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Cyprus Airways (1947–2015)

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For the current airline formed in 2017, see Cyprus Airways.

Cyprus Airways
IATA ICAO Call sign
CY CYP CYPRUS
Founded24 September 1947 (1947-09-24)
Commenced operations18 April 1948 (1948-04-18)
Ceased operations9 January 2015 (2015-01-09)
Operating basesLarnaca International Airport
Frequent-flyer programSunmiles
Fleet size14
Destinations13
Parent companyGovernment of Cyprus
HeadquartersNicosia, Cyprus
Key people
  • Aaron Karaoglanian (CEO)[1]
Websitewww.cyprusair.com
Cyprus Airways destinations 2012

Cyprus Airways (Public) Ltd. (Greek: Κυπριακές Αερογραμμές) was the flag carrier airline of Cyprus. It was established in September 1947 and ceased operations on 9 January 2015. Cyprus Airways had its operating base at Larnaca International Airport.[2]

In July 2016, Charlie Airlines acquired the rights to use the Cyprus Airways trademarks and brand.[3]

History

Early years

Cyprus Airways was established on 24 September 1947 as a joint venture between the British Colonial Government of Cyprus, holding 40% of the share capital, British European Airways (BEA) and private interests owning the rest of the company. Operations commenced on 18 April 1948 with three Douglas DC-3 aircraft. The planes, which carried 21 passengers each, flew on a route network centred on Nicosia that included Rome, London (via Athens), Beirut, Athens, Cairo, Istanbul, and Haifa. During the next three years the airline purchased an additional three DC-3 aircraft and introduced services to Alexandria, Amman, Bahrain, Khartoum (via Haifa) and Lod.[4]

In its early years, Cyprus Airways was operated effectively as a subsidiary of BEA, not only in its ownership structure, but in its use of BEA crew and cabin staff, and BEA aircraft. In part, this was due to restrictions placed on BEA by the British government on serving destinations further east than Cyprus, as such routes were considered the preserve of BEA's rival, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), although both BEA and BOAC were state-owned airlines at the time. With its control of Cyprus Airways, BEA was able to serve key destinations in the Middle East, including Beirut and Cairo, using Cyprus Airways, whilst maintaining the pretence of not flying beyond Cyprus. Paradoxically it was continuing disputes between BEA and BOAC over this issue that led to the first proposals in 1953 to merge BEA and BOAC to form British Airways.[5]

In 1952, BEA took over the Cyprus Airways service to London with an Airspeed Ambassador, which featured a pressurized cabin that allowed nonstop routing avoiding a stopover in Athens. On 18 April 1953, BEA began using its newly delivered Vickers Viscount 701 on their scheduled service from London to Rome and Athens. The continuing sector from Athens to Nicosia was operated by BEA under charter to Cyprus Airways. This route from London to Nicosia was the world's first regular turboprop service.[6]

In 1956, contemplating expansion of its routes, Cyprus Airways ordered two Vickers Viscount 756 aircraft that would be named St Hilarion (registration G-APCD) and Buffavento (G-APCE), but sold them before receiving them because of the deteriorating political situation in Cyprus. It also decided to sell all the Douglas DC-3 and Auster aircraft in September 1957 and entered into a five-year agreement with BEA for the latter to operate services on behalf of Cyprus Airways.[7] As a result, BEA took over the operation of all Cyprus Airways services from 26 January 1958.

Independence in 1960

The government of newly independent Cyprus became the majority shareholder in 1960 with a 53.2 percent holding, while BEA's stake was reduced to 22.7 percent and private individuals held the rest. Thereafter, Cypriot nationals began to be hired and trained for the flight crews, which had previously been made up of British expatriates from BEA. Cyprus Airways still relied on BEA for aircraft and backroom support.[8] BEA began introducing Comet 4B jets on all routes in 1961 via a joint aircraft pool arrangement that included Greece's Olympic Airways.[9]

On 5 April 1960, BEA introduced de Havilland Comet 4B aircraft on the Nicosia, Athens, Rome and London routes. With the introduction of the Comets, Cyprus Airways became the first airline in the Middle East to have jet airplanes. The Comets flew in the BEA livery, but had the Cyprus Airways logo and title above their doors.[10]

In 1965, Cyprus Airways began leasing its own Viscounts from BEA for regional routes. The Comet and Viscount aircraft were replaced with five Trident jets, three of them acquired from BEA. The first Hawker Siddeley Trident jet was introduced in November 1969.[10] Cyprus also leased a BAC 1-11. The faster planes allowed more European trade centres (Frankfurt, Manchester, Brussels, and Paris) to be added to the timetable.

