1822–23 United States House of Representatives elections
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All 213 seats in the United States House of Representatives 107 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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  Results: Democratic-Republican hold Democratic-Republican gain Federalist hold Federalist gain Undistricted territory or split plural districts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1822–23 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 1, 1822, and August 14, 1823. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 18th United States Congress convened on December 1, 1823. They occurred during President James Monroe's second term.
Following the congressional reapportionment based on the 1820 United States census, the House increased by 26 seats to a total of 213. Most relative population growth was in the West. This was the last House election during the virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings and the largest midterm gain of seats by a President's party. The Democratic-Republican Party remained nationally dominant, and the Federalist Party was limited to state and local influence.
This election heralded key change not apparent until the end of the 18th Congress. The four-way 1824 presidential election, in which all candidates ran as Democratic-Republicans, would result in no candidate winning an Electoral College majority. Representatives elected to the 18th Congress are often classified by how they voted in the 1825 contingent election, which after a controversial, unanticipated political deal chose John Quincy Adams President, triggering a new, rancorous, abruptly realigned period of partisanship.
This election marked the second time in American history where the incumbent president's party gained House seats in a midterm election while still losing seats in the Senate, this happened before in 1814 and again in 1902.
Election summaries
| 189 | 24 |
| Democratic-Republican | Federalist |
Following the 1820 census, 26 new seats were apportioned, with 4 States losing 1 seat each, 9 States gaining between 1 and 8 seats, and the remaining 11 States having no change in apportionment.
| State | Type | ↑ Date | Total seats | Democratic-Republican | Federalist | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seats | Change | Factions: Adams-Clay (AC), Crawford (C) and Jackson (J) | ||||||||||
| AC | C | J | Change | AC | C | J | Change | |||||
| Louisiana | Districts | July 1–3, 1822 | 3 |  2
|
2 | 0 | 1 | 2
|
0 | 
| ||
| Illinois | At-large | August 5, 1822 | 1 |
|
1 | 0 | 0 |
|
0 |
| ||
| Indiana | Districts | August 5, 1822 | 3 | 2
|
0 | 0 | 3 | 2
|
0 |
| ||
| Kentucky | Districts | August 5, 1822 | 12 | 2
|
8 | 0 | 4 | 2
|
0 |
| ||
| Mississippi | At-large | August 5–6, 1822 | 1 |
|
0 | 0 | 1 |
|
0 |
| ||
| New Hampshire | At-large | August 26, 1822[c] | 6 |
|
6 | 0 | 0 |
|
0 |
| ||
| Rhode Island | At-large | August 27, 1822 | 2 |
|
2 | 0 | 0 |
|
0 |
| ||
| Vermont | At-large | September 3, 1822 | 5 |  1
|
5 | 0 | 0 | 1
|
0 |
| ||
| Delaware | At-large | October 1, 1822 | 1 | 1
|
0 | 1
|
0 | 1 | 0 |
| ||
| Georgia | At-large | October 7, 1822 | 7 | 1
|
0 | 7 | 0 | 1
|
0 |
| ||
| Maryland | Districts | October 7, 1822 | 9 |
|
3 | 1 | 2 |
|
2 | 0 | 1 |
|
| Missouri | At-large | October 7, 1822 | 1 |
|
1 | 0 | 0 |
|
0 |
| ||
| Ohio | Districts | October 8, 1822 | 14 | 8
|
10 | 2 | 2 | 8
|
0 |
| ||
| Pennsylvania | Districts | October 8, 1822 | 26 | 3
|
0 | 0 | 20 | 5
|
1 | 0 | 5 | 2
|
| New Jersey | At-large | October 15, 1822 | 6 |
|
1 | 0 | 5 |
|
0 |
| ||
| Massachusetts | Districts | November 4, 1822[d] | 13 |
|
6 | 0 | 0 |
|
6 | 0 | 1 |
|
| New York | Districts | November 4–6, 1822 | 34 | 7
|
14 | 14 | 2 | 11
|
4 | 0 | 0 | 4
|
| South Carolina | Districts | February 12–13, 1823 | 9 |
|
0 | 0 | 9 |
|
0 |
| ||
| Late elections (after the March 4, 1823, beginning of the term) | ||||||||||||
| Virginia | Districts | April 1823 | 22 | 1
|
1 | 19 | 1 |
|
0 | 1 | 0 | 1
|
| Connecticut | At-large | April 7, 1823 | 6 | 1
|
6 | 0 | 0 | 1
|
0 |
| ||
| Maine | Districts | April 7, 1823[e] | 7 |
|
6 | 0 | 0 | 1
|
1 | 0 | 0 | 1
|
| Alabama | Districts | August 3, 1823 | 3 | 2
|
0 | 0 | 3 | 2
|
0 |
| ||
| Tennessee | Districts | August 7–8, 1823 | 9 | 3
|
0 | 0 | 9 | 3
|
0 |
| ||
| North Carolina | Districts | August 14, 1823 | 13 |
|
0 | 10 | 2 |
|
1 | 0 | 0 |
|
| Total | 213 | 26
|
72 | 64 | 53 | 34
|
15 | 2 | 7 | 8
| ||
| 88.7% | 11.3% | |||||||||||
Special elections
There were special elections in 1822 and 1823 to the 17th United States Congress and 18th United States Congress.
Special elections are sorted by date then district.
17th Congress
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New York 9 | Solomon Van Rensselaer | Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent resigned January 14, 1822. New member elected February 25–27, 1822 and seated March 12, 1822.[2] Federalist hold. Winner later elected to the next term in the 10th district; see below. |
|
| Delaware at-large | Caesar A. Rodney | Democratic- Republican |
1802 1804 (lost) 1820 |
Incumbent resigned January 24, 1822, when elected U.S. Senator. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Federalist gain. Winner retired when the seat was eliminated. |
|
| Pennsylvania 1 | William Milnor | Federalist | 1806 1810 (lost) 1814 1816 (lost) 1820 |
Incumbent resigned May 8, 1822. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Federalist hold. Winner later lost re-election in the 3rd district; see below. |
|
| Pennsylvania 6 | Samuel Moore | Democratic- Republican |
1818 (special) | Incumbent resigned May 20, 1822. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected in the 8th district; see below. |
|
