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Bombay East Indians

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East Indians or East Indian Catholics
Bombay East Indian women donning their saari (dress).
Regions with significant populations
Mumbai metropolitan area (1960s)About 92,000[1]
Languages
East Indian dialects[2]
Religion
Christianity (Latin Catholicism)
Related ethnic groups
Luso-Indians, Anglo-Indians, Kudali Christians, Goan Christians, Mangalorean Christians, Karwari Christians, Koli Christians, Marathi Christians & Latin Catholics of Malabar

The Bombay East Indians, also called East Indian Catholics or simply East Indians, are an ethno-religious Indian Christian community native to the Seven Islands of Bombay and the neighbouring Mumbai Metropolitan Area of the Konkan division, along the western coast of India.[3][4]

History

Church of Our Lady of Bethlehem
Velankanni Church, Uttan
Cross near Velankanni Beach, Uttan
A grotto on Gorai Beach

Pre-Portuguese era

A Dominican missionary by the name Jordanus Catalani, who was either Catalan or Occitan (southern French), began evangelising the locals in Sopara, Thana & Kalyan-Dombivli towns of north Konkan in around 1323 AD. Sopara was an ancient port and an international trading center.[5]

Portuguese era

Main article: History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534–1661)

After ushering in the Age of Discovery, Portuguese Armadas under the command of Vasco Da Gama found their way to India in 1498 via the Cape Route. In the next few years they acquired many colonial possessions in what would become the Portuguese East Indies; their main aims were to capitalise on the spice trade and promotion of Christian missions to convert indigenous peoples,[1] for which the Primate of the East Indies was founded. Although Brahmins and other higher castes were ceremoniously converted by the Portuguese Church, and were treated with favour and distinction,[1][verification needed] most of them continued to engage in agriculture, fishing, and other rural occupations handed down by their ancestors, and received neither secular nor religious education.[1] Among the converts were a number of descendants of the Ancient Indian Christian community reportedly founded by Bartholomew the Apostle.[1] They coalesced into a community under Portuguese rule[1] known as Norteiros and later as "Portuguese Christians"[1] or "Bombay Portuguese" in British Bombay.

The Franciscans spearheaded the evangelisation of the "Province of the North" (Província do Norte)[6] headquartered at Fort San Sebastian of Bassein, but the fort's officials were subordinate to the viceroy in the capital of Velha Goa. From 1534 to 1552, a priest by the name António do Porto converted over 10,000 people, built a dozen churches, convents, and a number of orphanages hospitals and seminaries. Prominent among the converts were two yogis from the Kanheri Caves who became known as Paulo Raposo and Francisco de Santa Maria. They introduced Christianity to their fellow yogis, converting many in the process.[6] Another notable convert during this period was the Brahmin astrologer Parashuram Joshi, who was baptized on 8 September 1565 with the name Henrique da Cunha. Joshi's conversion was followed by that of 250 Hindus, including over 50 Brahmins.[6] In Salsette, the priest Manuel Gomes converted over 6,000 Hindus in Bandra and was known as the Apostle of Salsette.[6]

In 1573, 1,600 people were converted. Beginning in 1548, Jesuits in Bassein (Baçaim) and Bandra converted many upper-caste Hindus; Bassein recorded 9,400 baptisms in 1588.[6] The Jesuit superior Gonçalo Rodrigues baptised between 5,000 and 6,000 Hindus in Thane (Tana), many of whom were orphans or the young children of lower-caste Hindus who were sold by their parents.[6] In 1634, Bassein had sixty-three friars, thirty Franciscans, fifteen Jesuits, ten Dominicans, and eight Augustines.[6] By the end of the 16th century the Catholic population of the Portuguese Province of the North was 10,000 to 15,000, centered mainly in and around Bassein.[7]

After the Province of the North came under Maratha occupation in 1739 and Catholicism was under severe threat from the Brahmin Peshwas, the native East Indian clergy under the Vicar General at Kurla managed and nursed the community back to a flourishing population[7] in British Bombay.

