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Westfield, Massachusetts

Coordinates: 42°07′30″N 72°45′00″W / 42.12500°N 72.75000°W / 42.12500; -72.75000
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Westfield, Massachusetts
City
Downtown Westfield and Park Square
Downtown Westfield and Park Square
Flag of Westfield, Massachusetts
Flag
Official seal of Westfield, Massachusetts
Seal
Nickname: 
The Whip City[1]
Motto: 
"Community Driven"[1]
Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts
Location in Hampden County in Massachusetts
Coordinates: 42°07′30″N 72°45′00″W / 42.12500°N 72.75000°W / 42.12500; -72.75000
CountryUnited States
StateMassachusetts
CountyHampden
Settled1660
Incorporated (town)May 19, 1669
Incorporated (city)November 2, 1920
Government
 • TypeMayor-council city
 • MayorDon Humason (R)[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total
47.32 sq mi (122.55 km2)
 • Land46.26 sq mi (119.81 km2)
 • Water1.05 sq mi (2.73 km2)  2.24%
Elevation
148 ft (45 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total
41,094
 • Estimate 
(2019)[4]
41,204
 • Density890.69/sq mi (343.90/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Codes
01085, 01086
Area codes413 Exchanges: 562,564,568,572
FIPS code25-76030
GNIS feature ID0608962
Websitewww.cityofwestfield.org

Westfield is a city in Hampden County, in the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts, United States. Westfield was first settled in 1660. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 41,094 at the 2010 census.[5]

History

The area was originally inhabited by the Pocomtuc tribe, and was called Woronoco (meaning "the winding land"[6]). Trading houses were built in 1639 to 1640 by settlers from the Connecticut Colony. Massachusetts asserted jurisdiction, and prevailed after a boundary survey. In 1647, Massachusetts made Woronoco part of Springfield.[7] Land was incrementally purchased from the Native Americans and granted by the Springfield town meeting to English settlers, beginning in 1658. The area of Woronoco or "Streamfield" began to be permanently settled in the 1660s.[7] In 1669, "Westfield" was incorporated as an independent town;[8] in 1920, it would be re-incorporated as a city. The name Westfield would be named for being at the time the most westerly settlement. "Streamfield" was considered a name for the town for being settled in between two "streams" that flow downtown, the Westfield River and the Little River.

From its founding until 1725, Westfield was the westernmost settlement in the Massachusetts Colony, and portions of it fell within the Equivalent Lands. Town meetings were held in a church meeting house until 1839, when Town Hall was erected on Broad Street. This building also served as City Hall from 1920 to 1958. Due to its alluvial lands, the inhabitants of the Westfield area were entirely devoted to agricultural pursuits for about 150 years.[citation needed]

Early in the 19th century, the manufacture of bricks, whips, and cigars became economically important. At one point in the 19th century, Westfield was a prominent center of the buggy whip industry, and the city is still known as the "Whip City". Other firms produced bicycles, paper products, pipe organs, boilers and radiators, textile machinery, abrasives, wood products, and precision tools. Westfield transformed itself from an agricultural town into a thriving industrial city in the 19th century, but in the second half of the 20th century its manufacturing base was eroded by wage competition in the U.S. Southeast, then overseas.[citation needed]

Meanwhile, with cheap land and convenient access to east–west and north–south interstate highways, the north side developed into a warehousing center to C & S Wholesale, Home Depot, Lowes and other corporations. South of the river, the intersecting trends of growth of Westfield State University and declining manufacturing changed the city's character. Students comprise some 15% of Westfield's population, and the old downtown business district caters increasingly to them while mainstream shopping relocates to a commercial strip called East Main Street, part of U.S. Route 20.[citation needed]

Only four buildings exceed four stories in height. Until a major fire on January 6, 1952, the Westfield Professional Building covered half a downtown city block and was six stories tall. The entire building was consumed with extensive damage to neighboring buildings because the fire department's ladder and snorkel vehicles weren't tall enough and the building did not have a sprinkler system. Subsequent zoning prohibited virtually all new construction over three stories, even after improvements in fire suppression technologies and vehicles became available. No building is allowed to be taller than the town's firetruck ladders.[citation needed]