| Pennsylvania 14 | Henry Baldwin | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent resigned May 8, 1822, because of his declining health and failing finances. New member elected October 1, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected in the 16th district; see below. |
|
| Virginia 2 | Thomas Van Swearingen | Federalist | 1819 | Incumbent died August 19, 1822. New member elected October 28, 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Federalist hold. Winner later re-elected in the 18th district; see below. |
|
| Maine 2 | Ezekiel Whitman | Federalist | 1808 (Mass.) 1810 (lost) 1816 (Mass.) 1820 (Maine) |
Incumbent resigned June 1, 1822. New member elected between June and December 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican gain. Winner was not a candidate to the next term; see below. |
|
| Indiana at-large | William Hendricks | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent resigned July 25, 1822, to run for Governor of Indiana. New member elected between July and December 1822 and seated December 2, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term in the 2nd district; see below. |
|
| South Carolina 4 | James Overstreet | Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent died May 24, 1822. Successor also elected to the next term. New member elected in October 1822 and seated December 4, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected; see below. |
|
| Pennsylvania 7 | Ludwig Worman | Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent died October 17, 1822. New member elected December 10, 1822 and seated December 23, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican gain. Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below. |
|
| South Carolina 9 | James Blair | Democratic- Republican |
1821 (special) | Incumbent resigned May 8, 1822. New member elected December 11, 1822 and seated December 11, 1822.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected in the 8th district; see below. |
|
| South Carolina 2 | William Lowndes | Democratic- Republican |
1812 | Incumbent died October 27, 1822. New member elected December 13, 1822 and seated January 6, 1823.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner later re-elected; see below. |
|
| Maryland 5 | Samuel Smith | Democratic- Republican |
1792 1816 |
Incumbent re-elected (see below) but resigned December 22, 1822.[2] New member elected January 1, 1823 and seated January 8, 1823.[2] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to the next term; see below. |
|
18th Congress
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maryland 5 | Samuel Smith | Democratic- Republican |
1792 1816 |
Incumbent re-elected (see below) but resigned December 22, 1822.[2] New member elected January 1, 1823 and seated with the rest of the House on December 1, 1823.[5] Democratic-Republican hold. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above. |
|
| Massachusetts 10 | William Eustis | Democratic- Republican |
1800 1804 (lost) 1820 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected (see below) but declined the election. New member elected September 8, 1823. Democratic-Republican hold. Election was challenged and successor was not seated, leading to a new election.[5] |
|
| New York 28 | William B. Rochester | Adams Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent resigned April 21, 1823, to become Judge of the New York's Eighth Circuit Court. New member elected in November 1823 and seated with the rest of the House on December 1, 1823.[5] Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Alabama
Alabama increased from one to three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. The state then changed from a single at-large district to three geographic districts. Alabama elected its members August 3, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Alabama 1 "Northern district" |
Gabriel Moore Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Alabama 2 "Middle district" |
None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Alabama 3 "Southern district" |
None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Arkansas Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Connecticut
Connecticut lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Connecticut elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Connecticut at-large 6 seats on a general ticket |
Noyes Barber | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ebenezer Stoddard | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Gideon Tomlinson | Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Ansel Sterling | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| John Russ | Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Henry W. Edwards | Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Daniel Burrows | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent lost re-election. Seat eliminated. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
Delaware
Delaware was reduced once more from two back to one seat after the fourth census, which number has remained constant to the present day. At the time of the October 1, 1822, election, the second seat in Delaware's at-large district was vacant, so there was only one incumbent going into the election.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Delaware at-large | Louis McLane (Seat A) |
Federalist | 1816 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Caesar A. Rodney (Seat B) |
Democratic-Republican | 1802 1804 (lost) 1820 |
Incumbent resigned January 24, 1822, when elected U.S. Senator. Successor was only elected to finish the term (see above) as the seat was eliminated. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
Florida Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Georgia
