Bulletproofing
Bulletproofing is the process of making an object capable of stopping a bullet or similar high velocity projectiles (e.g. shrapnel). The term bullet resistance is often preferred because few, if any, practical materials provide complete protection against all types of bullets, or multiple hits in the same location, or simply sufficient kinetic (movement) energy to overcome it.
Origins
In 1887, George E. Goodfellow, of Tombstone, Arizona, documented three cases where bullets had failed to penetrate silk articles of clothing. He described the shooting death of Charlie Storms by gambler Luke Short. Although Storms was shot in the heart, "not a drop of blood" exited the wound. Goodfellow found that, though the bullet did indeed kill Storms, it failed to pass through a silk handkerchief. The handkerchief essentially caught the bullet, but not sufficiently to stop the bullet penetrating Storms.
Another example was the killing of Billy Grounds by Assistant City Marshal Billy Breakenridge. Goodfellow examined Grounds and found that two buckshot grains had penetrated his Mexican felt hat band, embroidered with silver wire, penetrating his head and flattening against the posterior wall of the skull. Another of the grains had passed through two heavy wool shirts and a blanket-lined canvas coat and vest before coming to rest deep in his chest. However, Goodfellow was fascinated to find two shotgun pellets in the folds of a Chinese silk neckerchief around Grounds' neck but no holes or wounds.[1][2]
He also described a wound to Curly Bill Brocius, who had been shot through the right side of the neck, narrowly missing his carotid artery. A portion of his silk neckerchief was carried into the wound by the bullet, preventing a more serious injury, but the scarf was undamaged.[1][2][3] The Tombstone Epitaph reported, "A silken armor may be the next invention."[4]
Invention and design
In 1887, Goodfellow wrote an article for the Southern California Practitioner titled "Notes on the Impenetrability of Silk to Bullets".[2][5] In the process of doing so, he experimented with designs for bullet-resistant clothing made of multiple layers of silk.[6] By 1900, gangsters were wearing $800 silk vests to protect themselves.[7]
Bullet designs vary widely, not only according to the particular firearm used (e.g. a 9×19mm Parabellum caliber hollowpoint handgun cartridge will have inferior penetration power compared to a 7.62×39mm rifle cartridge), but also within individual cartridge designs. As a result, so-called "bullet-proof" panels may successfully prevent penetration by standard 7.62×39mm bullets containing lead cores, however the same panels may easily be defeated by 7.62×39mm armor-piercing bullets containing hardened steel penetrators.
Bullet-resistant materials (also called ballistic materials or, equivalently, anti-ballistic materials) are usually rigid, but may be supple. They may be complex, such as Kevlar, UHMWPE, Lexan, or carbon fiber composite materials, or basic and simple, such as steel or titanium. Bullet resistant materials are often used in law enforcement and military applications to protect personnel from death or serious injury. In 2018, the US military began conducting research into the feasibility of using artificial silk as body armor.[8]
Uses
Bullet-resistant body armor has been in use since about 1984. When law enforcement began wearing body armor, there was a dramatic drop in officer deaths, saving over 3,000 lives.[citation needed]
The National Institute of Justice first developed standards for ballistic resistant body armor in the 1970s. The standards have been revised five times since 1984. The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center tests body armor to assess its compliance with the standards and publishes the results.[9] There are many applications for bulletproofing, some of which include:
Classification
There are various tests which items must pass before being classified as bullet-resistant. These tests specify the detailed characteristics of bullets which the material or object must be resistant to. For example, the U.S. National Institute of Justice standard 0104.04 for bullet-resistant vests specifies that a Type II vest must not deform clay representing the wearer's body when hit by an 8.0 g (124 gr) 9 mm caliber round nosed full-metal jacket bullet travelling at up to 358 m/s (1175 ft/s); but a Type IIIA vest is needed for protection against the same bullet traveling at up to 427 m/s (1400 ft/s). In both cases, the vest is not required to protect against a second hit within 51 mm (2 inches) of the first.[10]
References
- ^ a b Edwards, Josh (May 2, 1980). "George Goodfellow's Medical Treatment of Stomach Wounds Became Legendary". The Prescott Courier. pp. 3–5.
- ^ a b c "Dr. George Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
- ^ Erwin, Richard E. (2000). The Truth about Wyatt Earp. San Jose, California: iUniverse. ISBN 978-0595001279.
- ^ "Silk as Bullet Proof". The Tombstone Epitaph. April 3, 1882. p. 2. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ G.E. Goodfellow (January 1887). J.P. Widney; Joseph Kurtz; Walter Lindley (eds.). "Notes on the Impenetrability of Silk to Bullets". Southern California Practitioner. 2 (1). Los Angeles: Stroll and Thayer.
- ^ Hollington, Kris. "Staying Alive". Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ Hollington, Kris (2008). Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781429986809. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
- ^ Air Force scientists study artificial silk for body armor, parachutes
- ^ "Ballistic". JustNet. National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ National Institute of Justice (April 1987). "Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armorv" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2015.