In the early 20th century, Westfield was at the center of the Pure Food movement, an effort to require stricter standards on the production of food. Louis B. Allyn, a Westfield resident and pure foods expert for McClure's Magazine, lived in Westfield until his murder. In 1906, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. In June 2017, the administration of Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker announced a $300,000 grant to the city for an industrial park expansion.[9]

In 1939, Westfield became the first city in Massachusetts, as well as all of New England, to elect a female Mayor when Alice Burke defeated incumbent Raymond H. Cowing.[10]

Geography

Replete with interesting graffiti, the M&M Trail passes beneath the Mass Pike along with the railroad

Westfield is located at 42°7′46″N 72°44′46″W / 42.12944°N 72.74611°W / 42.12944; -72.74611 (42.129492, −72.745986).[11] It is bordered on the north by Southampton, on the northeast by Holyoke, on the east by West Springfield, on the southeast by Agawam, on the south by Southwick, on the southwest by Granville, on the west by Russell, and on the northwest by Montgomery. Westfield is split into the "South Side" and the "North Side" by the Westfield River, and the northwestern section of town is known as Wyben.

View of Snake Pond and the Westfield countryside from East Mountain

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 47.4 square miles (122.7 km2), of which 46.3 square miles (120.0 km2) are land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), or 2.24%, are water.[5]

Westfield is situated at the western edge of the downfaulted Connecticut River Valley where the Westfield River emerges from the Berkshire Hills and flows through the center of the city on its way to the Connecticut River some 10 miles (16 km) downstream. Because of its large, steep and rocky upstream watershed, the river has a history of severe flood episodes, inundating adjacent parts of Westfield several times. In spite of a complicated system of pumps, dikes, waterways, and upstream dams, Westfield lies in a floodplain zone and is still considered flood-prone.

Westfield is bordered on the east by linear cliffs of volcanic trap rock known as East Mountain and Provin Mountain. They are part of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound to nearly the Vermont border. Both mountains are traversed by the 114-mile (183 km) Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, that also crosses the Westfield River with an ill-advised fording or a safer road-walk across the bridge at the junction of Routes 187 and 20. The next road obstacle for hikers in

Westfield is the Massachusetts Turnpike, beneath which hikers can safely walk.

Westfield is on the fringe of the greater Northeast megalopolis—the most densely populated region of the United States—and has experienced substantial land development for suburban residential and commercial uses for the past six decades. Yet it borders hilltowns to the west that were depopulated of subsistence farmers in the 19th century as land became readily available on the western frontier. With population dipping below ten per square kilometer in some upland townships, forests are reverting almost to pre-settlement conditions with wild turkey, bears, coyotes and even moose returning after absences perhaps measured in centuries. This transition over a few miles from the 21st century urbanization to population densities nearly as low as early colonial times is notable if not unique.

Westfield is located 10 miles (16 km) west of Springfield, 39 miles (63 km) southeast of Pittsfield, 95 miles (153 km) west of Boston, 30 miles (48 km) north of Hartford, Connecticut, 76 miles (122 km) southeast of Albany, New York, and 145 miles (233 km) northeast of New York City.