Georgia gained one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Georgia elected its members October 7, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Georgia at-large 7 seats on a general ticket |
Alfred Cuthbert | Democratic-Republican | 1813 (special) 1816 (resigned) 1820 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| George R. Gilmer | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Joel Abbot | Democratic-Republican | 1816 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Edward F. Tattnall | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Robert R. Reid | Democratic-Republican | 1819 (special) | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Wiley Thompson | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
Illinois
Illinois elected its sole at-large member August 5, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Illinois at-large | Daniel P. Cook | Democratic- Republican |
1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Indiana
Indiana gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census, and elected its members August 5, 1822.
Indiana's single at-large seat in the 17th Congress was empty at the time of the election, previous incumbent William Hendricks (Democratic-Republican) having resigned to run for Governor of Indiana. Jonathan Jennings (Jackson D-R), elected to the new 2nd district, was elected in the ensuing special election to fill the at-large district for the remainder of the 17th Congress.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Indiana 1 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Indiana 2 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. Successor also elected the same day to finish the term in the expiring at-large district; see above. |
| ||
| Indiana 3 | William Hendricks Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent resigned July 25, 1822, to run for Governor of Indiana. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
Kentucky
Kentucky gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Kentucky elected its members August 5, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Kentucky 1 | David Trimble | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Kentucky 2 | Thomas Metcalfe Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Kentucky 3 | None (new district) | New seat. Adams Republican gain. |
| ||
| Kentucky 4 | John S. Smith Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Kentucky 5 | John T. Johnson Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Kentucky 6 | None (new district) | New seat. Adams Republican gain. |
| ||
| Kentucky 7 | Samuel H. Woodson Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Kentucky 8 | None (new district) | New seat. Adams Republican gain. |
| ||
| Kentucky 9 | James D. Breckinridge Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Kentucky 10 | Francis Johnson Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Kentucky 11 | None (new district) | New seat. Adams Republican gain. |
| ||
| Kentucky 12 | None (new district) | New seat. Jackson Republican gain. |
| ||
Louisiana
Louisiana gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Louisiana elected its members July 1–3, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Louisiana 1 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Louisiana 2 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Louisiana 3 | Josiah S. Johnston Redistricted from the at-large district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Maine
Although Maine neither gained nor lost seats after the 1820 United States census, redistricting placed two incumbents into the 3rd district. Maine elected its members April 7, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened. Maine law required a majority for election, with additional ballots taken if a majority were not achieved. This proved necessary in 1822 in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 6th districts, but all members were still chosen before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maine 1 | Joseph Dane | Federalist | 1820 (special) | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican gain. |
First ballot (April 7, 1823)
Second ballot (June 30, 1823)
Third ballot (September 9, 1823)
|
| Maine 2 | Mark Harris | Democratic- Republican |
1822 (special) | Incumbent retired. Federalist gain. |
|
| Maine 3 | Ebenezer Herrick Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | First ballot (April 7, 1823)
Second ballot (June 30, 1823)
|
| Mark Langdon Hill | Democratic- Republican |
1819 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
| Maine 4 | Joshua Cushman Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. | First ballot (April 7, 1823)
|
| Maine 5 | Enoch Lincoln Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maine 6 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
First ballot (April 7, 1823)
Second ballot (June 30, 1823)
| ||
| Maine 7 | William D. Williamson Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
Maryland
Maryland elected its members October 7, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Maryland 1 | Raphael Neale | Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maryland 2 | Joseph Kent | Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maryland 3 | Henry R. Warfield | Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Maryland 4 | John Nelson | Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent retired. Federalist gain. |
|
| Maryland 5 Plural district with 2 seats |
Peter Little | Democratic- Republican |
1810 1812 (lost) 1816 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Samuel Smith | Democratic- Republican |
1792 1803 (retired) 1816 |
Incumbent re-elected but resigned December 22, 1822,[2] leading to a pair of special elections for the current and next congresses. | ||
| Maryland 6 | Philip Reed | Democratic- Republican |
