Antebellum Puzzle
The Antebellum Puzzle refers to the finding, first reported in 1979, that the height of the male U.S. population, although the tallest in the world, declined during the decades preceding the Civil War.[1] The finding was corroborated on the basis of the height of West Point cadets in 1987.[2] The reason was that the nutritional intake of the U.S. population declined at the onset of modern economic growth because productivity in agriculture foodstuffs lagged far behind the productivity in industry bringing about an absolute and relative increase in the price of food, while at the same time an increase in overall agricultural production took place because of the great increases of non-food production (e.g., cotton and tobacco).[3]
Fogel and co-authors reflect the consensus view by concluding, that “the estimates… indicate a considerable decline in diet after 1840; the 1840 level was not recovered until 1870. A large decline in per capita production of wheat, rye, pork, and beef accounts for this big deficit in American dietary history. The lack of nutrients was demonstrated by the soaring prices of those foodstuffs, another downside indicator of food consumption.”[4] Adding that “…the increase in agricultural productivity did not keep up with the rapid growth of the population and its food demands.”[5] And “…food output did not keep pace with the demands of the urban-industrial sectors whose population increased approximately ten times during the first half of the nineteenth century…. Per capita crop consumption may have declined throughout the antebellum period. Excess demand had increased grain prices by 1860, and the change in food availability contributed to the decline in the population’s nutritional status in the first half of the nineteenth century.”[6]
| Year | Thousands of bales | % of total export |
|---|---|---|
| 1800 | 73 | 15.7 |
| 1810 | 178 | 35.7 |
| 1850 | 2,136 | 53.4 |
| 1870 | 4,025 | 60.3 |
| 1900 | 10,266 | 17.6 |
Cotton production in acres continued to rise 7.7 million acres at the end of the Civil War, before reaching a peak of 46.0 million acres in 1925. Tobacco and cotton have been referred to as "starvation crops" colloquially by some agriculturalists. It is possible this term arose from the nutritional outcomes the Antebellum Puzzle focuses on and the coinciding increases in cotton and tobacco productions as agricultural food stuffs became less in supply.
References
- ^ Fogel, Robert W.; Engerman, Stanley L.; Floud, Roderick; Friedman, Gerald; Margo, Robert A.; Sokoloff, Kenneth; Steckel, Richard H.; Trussell, T. James; Villaflor, Georgia (1983). "Secular Changes in American and British Stature and Nutrition". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 14 (2): 445. doi:10.2307/203716. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 203716.
- ^ Komlos, John (1987). "The Height and Weight of West Point Cadets: Dietary Change in Antebellum America". The Journal of Economic History. 47 (4): 897–927. doi:10.1017/s002205070004986x. ISSN 0022-0507.
- ^ Komlos, John; A’Hearn, Brian (2017). "Hidden negative aspects of industrialization at the onset of modern economic growth in the U.S.". Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 41: 43–52. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2017.03.001. ISSN 0954-349X.
- ^ Floud et al. 2009, p. 316.
- ^ Floud et al. 2009, p. 298.
- ^ Floud et al. 2009, p. 308.
- ^ "American Cotton Production, Exports and Percentages of Cotton Exported" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
Bibliography
- Floud, Roderick; Fogel, Robert W.; Harris, Bernard; Hong, Sok Chul (2009). The Changing Body. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975912. ISBN 978-0-511-97591-2.