Climate

Climate data for Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport, Massachusetts (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1926–present[a])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 71
(22) 		79
(26) 		83
(28) 		95
(35) 		98
(37) 		102
(39) 		103
(39) 		101
(38) 		97
(36) 		87
(31) 		76
(24) 		73
(23) 		103
(39)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.9
(0.5) 		37.0
(2.8) 		45.9
(7.7) 		59.1
(15.1) 		70.5
(21.4) 		78.0
(25.6) 		82.8
(28.2) 		81.5
(27.5) 		74.0
(23.3) 		61.6
(16.4) 		49.4
(9.7) 		38.2
(3.4) 		59.3
(15.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 12.9
(−10.6) 		17.4
(−8.1) 		25.1
(−3.8) 		35.4
(1.9) 		45.5
(7.5) 		54.7
(12.6) 		59.0
(15.0) 		58.5
(14.7) 		49.8
(9.9) 		38.2
(3.4) 		30.0
(−1.1) 		21.0
(−6.1) 		37.4
(3.0)
Record low °F (°C) −14
(−26) 		−20
(−29) 		−14
(−26) 		17
(−8) 		25
(−4) 		34
(1) 		40
(4) 		41
(5) 		28
(−2) 		18
(−8) 		2
(−17) 		−14
(−26) 		−20
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.26
(83) 		2.83
(72) 		4.10
(104) 		4.37
(111) 		4.44
(113) 		4.35
(110) 		4.09
(104) 		4.16
(106) 		4.49
(114) 		4.75
(121) 		4.12
(105) 		3.43
(87) 		48.39
(1,229)
Source: NOAA[13][14]
Notes
  1. ^ Records maintained at Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport since August 1998, and at the Westfield COOP before December 1995.[12]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
17902,204—    
18002,185−0.9%
18102,130−2.5%
18202,668+25.3%
18302,940+10.2%
18403,526+19.9%
18504,180+18.5%
18605,055+20.9%
18706,519+29.0%
18807,587+16.4%
18909,805+29.2%
190012,310+25.5%
191016,044+30.3%
192018,604+16.0%
193019,775+6.3%
194018,793−5.0%
195020,962+11.5%
196026,302+25.5%
197031,433+19.5%
198036,465+16.0%
199038,372+5.2%
200040,072+4.4%
201041,094+2.6%
201941,204+0.3%

Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[26]

At the 2010 census,[27] there were 41,094 people, 15,335 households and 10,041 families residing in the city. The population density was 860.3 per square mile (332.2/km2). There were 16,075 housing units at an average density of 331.5 per square mile (128.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.8% White, 1.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 2.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.5% of the population.

There were 14,797 households, of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were non-families. Of all households 25.9% were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.07.

Age distribution was 23.8% under the age of 18, 12.6% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.

The median household income was $45,240, and the median family income was $55,327. Males had a median income of $38,316 versus $27,459 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,600. About 6.9% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government and Politics

Westfield is governed by a mayor and a city council, elected every two years. The office of the mayor is responsible for a variety of services throughout the city, and the mayor also serves as chairman of the School Committee. The City Council meets the first and third Thursday of every month at 7:30 p.m. in City Hall.[28]

Current issues facing Westfield include PFAS contaminated water,[29] The use of warrantless surveillance by Westfield Police,[30][31] and the quickly approaching debt ceiling.

The current mayor of Westfield is Don Humason.[32] In the Massachusetts General Court, the current senator, representing the Second Hampden and Hampshire district, is John Velis. The representative's seat for the Fourth Hampden district is vacant.

The Westfield City Council is composed of the following members:

Ward Councilor Years on City Council
Ward 1 Nicholas J. Morganelli, Jr. 2008–2011, 2018, 2020–present
Ward 2 Ralph J. Figy 2014–present
Ward 3 Bridget Matthews-Kane 2020–present
Ward 4 Michael J. Burns 2018–present
Ward 5 John J. Beltrandi, III 2010–2013, 2017–present
Ward 6 William Onyski 2016–present
At-Large Kristen L. Mello 2020–present
At-Large Brent B. Bean II 2002–2007, 2010–present
At-Large Cindy C. Harris 2014–present
At-Large Daniel J. Allie 2014–present
At-Large David A. Flaherty 2010–present
At-Large James R. Adams 2004–2009, 2012–2015, 2020–present
At-Large Richard K. Sullivan, Jr. 1990–1993, 2020–present

The current city council president is Breant Bean II.

#3333FF #E81B23 #DDDDBB #FED105 #17aa5c
Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of February 1, 2019[33]
Party Number of Voters Percentage
Democratic 5,622 23.0%
Republican 4,492 18.3%
Independent 13,893 56.7%
Libertarian 121 0.5%
Green-Rainbow 36 0.2%
Total 24,493 100%
A snow-covered residential neighborhood in Westfield.
Westfield public library, 1899


Public Safety

According to NeighborhoodScout in 2020[34] violent crime in Westfield such as armed robbery, aggravated assault, rape or murder occurs at a rate of 1 in every 375, or 3 in every 1000.

Arts and culture

Points of interest

Education

Westfield's public school system consists of one preschool, seven elementary schools, two middle schools and two high schools.