1816 1818 (lost) 1820 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Maryland 7 | Robert Wright | Democratic- Republican |
1810 1816 (lost) 1820 |
Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Maryland 8 | Thomas Bayly | Federalist | 1816 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts
Massachusetts elected its members November 4, 1822. Massachusetts law required a majority for election, which was not met in 3 districts, necessitating additional elections on March 3, 1823, and May 12, 1823; nevertheless, all elections were complete before the new Congress convened.
District numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Massachusetts 1 "Suffolk district" |
Benjamin Gorham | Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent retired. Federalist hold. |
|
| Massachusetts 2 "Essex South district" |
Gideon Barstow | Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. |
First ballot (November 4, 1822)
|
| Massachusetts 3 "Essex North district" |
Jeremiah Nelson | Federalist | 1804 1806 (retired) 1814 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 4 "Middlesex district" |
Timothy Fuller | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 5 "Worcester South district" |
Jonathan Russell Redistricted from the 11th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. |
First ballot (November 4, 1822)
|
| Massachusetts 6 "Worcester North district" |
Lewis Bigelow Redistricted from the 12th district |
Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican gain. |
First ballot (November 4, 1822)
Second ballot (March 3, 1823)
|
| Massachusetts 7 "Franklin district" |
Samuel C. Allen Redistricted from the 6th district |
Federalist | 1816 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 "Hampden district" |
Samuel Lathrop Redistricted from the 5th district |
Federalist | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 9 "Berkshire district" |
Henry W. Dwight Redistricted from the 7th district |
Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 10 "Norfolk district" |
William Eustis Redistricted from the 13th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1800 1804 (lost) 1820 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected but declined the seat to become Governor of Massachusetts, leading to a special election. |
|
| Massachusetts 11 "Plymouth district" |
Aaron Hobart Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 12 "Bristol district" |
Francis Baylies Redistricted from the 10th district |
Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts 13 "Barnstable district" |
John Reed Jr. Redistricted from the 9th district |
Federalist | 1812 1816 (lost) 1820 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Michigan Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Mississippi
Mississippi elected its member August 5–6, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Mississippi at-large | Christopher Rankin | Democratic- Republican |
1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Missouri
Missouri elected its member October 7, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Missouri at-large | John Scott | Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
New Hampshire
New Hampshire elected its members August 26, 1822. New Hampshire law required a candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters for election, that is 1/12 of votes. Only five candidates received the requisite majority, and so a May 11, 1823, run-off election was held for the sixth seat.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Hampshire at-large 6 seats on a general ticket |
Josiah Butler | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. |
First ballot (August 26, 1822)
|
| Nathaniel Upham | Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Matthew Harvey | Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Aaron Matson | Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| William Plumer Jr. | Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Thomas Whipple Jr. | Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
New Jersey
New Jersey elected its members October 15, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Jersey at-large 6 seats on a general ticket |
George Holcombe | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| George Cassedy | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Lewis Condict | Democratic-Republican | 1821 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Samuel Swan | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| James Matlack | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Ephraim Bateman | Democratic-Republican | 1814 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
New York
New York's representation increased after the 1820 United States census from 27 to 34 seats, elected from 30 districts, two with two members each, and one with three members. New York elected its members November 4–6, 1822.
As in the previous election, the Democratic-Republican Party in New York was divided into two factions, the "Bucktails" and the Clintonians, which distinction is not marked here. The Clintonians and the Federalists ran on a joint ticket in 1822 as in 1821, in some cases, it's unclear which party a candidate belonged to, those are marked Crawford Federalist.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New York 1 | Silas Wood | Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected as a Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
| New York 2 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 3 Plural district with 3 seats |
John J. Morgan Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Churchill C. Cambreleng Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