1974

Remains of Cyprus Airways Hawker Siddeley Trident abandoned at Nicosia Airport since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974

At the start of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, the attack on Nicosia airport caught all five of Cyprus Airways aircraft on the ground. Of the four Tridents stranded at Nicosia International Airport[11] one was destroyed by Turkish Air force rocket fire and wreckage of its tail still exists at that airport and one was damaged by small arms fire remaining in the same position today as it did in 1974. The two other Tridents were only lightly damaged by small arms fire and were flown out of Nicosia by British Airways engineers to the United Kingdom in 1977. The team from British Airways was assisted by a British Army team from the UN Peace Keeping (UNFICYP) REME Workshop based in Nicosia.

They used their 6x6 Leyland Recovery vehicle to remove the tail section of one of the destroyed planes and to lift the repaired engines into place. When the Tridents flew out (the Turks would not give permission for test flights, once they took off they were not allowed to return) they were the first planes to use the runway since U Thant flew in and out on a UN flight. One of these is at the Imperial War Museum Duxford, England, although it has been returned to its original BEA livery.[12] Also flown out was the company's BAC1-11 which was claimed by the insurers of the lessor, Court-Line, which had gone bankrupt. That aircraft returned to Cyprus Airways in 1978 and served with the company until 1995.

Boeing 707-123B of Cyprus Airways at Manchester Airport in 1979

All of the Cypriot airline's operations had to be suspended following the end of the hostilities in 1974 because Nicosia International Airport, the only airport of the island, had to be closed. Although the Turkish troops did not capture it, they were close enough to it to demand that it not be reopened. The government of Cyprus then moved quickly to build a small terminal by a runway in Larnaca and Cyprus Airways restarted limited operations from there on 8 February 1975. Specifically the airline leased from British Midland Airways Viscount turboprops to fly a stripped down route network to a few key cities in the region: Beirut, Tel Aviv, and Athens via Heraklion, with connections to London on British Airways. Cyprus Airways leased a pair of DC-9 jets in August 1975 to resume its own flights to London (via Salonika).

The acquisition of a DC-8 several months later allowed for non-stop service. Cyprus also added flights to Saudi Arabia at this time. The company was soon able to order a pair of new BAC 1-11s, added to the sister aircraft already in the fleet. The economic loss of the Turkish invasion to the airline was estimated to be 1.6 million Cypriot pounds. To survive, the airline decided to reduce the salaries of all its employees to a minimum, who accepted it.

The airline ordered still more different aircraft types in the late 1970s which replaced some earlier aircraft coming off lease.

Expansion in the 1980s

Airbus A310-200 of Cyprus Airways at Zurich Airport in 1985

By 1981, Cyprus's fleet included four Boeing 707-123B (1979–1989) and three BAC One-Eleven 500. The route network again extended from Manchester, England, to Baghdad. A change in ownership structure had taken place, with British Airways selling all but 5 percent of the shares it had inherited from BEA to the Cypriot government. Private investors owned the remainder (24.14 percent).

Cyprus made a transition to Airbus aircraft over the course of the decade. Its first A310 widebodies arrived in 1984, followed by A320s in 1989. The order for the eight A320s was worth more than DEM 250 million.

Cyprus Airways was one of the first airlines to operate the Airbus A310, the eighth airline in the world to receive the Airbus A320, and the first airline that launched the IAE V2500 engine along with Adria Airways.

Profits reached record levels in the mid-1980s as the airline added service from new UK cities (Cardiff, Newcastle, and Glasgow). Income of CYP 4.8 million (DEM 8 million) in 1983, a record, would be tripled three years later. By this time, the airline was carrying 740,000 passengers a year.

