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201st Fighter Squadron

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"Escuadrón 201" redirects here. For the metro station, see Escuadrón 201 metro station.
201st Fighter Squadron
Escuadrón 201
P-47D Thunderbolt using both USAAF and FAM insignia (right wing and tail)
ActiveJuly 24, 1944 – present
Country Mexico
Branch Mexican Air Force
TypeFighter-bomber squadron
RoleAir combat
Size25 P-47D aircraft, 30 pilots, 300 personnel
Part ofU.S. Fifth Air Force
58th Fighter Group
Garrison/HQCozumel, Quintana Roo
Nickname(s)Aztec Eagles
ColorsPurple, yellow
Mascot(s)Pancho Pistolas
Engagements

The 201st Fighter Squadron (Spanish: Escuadrón Aéreo de Pelea 201) is a fighter squadron of the Mexican Air Force, part of the Mexican Expeditionary Air Force that aided the Allied war effort during World War II. The squadron was known by the nickname Águilas Aztecas or "Aztec Eagles", apparently coined by members of the squadron during training.[1]

The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945. The pilots flew Republic P-47D-30-RA Thunderbolt single-seat fighter aircraft carrying out tactical air support missions.

A neighborhood of Mexico City and its corresponding Mexico City Metro Line 8 station Metro Escuadrón 201 are both named after the squadron. It was also the subject of the Mexican film Escuadrón 201, directed by Jaime Salvador and released in 1945. On November 22, 2004, the squadron was awarded the Philippine Legion of Honor, with a rank of Legionnaire, by then president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.[2] The unit is still active at present, flying the Pilatus PC-7.

Formation and training

Escuadrón 201 display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force

The Escuadrón Aéreo de Pelea 201 (201st Air Fighter Squadron) was composed of more than 300 volunteers; roughly 30 were experienced pilots and the rest were groundcrew. The ground crewmen were electricians, mechanics, and radiomen. Its formation was prompted by the attack by German submarines against Mexican oil tankers Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro, that were transporting crude oil to the United States. These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho to declare war on the Axis powers on May 22, 1942, and to join Brazil as the only two Latin American countries to actually send military forces overseas.

The squadron left Mexico for training in the United States on July 24, 1944, arrived at Laredo, Texas, on July 25, and moved on to Randolph Field in San Antonio, where the personnel received medical examinations and admission tests in weapons and flight proficiency. They received three months of training at Randolph, Foster Army Air Field in Victoria, Texas, and Pocatello Army Air Base. The pilots received extensive training in armament, communications and tactics.

The squadron arrived at Majors Field in Greenville, Texas, on November 30, 1944. Here, the pilots received advanced training in combat air tactics, formation flying and gunnery. The men were honored with graduation ceremonies on February 20, 1945, and the squadron was presented with its battle flag. This marked the first time Mexican troops were trained for overseas combat. In charge of the group was Colonel Antonio Cárdenas Rodríguez, and Captain First Class Radamés Gaxiola Andrade was named squadron commander.

Historical marker installed in Manila, Philippines to commemorate the squadron's assistance to the country during World War II

Before leaving for the Philippines, the men received further instructions and physical examinations in Camp Stoneman in Pittsburg, California, in March 1945. The men left for the Philippines on the troop ship S.S. Fairisle on March 27, 1945. The squadron arrived in Manila on April 30, 1945, and was assigned as part of the Fifth Air Force, attached to the U.S. 58th Fighter Group, based at Porac, Pampanga, in the Clark Field complex on the island of Luzon.

Combat operations

Escuadrón 201[3]
Combat missions 96[4]
Offensive sorties 785
Defensive sorties 6
Flying hours in combat 1,966:15
Flying hours in combat zone 591:00
Pre-combat flying hours 281:00
Flying hours per pilot 82
Total flying hours 2,842:00
Bombs dropped 1,000 lb.: 957
500 lb.: 500
Ammunition used (cal. 0.50") 166,922 rounds
Aircraft lost in combat 1
Aircraft damaged in combat 5
Pilots lost in combat 3
Pilots lost in accidents Crash-landing 1
Fuel exhaustion 2

Beginning in June 1945, the squadron initially flew missions with the 310th Fighter Squadron, often twice a day, using borrowed U.S. aircraft. It received 25 new P-47D-30-RA aircraft in July, marked with the insignia of both the USAAF and Mexican Air Force. The squadron flew more than 90 combat missions, totaling more than 1,900 hours of flight time. It participated in the Allied effort to bomb Luzon and Formosa to push the Japanese out of those islands. During its fighting in the Philippines, five squadron pilots died (one was shot down, one crashed, and three ran out of fuel and died at sea) and three others died in accidents during training.