| New York 4 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 5 | William W. Van Wyck Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| New York 6 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 7 | Charles H. Ruggles | Federalist | 1821 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
| New York 8 | None (new district) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
| New York 9 | John D. Dickinson Redistricted from the 10th district |
Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
| New York 10 | Stephen Van Rensselaer Redistricted from the 9th district |
Federalist | 1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| New York 11 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 12 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 13 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 14 | None (new district) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
| New York 15 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 16 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 17 | John W. Taylor Redistricted from the 11th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1812 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| New York 18 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 19 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 20 Plural district with 2 seats |
None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
| New York 21 | Samuel Campbell | Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| New York 22 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 23 | Elisha Litchfield Redistricted from the 19th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| New York 24 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 25 | David Woodcock Redistricted from the 20th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| New York 26 Plural district with 2 seats |
None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
| New York 27 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| New York 28 | William B. Rochester Redistricted from the 20th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent re-elected but resigned April 21, 1823, causing a special election. |
|
| New York 29 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. Election was successfully challenged and a new winner was seated in 1824. |
| ||
| New York 30 | Albert H. Tracy Redistricted from the 22nd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
North Carolina
North Carolina's delegation remained unchanged after the census, at thirteen seats. North Carolina elected its members August 14, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| North Carolina 1 | Lemuel Sawyer | Democratic-Republican | 1806 1813 (lost) 1817 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| North Carolina 2 | Hutchins G. Burton | Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Carolina 3 | Thomas H. Hall | Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Carolina 4 | William S. Blackledge | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| North Carolina 5 | Charles Hooks | Democratic-Republican | 1816 (special) 1817 (lost) 1819 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Carolina 6 | Weldon N. Edwards | Democratic-Republican | 1816 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Carolina 7 | Archibald McNeill | Federalist | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Federalist hold. |
|
| North Carolina 8 | Josiah Crudup | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent retired. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| North Carolina 9 | Romulus M. Saunders | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Carolina 10 | John Long | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Carolina 11 | Henry W. Connor | Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| North Carolina 12 | Felix Walker | Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent lost re-election.[m] Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| North Carolina 13 | Lewis Williams | Democratic-Republican | 1815 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio
Ohio gained eight seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Ohio elected its members October 8, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Ohio 1 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Ohio 2 | Thomas R. Ross Redistricted from the 1st district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 3 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Ohio 4 | Joseph Vance Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 5 | John W. Campbell Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 6 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Ohio 7 | Levi Barber Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 1818 (lost) 1820 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 8 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Ohio 9 | David Chambers Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Ohio 10 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Ohio 11 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Ohio 12 | John Sloane Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Ohio 13 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Ohio 14 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Pennsylvania elected its members October 8, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[3] | |
| Pennsylvania 1 | None (new district) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
| Pennsylvania 2 | Joseph Hemphill Redistricted from the 1st district |
Federalist | 1800 1802 (lost) 1818 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania 3 | Thomas Forrest Redistricted from the 1st district |
Federalist | 1822 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania 4 Plural district with 3 seats |