1990s

Cyprus Airways Airbus A310 departing Manchester Airport for Larnaca in 1991

British Airways divested the last of its shares in 1991, leaving the government with an 80.46 percent stake and private investors, the remainder. The airline was flying high, introducing a livery and uniforms as the Airbuses plied new routes to Berlin and Helsinki. Cyprus Airways had also joined the SABRE international computer reservations system and set up a tour operation in the United Kingdom.

In 1992 the group established Eurocypria Airlines Ltd. to fly European tourists to Cyprus on a charter basis. It was expanding into ancillary services as well, taking over duty-free operations at Larnaca and Pafos airports.

Cyprus added many new cooperation agreements with other airlines as it developed its international reach by linking Europe and the Middle East. Its partners included KLM and Saudia. By the mid-1990s, more than one million passengers were flying Cyprus Airways every year; another 4,000 chose the charter operation Eurocypria. The airline's market share approached 40 percent. After a rough couple of years, the company posted a CYP 13 million profit in 1994 thanks to cost-cutting and marketing efforts.

New millennium

The airline introduced a restyled livery, as it embarked on an ambitious fleet renewal programme. Two new Airbus A319s, smaller than its other aircraft, were added in 2002. The next year, two new Airbus A330s replaced the older A310s on long-haul routes. A fleet of four Boeing 737s was chosen for the Eurocypria charter subsidiary, however, with two further similar aircraft added in 2004 and 2005. A feature of the new Eurocypria aircraft was that each had a different colour on its tail. In the meantime, the A320s owned by Cyprus Airways but leased to Eurocypria were returned to the parent company.

In 2002, the Cypriot government lowered its ownership stake to 69.62 percent.

Cyprus Airways founded Hellas Jet in Athens (Greece) in 2003, never making a profit. It held a 75% share of that carrier until all of the shares were sold to Air Miles (charter broker) Air Miles in 2005.

In 2006, the government of Cyprus bought Eurocypria because Cyprus Airways started facing severe financial problems.

According to the airline's 2010 financial results the operating loss for 2010 was €4,9 million in comparison to a loss of €5,4 million in 2009.[13] On 28 June 2011 Cyprus Airways issued a profits warning to the Cyprus Stock Exchange, attributing this to "the continuing financial crisis and to the further significant increase in fuel prices."[14] On 31 August 2011, Cyprus Airways issued its results for the first half of 2011, which showed a loss of €29.3 million, compared to a loss of €25.5 million for the respective period in 2010, representing an increase of €3.8 million.[15]

As a result of a restructuring programme to curb the continued losses, most Middle East destinations were cut from the timetable in 2011/2012, including Bahrain, Cairo, Damascus, Dubai and Jeddah.

Final years and closure

In February 2012, due to the poor financial results of the airline, the Cypriot government announced it would increase the airline's capital and authorized negotiations for the sale of an unspecified stake of the carrier.[16] As of September 2014, the Cypriot government owned 93.67% of the airline.[17] raised the share capital of the company and sold the state-owned majority of shares. Negotiations were developing with Aeroflot, which was expected to buy the company if an agreement is reached with the Cypriot government.[18] In May 2012, Cyprus Airways announced that interest was expressed by Triple Five Group, the first official announcement concerning a bidder for the sale of the company.[19] On 23 July 2012, the Cyprus Stock Exchange suspended dealing in Cyprus Airways shares, due to the delay by Cyprus Airways in submitting and publishing its annual financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011.[20] A statement to the Cyprus Stock Exchange on 4 March 2013 gave the results for Cyprus Airways Group for the year ended 31 December 2012 as a loss after tax of €55,8 million in comparison to a loss of €23,9 million in 2011.[21] The European Commission announced on 6 March 2013 that it has opened an investigation into whether the Cypriot government's €73 million rescue loan in December 2012 and €31.3 million contribution to a capital increase in January 2013 are in breach of EU rules on state aid.[22]

On 13 March 2014 Cyprus Airways confirmed the sale of its second slot at London Heathrow Airport to the Lebanese company Middle East Airlines for €6.3 million.[23][24]