British and modern eras

Main articles: History of Bombay under British rule and Bombay Presidency

Changes occurred under British rule.[1] On 11 May 1661, the Marriage Treaty of Charles Stuart II of England and Catherine de Braganza, daughter of John IV of Portugal gave Bombay to the British Empire as intended,[4] since the British takeover of Surat (allegedly[clarification needed] as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles). A weakened Portugal, no longer a part of the Crown of Spain, had to oblige. Nevertheless, parts of present-day Bombay (such as Bandra, Thane and Vasai) remained Portuguese well into the first third of the 18th century.[8] Since the early days of the English East India Company, there were no other Indian Christians in the North Konkan except the East Indian Catholics. Employment intended for Christians was monopolised by the East Indians. With railways and steamships came immigrants from Goa who were also called "Portuguese Christians". For Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, the Christians of North Konkan changed their name from "Portuguese Christians" to "East Indians" to impress upon the British in Bombay, that they were the earliest British subjects in India, and were entitled to certain natural rights and privileges in comparison with immigrants.[9][third-party source needed]

The Bombay East Indian Association was founded on 26 May 1887 to advance the education, employment, rights and economic development of the East Indians. P F Gomes, who was knighted by Pope Leo XIII in 1888, was its first president and J L Britto its first secretary. D G D'Almeida donated ₹100,000 to establish an education fund.

During the 1960s, the Archdiocese of Bombay estimated that there were 92,000 East Indians in Bombay: 76,000 in suburban Bombay and 16,000 in the city.[1]

Architecture

A typical Koli house consists of a veranda (oli), used for repairing nets and receiving visitors; a sitting-room (angan), used by women for household work; a kitchen, a central apartment, a bedroom, a devotional room (devaghar) and a detached bathroom.[10]

Language and literature

East Indian Catholics speak the East Indian dialect of Marathi-Konkani, which they retained despite Portuguese rule. The dialect is central to the community's identity. The author of Trans Bomb Geog Soc, 1836–38, Vol I mentions the dialects spoken by the East Indians of Salsette, Mahim, Matunga & Mazgaon; similar to the dialects spoken by the Kulbis, Kolis, Bhandaris, Palshes, Pathare Prabhus, Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathares (Panchkalshis), Kuparis & Vadvals; this may have been Konkani.[11] Some East Indian upper-class families of the Khatri ward at Thana district used to speak Bombay Portuguese.[12] At least 110 Portuguese lexical items are found in Maharashtra sponsored Marathi.[13]

Many of the characters in the book Bloodline Bandra[14] by Godfrey Joseph Pereira[15] (2014) are East Indian. The book is set in the 1950s in Pali Village.

Occasions and Festivals

Main articles: Agera (festival), Bandra Fest, Koswad, and Sanna (dish)

Although the East Indians have preserved their pre-Christian Marathi-Konkani culture and traditions, many Portuguese influences have been absorbed.[16][better source needed]

Ethnic wear

East Indian ladies of Chimbai village performing at Bandra Gymkhana

Traditional dress for women is the lugra. For men, traditional wear consists of khaki shorts and a white banian. A Koli Christian bridegroom usually wears an older Portuguese admiral's uniform, which is preserved and lent out for such occasions.[10] East Indian women wore a blouse and cotton lugra, with the back pleats tucked into the waist; women did not use the upper portion of the sari (covering the head and breast) until they were married. This mode of wearing the sari is known as sakacch nesane. Gol nesane, a cylindrical style, is popular with young girls and women.[17]

Film industry

The film Tu Maza Jeev, in the East Indian language, was released on Maharashtra Day in 2009.[18]


Singing competition

Jacinto at an East Indian singing competition in Mumbai

East Indians organise singing competitions in their own language. The competition is primarily held in the evening of important village occasions;[19] for example, Kurla has an annual competition on the eve of the phool dongri feast in May at Holy Cross Church.[20]