James Buchanan Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| William Darlington Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1814 1816 (lost) 1818 |
Incumbent lost re-election. Federalist gain. | ||
| Samuel Edwards Redistricted from the 1st district |
Federalist | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Pennsylvania 5 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Pennsylvania 6 | John Phillips Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
| Pennsylvania 7 Plural district with 2 seats |
Ludwig Worman | Federalist | 1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican gain. Incumbent then died October 17, 1822, and winner was also elected December 10, 1822, to begin term early. |
|
| None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
| Pennsylvania 8 Plural district with 2 seats |
Samuel D. Ingham Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Thomas J. Rogers Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Pennsylvania 9 Plural district with 3 seats |
None (new district) | New seat. Federalist gain. |
| ||
| None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
| None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
| Pennsylvania 10 | James S. Mitchell Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania 11 Plural district with 2 seats |
John Findlay Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| James McSherry Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Pennsylvania 12 | John Brown Redistricted from the 9th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania 13 | John Tod Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania 14 | Andrew Stewart Redistricted from the 13th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania 15 | Thomas Patterson Redistricted from the 12th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania 16 Plural district with 2 seats |
Walter Forward Redistricted from the 14th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. | ||||
| Pennsylvania 17 | George Plumer Redistricted from the 11th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Pennsylvania 18 | Patrick Farrelly Redistricted from the 15th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Rhode Island
Rhode Island elected its members August 27, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Rhode Island at-large 2 seats on a general ticket |
Samuel Eddy | Democratic-Republican | 1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Job Durfee | Democratic-Republican | 1820 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
South Carolina
South Carolina elected its members February 12–13, 1823.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| South Carolina 1 | Joel R. Poinsett | Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 2 | James Hamilton Jr. | Democratic- Republican |
1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 3 | Thomas R. Mitchell | Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| South Carolina 4 | Andrew R. Govan | Democratic- Republican |
1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 5 | George McDuffie Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 6 | John Wilson Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 7 | Joseph Gist Redistricted from the 8th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 8 | John Carter Redistricted from the 9th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1822 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| South Carolina 9 | Starling Tucker Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Tennessee
Tennessee gained three seats in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Tennessee elected its members August 7–8, 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Tennessee 1 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Tennessee 2 | John Cocke | Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 3 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Tennessee 4 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Tennessee 5 | Robert Allen Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Tennessee 6 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Tennessee 7 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Tennessee 8 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Tennessee 9 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
Vermont
Vermont lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. For the 1822 election, Vermont switched back to using a single at-large district. This would be the last year that Vermont would use an at-large district until 1932, when its representation was reduced to a single seat. Vermont elected its members September 3, 1822.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Vermont at-large 5 seats on a general ticket |
Rollin C. Mallary Redistricted from the 1st district |
Democratic- Republican |
1818 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Phineas White Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1821 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Charles Rich Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic- Republican |
1812 1814 (lost) 1816 |
Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| Elias Keyes Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. | ||
| Samuel C. Crafts Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
| John Mattocks Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic- Republican |
1820 | Incumbent lost re-election. Seat eliminated. Democratic-Republican loss. | ||
Virginia
Virginia lost one seat in reapportionment following the 1820 United States census. Nineteen incumbents ran for re-election leaving three open seats. Virginia elected its members in April 1823, after the term began but before the new Congress convened.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Virginia 1 | Thomas Newton Jr. Redistricted from the 21st district |