Preschools

  • Fort Meadow Early Childhood Center
  • Westfield Area Head Start. Head Start is no longer referenced on the Westfield schools' website.

Elementary schools

  • Abner Gibbs Elementary School
  • Franklin Avenue Elementary School
  • Highland Elementary School
  • Munger Hill Elementary School
  • Paper Mill Elementary School
  • Southampton Road Elementary School
  • (Juniper Park Elementary School – before the 2009 school year, Juniper Park ES was reduced to kindergarten through 3rd grade. Fourth and 5th graders now attend Highland Elementary School. As of the 2015–16 school year, Juniper Park ES is no longer listed among Westfield schools' campuses; the link for Juniper Park ES now redirects to Russell Elementary School.)
  • (Moseley Elementary School was closed before the 2009 school year. Students now attend either Southampton Road ES or Paper Mill ES, depending on where they live.)

Intermediate schools

  • Westfield Intermediate school

Middle schools

  • Westfield Middle School

High schools

  • Westfield High School

Private schools

  • St. Mary Preschool and Pre-K
  • St. Mary Elementary School
  • St. Mary Middle School
  • St. Mary High School
  • The White Oak School

Higher education

The city is home to Westfield State University.

Library

The Westfield Athenaeum began in the 1860s.[35][36] In fiscal year 2008, the city of Westfield spent 0.87% ($811,000) of its budget on its public library—some $19 per person.[37]

Media

  • The Westfield News Group LLC. Publishers of The Westfield News, PennySaver, The Longmeadow News and The Enfield Press (CT)(Official website)

Transportation

Major highways

The Massachusetts Turnpike crosses Westfield just north of Westfield Center. The "Mass Pike" is part of Interstate 90 extending east to Boston and west to Albany and across the United States to Seattle. About 3 miles (5 km) east of Westfield, the turnpike intersects Interstate 91 which generally follows the Connecticut River Valley south to Springfield, Hartford and New Haven or north to Canada (Quebec).

Westfield's main north–south thoroughfare is U.S. 202/Route 10, which includes parts of Southwick Road, S. Maple Street, W. Silver Street, Pleasant Street, Court Street, Broad Street, Elm Street, and Southampton Road. At the intersection of Southampton Road and North Road, Route 10 continues on Southampton Road toward Southampton while U.S. 202 follows North Road toward Holyoke.

Apart from limited-access I-90, the main east–west thoroughfare is U.S. 20, which includes parts of Russell Road, Franklin Street, Elm Street, Main Street, and Springfield Road. Route 187 also ends in Westfield. Other main roads include Western Avenue, Granville Road, Union Street, and Montgomery Road. East Mountain Road is the longest road in Westfield. In November 2016, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker announced a $1.93 million grant to the city for upgrades to its segment of U.S. Route 20.[38]

Great River Bridge project

Main article: Great River Bridge (Westfield)
Westfield's Great River Bridge project under construction, July 2010

A notable choke point for north–south travel is the Great River Bridge, commonly known as the "Green Bridge", over the Westfield River. This is a three-lane through truss bridge. As of August 2007, there was an active project to create a second bridge just to the east (downstream).[39] The new bridge is a similar through-truss bridge with two spans totaling 368 feet (112.2 m).[40] After the second bridge was completed, the existing bridge was refurbished; each bridge now carries traffic in one direction. Blessed Sacrament Church on North Elm Street was torn down for this project to start. The church was reconstructed on Holyoke Road and was finished in October 2009. The new bridge opened for traffic and the old one was closed for renovations on August 18, 2009. The old bridge reopened in July 2011, with each bridge carrying traffic in one direction.[41]

Rail

Westfield is at the junction of the former east–west Boston and Albany Railroad and a former north–south spur of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (now a rail trail south of the junction). The town last had eastbound passenger service in 1954, local Albany, New York - Boston, Massachusetts service operated by the New York Central Railroad; and Westfield last had local westbound service in 1953.[42][43] But Pioneer Valley Railroad, a short line, and CSX, provide freight service. More than 35 motor freight carriers with nearby terminals provide competitive freight service locally and to all distant points. Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited, Vermonter and Connecticut Valley service continue to operate in Springfield, Massachusetts, 9.6 miles to the east.