Representation and reservation

The East Indians were recognised as OBC (other backward Class) status by the Government of Maharashtra on 1 March 2006 by the way of official gazette.[21] In Sept 2014, local non-governmental organisations such as the Watchdog Foundation, Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, the Bombay East Indian Association, Vakola Advanced Locality Management, Kalina Civic Forum& the Kolovery Welfare Association founded the Maharashtra Swaraj Party (MSP), to give voice to the community's concerns.[22] The party, which represents the East Indian community, was expected to support five candidates from Mumbai's suburbs in the 13th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections.[23][3]

Notable East Indians

See also

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Baptista 1967, p. 27
  2. ^ James, V (1965), "Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis", Asian Ethnology, 2, 24, Nanzan, Japan: Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, Nanzan University: 131–148, archived from the original on 2 December 2013, retrieved 15 April 2017
  3. ^ a b Kumar, Raksha (4 June 2016), "The original East Indians", The Hindu, Bombay (published 2 August 2013), archived from the original on 13 April 2018, retrieved 19 August 2017
  4. ^ a b Datta, Rangan. "Who are the East Indians of India's western coast and what is their Portuguese link". The Telegraph. My Kolkata. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  5. ^ Thana District Gazetteer Part – I: Population:Christians-History Archived 10 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Machado 1999, p. 104
  7. ^ a b Machado 1999, p. 108
  8. ^ "Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  9. ^ "East Indians: History" (PDF), East-Indians.com, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2013, retrieved 19 August 2017(Article based on Baptista 1967){{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ a b Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III 1997, Chapter III : Population : The Kolis
  11. ^ Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I, II & III 1997, Chapter III : Population : Languages
  12. ^ "Thane Gazetteer: Population: Christians – Speech". Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
  13. ^ Grover, Neelam; Mukerji, Anath Bandhu; Singh, Kashi N. (2004), Grover, Neelam; Singh, Kashi N. (eds.), Cultural geography, form and process: essays in honor of Prof A B Mukerji, Concept Publishing Company, p. 275, ISBN 978-81-8069-074-7, archived from the original on 22 June 2013, retrieved 29 March 2016
  14. ^ Pereira, Godfrey (2014). Bloodline Bandra (1st ed.). India: HarperCollins. ISBN 9789351364429.
  15. ^ "Godfrey Joseph Pereira". www.goodreads.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  16. ^ "The East Indian Community Original Inhabitants of Bombay, Salsette & Thana". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
  17. ^ Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island I 1986, Chp. People: Dress
  18. ^ "First East Indian movie releases on Maharashtra Day". The Times of India. 4 May 2009. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  19. ^ "The East Indians of Kurla". geracao.in. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  20. ^ "Phool Dongri Feast – 10th May 2015 – Holy Cross Church". holycrosschurch.co.in. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  21. ^ "Government Resolutions (शासन निर्णय)" (PDF). Government of Maharashtra. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  22. ^ "MSP announces candidate list for assembly elections". I am in DNA of India. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  23. ^ "East Indian party to field 5 candidates from suburbs", The Times of India, 18 September 2014, archived from the original on 9 January 2017, retrieved 19 August 2017
  24. ^ Target Goa. "Two hats of James Ferreira couture and activism". targetgoa.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  25. ^ "Dog Eat Dog was an official selection at the Festival De Cannes 2007". 14 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  26. ^ Dhyan, Chand (1952). GOAL. Chennai, India: Sports & Pastime. p. 10. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  27. ^ "Catholics mourn Cardinal Simon Pimenta | Mumbai News". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  28. ^ "Our Programmes". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  29. ^ "Mumbai: Protesting flat buyers warn of poll boycott". Mid-day. 6 March 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  30. ^ "Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai". The Times of India. 12 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  31. ^ "Renowned church of Gonsalo Garcia vandalised in Vasai". The Times of India. 12 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 12 August 2023.

References

Look up East Indian Catholic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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