, West Virginia.[16]

Lower Potomac River

Sunrise view from Jefferson Rock at Harpers Ferry, WV. (In the distance is the Sandy Hook Bridge over the Potomac River that connects Maryland (left bank) with Virginia along U.S. Highway 340.)

This section covers the Potomac from just above Harpers Ferry in West Virginia down to Little Falls, Maryland on the border between Maryland and Washington, DC.

Tidal Potomac River

View southwest across the tidal Potomac River from the south end of Cobb Island Road on Cobb Island, Charles County, Maryland

The Tidal Potomac River lies below the Fall Line. This 108-mile (174-km) stretch encompasses the Potomac from a short distance below the Washington, DC - Montgomery County line, just downstream of the Little Falls of the Potomac River, to the Chesapeake Bay.[17]


 

Additional images

See also

References

  1. ^ "Liste des communes animés par chaque chef de daïra : 01 — Wilaya d'Adrar" (PDF). Journal Officiel de la Republique Algerienne N° 41 (in French): 1293. 04 September 1996. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. Wilaya d'Adrar" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 4 September 1991. p. 1293. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  3. ^ "Décret executif n° 91-306 du 24 août 1991 fixant la liste des communes animées par chaque chef de daïra. 02 - Wilaya de Chlef" [List of municipalities animated by each District chief: 02 - Chlef Province] (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 4 September 1991. p. 1293. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  4. ^ U.S. Supreme Court. Virginia v. Maryland, 540 U.S. 56 (2003)
  5. ^ Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U.S. 1 (1910)
  6. ^ Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U.S. 577 (1910)
  7. ^ Potomac snakeheads not related to others Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Associated Press, Baltimore Sun, April 27, 2007.
  8. ^ "Northern Snakehead". Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources.
  9. ^ Jim Cummins (2013). "FISHES OF THE FRESHWATER POTOMAC" (PDF). www.potomacriver.org. Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
  10. ^ "Sharks! Watermen catch two 8-footers on same day". somdnews.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
  11. ^ "THE POTOMAC RIVER AMERICAN SHAD RESTORATION PROJECT" (PDF). www.potomacriver.org. Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin. March 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  12. ^ "The Mysterious Dolphins of the Potomac". 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  13. ^ "Potomac-Chesapeake Dolphin Project". 2018. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference NHD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Topographic map of the confluence of the North and South branches of the Potomac River Archived March 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Potomac Riverkeeper Network". www.potomacriverkeepernetwork.org. Potomac Riverkeeper Network. 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  17. ^ "Potomac River Basin Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.potomacriver.org. Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin (ICPRB). October 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2019.



>

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=User:Nehaoua/sandbox&oldid=993287713"