Bus

The city is presently served by multiple Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (PVTA) bus routes:

Air

Barnes Municipal Airport in Westfield has charter passenger services.

Bradley International Airport at Windsor Locks, Connecticut, 18 miles (29 km) (40 minutes drive) to the south, has scheduled flights by most airlines.

Albany International Airport is an alternative to Bradley, with similar flight offerings. It is 86 miles (138 km) (90 minutes drive) to the northwest via I-90.

Notable people

Bands from Westfield

References

  1. ^ a b "City of Westfield, Massachusetts". City of Westfield, Massachusetts. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  2. ^ "Mayor's Office". Westfield, MA. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
  3. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  4. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001): Westfield city, Massachusetts". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  6. ^ An Historical Address Delivered before the citizens of Springfield in Massachusetts at the public celebration May 26, 1911, of the Two Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Settlement with Five Appendices, by Charles H. Barrows. Copyright 1916, Connecticut Valley Historical Society. Thef. A. Bassett Co. Printers, Springfield, Mass. Appendix A, "Meaning of Local Indian Names".
  7. ^ a b "Chronology of Westfield (1)", Louis M. Dewey, copyright 1905–1919.
  8. ^ "Chronology of Westfield (2)", Louis M. Dewey, copyright 1905–1919.
  9. ^ Ropek, Lucas (June 23, 2017). "Baker-Polito administration awards $300,000 for industrial park expansion in Westfield". MassLive.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  10. ^ "First Woman Mayor In Bay State Elected By Westfield Voters". The Boston Daily Globe. November 8, 1939.
  11. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  12. ^ http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/
  13. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  14. ^ "Station Name: MA WESTFIELD BARNES MUNI AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
  15. ^ "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
  16. ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  17. ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  18. ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  19. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  20. ^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  21. ^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  22. ^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  23. ^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  24. ^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
  25. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). 1: Number of Inhabitants. Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21–7 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  27. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  28. ^ "City Council". City of Westfield. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  29. ^ "PFASProject Westfield". Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  30. ^ "Eyes on the ground and in the sky: Dozens of police departments in Massachusetts have drones, partnerships with Amazon security company Ring". Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  31. ^ "Westfield Massachusetts Police Complaint Regarding Drones at Protest". Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  32. ^ "Mayor". City of Westfield. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  33. ^ "Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of February 1, 2017" (PDF). Massachusetts Elections Division. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  34. ^ "NeighborhoodScout Westfield Crime Archive". Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  35. ^ C.B. Tillinghast. The free public libraries of Massachusetts. 1st Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1891. Google books
  36. ^ http://www.westath.org/ Retrieved 2010-11-09
  37. ^ July 1, 2007, through June 30, 2008; cf. The FY2008 Municipal Pie: What's Your Share? Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Board of Library Commissioners. Boston: 2009. Available: Municipal Pie Reports Archived January 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-08-04
  38. ^ LaBorde, Ted (November 1, 2016). "Westfield gets $1.93 million in MassWorks money for Route 20 upgrades". MassLive.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  39. ^ MassHighway Great River Bridge project page Archived August 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Phone call to MassHighway District 2 engineer on 2008-06-25
  41. ^ Kriger, Barry (August 19, 2009). "Great River Bridge opens in Westfield". Springfield, Massachusetts: WWLP-TV. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  42. ^ New York Central Railroad timetable, December, 1954, Tables 10, 11 http://www.canadasouthern.com/caso/ptt/images/tt-1254.pdf
  43. ^ New York Central Railroad timetable, December, 1953, Tables 10, 11 http://www.canadasouthern.com/caso/ptt/images/tt-1253.pdf
  44. ^ "R10" (PDF).
  45. ^ "Hartford Line".
  46. ^ "R10S" (PDF).
  47. ^ "B23" (PDF).
  48. ^ "OWL" (PDF).
  49. ^ "Dr. Edward Bancroft". National Counterintelligence Center. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
  50. ^ "Westfield Olympian Kacey Bellamy adds White House visit to accomplishments". The Republican Massachusetts. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
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