Democratic-Republican | 1797 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 2 | Arthur Smith Redistricted from the 20th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 3 | William S. Archer Redistricted from the 17th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1820 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 4 | Mark Alexander Redistricted from the 18th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 5 | John Randolph Redistricted from the 16th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1797 1819 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 6 | George Tucker Redistricted from the 15th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 7 | Jabez Leftwich Redistricted from the 14th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 8 | Burwell Bassett Redistricted from the 13th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1805 1812 (lost) 1815 1819 (retired) 1821 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 9 | Andrew Stevenson Redistricted from the 23rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 10 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Virginia 11 | Philip P. Barbour | Democratic-Republican | 1814 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 12 | Robert S. Garnett | Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 13 | William Lee Ball Redistricted from the 9th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 14 | Charles F. Mercer Redistricted from the 8th district |
Federalist | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected as a Democratic-Republican. Democratic-Republican gain. |
|
| Virginia 15 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Virginia 16 | James Stephenson Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Federalist | 1803 1805 (lost) 1809 1811 (lost) 1822 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 17 | Jared Williams Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic-Republican | 1819 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 18 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic-Republican gain. |
| ||
| Virginia 19 | William McCoy Redistricted from the 4th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1811 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 20 | John Floyd Redistricted from the 5th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 21 | William Smith Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1821 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
| Virginia 22 | Alexander Smyth Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Non-voting delegates
There were three territories with the right to send delegates to the 18th Congress.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| Arkansas Territory at-large | James Woodson Bates | None | 1819 | Incumbent retired. |
|
| Florida Territory at-large | New seat | Territory was organized March 30, 1822, and granted the right to send a delegate. New member elected September 30, 1822. Successor seated January 23, 1823[2] as the first Hispanic American in Congress.[6] Was not re-elected to the next term. |
| ||
| Joseph M. Hernández | Democratic- Republican |
1822 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic-Republican hold. |
| |
| Michigan Territory at-large | Solomon Sibley | Unknown | 1820 (special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected in 1823. |
|
See also
Notes
- ^ Corresponds to the sum of Adams-Clay Republicans (72), Jackson Republicans (64), and Crawford Republicans (53), if the 1824 votes for President are used to categorize.[1]
- ^ Corresponds to the sum of Adams-Clay Federalists (15), Jackson Federalists (7), and Crawford Federalists (2), if the 1824 votes for President are used to categorize.[1]
- ^ Run-off election held for one seat on May 11, 1823.
- ^ Majority required for election, which was not met in 3 districts, necessitating additional elections on March 3 and May 12, 1823.
- ^ Majority required for election which was not met in 4 districts necessitating additional elections held on June 30, September 9, and November 3.
- ^ "Bucktail" faction
- ^ Thomas Forrest, in 1822 Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district special election, won by a single vote, 5,977 to 5,976.[3]
- ^ a b Source does not give party affiliation.
- ^ Based on incomplete data.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Numbers of votes missing or incomplete in source.
- ^ Numbers of votes not available in source, said to have won by a majority of 101 votes.
- ^ a b Source does not give full name.
- ^ a b c In Georgia's 12th district, incumbent Robert Brank Vance and challenger Felix Walker both received 1,913 votes. The sheriffs of the four counties in that district cast the tie-breaking votes. Three voted for Vance, and one for Walker, giving the seat to Vance.[citation needed]
- ^ a b c d Changed parties.
References
- ^ a b "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Seventeenth Congress March 4, 1821, to March 3, 1823". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2019 – via History.house.gov.
- ^ a b c d e Cox, Harold (January 14, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006" (PDF). The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
- ^ "South Carolina 1822 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
- ^ a b c "Eighteenth Congress March 4, 1823, to March 3, 1825". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2019 – via History.house.gov.
- ^ Hernández, Joseph Marion, (1788 - 1857)
- ^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ "A New Nation Votes".
Bibliography
- "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
- Mapping Early American Elections project team (2019). "Mapping Early American Elections". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)