Among the missions flown by the squadron were 53 ground support missions flown in support of the U.S. 25th Infantry Division together with the Philippine Commonwealth troops and recognized guerrilla units in the break-out into the Cagayan Valley on Luzon between 4 June and 4 July 1945; 37 training missions flown 14–21 July 1945 (including missions to ferry new aircraft from Biak Island, New Guinea); four fighter sweeps over Formosa on 6–9 July 1945; and a dive bombing mission against the port of Karenko, Formosa, on 8 August.

President Enrique Peña Nieto and Secretary of Foreign Affairs Claudia Ruiz Massieu visit the monument to the 201st Fighter Squadron in Manila, November 2015.

When the 201st deployed, no provision for replacement pilots had been made and the pilot losses incurred in the Philippines hampered its effectiveness. Mexican replacement pilots were rushed through familiarization training in the United States, and two more pilots died in flight accidents in Florida. When the 58th Fighter Group left the Philippines for Okinawa on July 10, the Mexicans stayed behind. They flew their last combat mission as a full squadron on August 26, escorting a convoy north of the Philippines. Not only did the pilots get into combat, but also the ground personnel encountered Japanese troops, having some fire-fights and capturing a number of enemy troops as well. The 201st Mexican Squadron was given credit for putting out of action about 30,000 Japanese troops [5] and the destruction of enemy held-buildings, vehicles, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, machine guns emplacements and ammunition depots.[6]

The work of the 201st was recognized by General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area.

The 201st returned to Mexico City on 18 November 1945. In a military parade in the Zócalo the Fighter Squadron delivered the Mexican flag to President Manuel Ávila Camacho. The FAEM was disbanded after returning from the Philippines.

The Escuadrón Aéreo de Pelea 201 is still an active duty squadron, flying the Pilatus PC-7 from Cozumel, Quintana Roo, and saw extensive counter-insurgency service during the 1994 uprising in Chiapas.[4]

Squadron pilots

Pilot and P-47
Capt. Radamés Gaxiola stands in front of his P-47D with his maintenance team after he returned from a combat mission
Monument in Chapultepec, in honor of the 201st Squadron.

Name list on the Chapultepec memorial plaque:[7]

Carlos Garduño Núñez Radamés Gaxiola Andrade Julio Cal y Mayor Sauz
Graco Ramírez Garrido Amador Sámano Piña David Cerón Bedolla Jesús Tapia Estrada
Fernando Hernández Vega José Luis Pratt Ramos Audberto Gutierrez Ramires
Carlos Varela Landini Joaquín Ramírez Vilchis Justino Reyes Retana
Ángel Sánchez Rebollo Carlos Rodríguez Corona Manuel Farías Rodríguez
Miguel Moreno Arreola Roberto Legorreta Sicilia Reynaldo Pérez Gallardo
Praxedis López Ramos Jacobo Estrada Luna José Barbosa Cerda
Raúl García Mercado Pedro Martinez Pérez Roberto Urías Aveleyra Guillermo García Ramos
Miguel Uriarte Aguilar Jaime Zenizo Rojas Crisóforo Salido Grijalva**
Héctor Espinoza Galván* José Espinoza Fuentes* Fausto Vega Santander*
Mario López Portillo* Mamerto Albarrán Nágera* Javier Martínez Valle*** José Gutiérrez Gallegos Florentino Mejía Gómez Carlos José Cárdenas

Pilots marked with an asterisk (*) were killed during flying operations in the Philippines. Pilot marked by two asterisks (**) died in January 1945 during training exercises at the Army Air Base at Abilene, Texas. Pilot marked by three asterisks (***) was killed in a low altitude gunnery training exercise in March 1945 near Harlingen AAF in Texas.

Current location of aircraft

One of the P-47 Thunderbolt is on display at the Mexican Air Force Museum. (Spanish: Museo Militar de Aviación "Teniente Piloto Aviador José Espinoza Fuentes")[8]

P-47 Thunderbolt from the 201st Squadron, on display at the Mexican Air Force Museum

References

  1. ^ "Saga of the Aztec Eagles," Los Angeles Times July 25, 2004
  2. ^ Philippine Legion of Honor: Roster of Awardees Official Gazette of the Philippine Government. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  3. ^ "Mexican Air Force Aircrews". National Museum of the United States Airforce.
  4. ^ a b Klemen, L. "201st Mexican Fighter Squadron". The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942.201st Mexican Fighter Squadron
  5. ^ Vazquez-Lozano, Gustavo (2019). 201st Squadron: The Aztec Eagles (1 ed.). Libros de México. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-9970858-8-4.
  6. ^ "201st Fighter Squadron, Mexican Expeditionary Air Force (the Aztec Eagles)". Historical Marker Database.
  7. ^ Mexican Air Force Expeditionary Squadron 201 Memorial. A Photograph of the memorial plaque bearing the pilots' names.
  8. ^ Huerta, Josué (2017-02-10). "El impresionante museo de la Fuerza Aérea Mexicana". México Desconocido (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-07-31.
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