The airline ceased operations on 9 January 2015 following a policy made by the European Commission that the state aid paid to the airline by the Government of Cyprus was illegal and had to be returned by the company. This effectively caused Cyprus Airways to be bankrupt.[25][26] Notably, air connectivity rose by 15 per cent in the first six months of 2016 compared with an increase of 3.6 per cent in 2015, the year when Cyprus Airways went into bankruptcy.[27]

Restart of operations

In July 2016, the Cypriot government announced that the Cypriot start-up company Charlie Airlines Ltd was the winning bidder in a competition carried out by the finance ministry about the usage of the Cyprus Airways Brand for a period of ten years.[3] Charlie Airlines has been built by a consortium of local investors that hold 60% of the airline and Russia's S7 Airlines, that holds 40% as a joint-venture. S7 is currently Russia's largest domestic carrier and transported 10.6 million passengers in 2015.[28] S7 CEO Vladislav Filev said that the Charlie name was inspired by the nickname handed to expatriated Cypriots that had left the island.[29] S7 will provide two Airbus A319-100 aircraft to start operations to destinations in the UK, Greece and Russia.[30] Charlie Airlines Ltd filed an application to receive a local Air operator's certificate and acquire the right to use the Cyprus Airways trademarks for ten years for 2 million euros.[31]

Corporate affairs

Ownership

Cyprus Airways Public Ltd was predominantly owned by the government of Cyprus, with 391,155,177 shares issued and fully paid:[32]

Shareholder Interest
Government of the Republic of Cyprus 093.67%
Private investors 6.33%
Total 100.00%

The key trends for Cyprus Airways are shown below (as at years ending 31 December). Full annual reports and accounts were issued up until 2007, but as the airline's financial position deteriorated, so the annual accounts became briefer. The 2012 figures are only from press reports, and are unaudited.:[33]

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*
Turnover (€m) 206.5 209.8 288.5 311.4 247.5 236.4 212.9 175.5
Profits (EBT) (€m) −24.5 −16.6 2.5 2.1 −3.2 0.4 −23.6 −55.8*
Number of employees (at year end) 1,538 1,131 1,354 1,197 1,226 n/a
Number of passengers (m) 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3
Passenger load factor (%) 71.2 73.0 72.2 71.6 70.2 71.3 71.1
Number of aircraft (at year end/*average) 10 10 11 12 11* 12 9
Notes/sources [34] [35][36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [33][41] [33]

*Unaudited figures; loss shown is after tax.

Destinations

As of April 2014, Cyprus Airways served 12-year-round destinations in 10 countries, all in Europe and the Middle East.

Codeshare agreements

As of February 2014, Cyprus Airways had codeshare agreements with the following airlines:[42]

On 25 July 2011, Cyprus Airways signed a code-share agreement with Virgin Atlantic, allowing the Cypriot market to travel to Boston, New York, Newark, Los Angeles, Manchester, Edinburgh and Aberdeen on flights operated by Virgin using both Virgin and Cyprus Airways flight numbers, with connecting flights at London–Heathrow. Services from London Heathrow to Larnaca were operated by Cyprus Airways aircraft with flight numbers both of Cyprus Airways and Virgin Atlantic.

Fleet

Cyprus Airways Airbus Airbus A319 taxiing at Frankfurt Airport (2010)
Cyprus Airways Airbus A320 departing Heathrow Airport (2014)

Prior to the airline's shutdown, Cyprus Airways had a fleet of fourteen Airbus A320 aircraft of an average age of 11.3 years.[43][44] All aircraft bore names of Cypriot landmarks and cities.[43]

Past fleet

Cyprus Airways operated the following aircraft types:[citation needed]

Cyprus Airways historical fleet
Aircraft Introduced Retired
Airbus A310-200 1984 2003
Airbus A319-100 2002 2013
Airbus A320-200 1989 2015
Airbus A321-200 2012 2013
Airbus A330-200 2002 2012
Airspeed Oxford[7] 1953 1955
Airspeed Ambassador ? ?
Auster Alpine ? ?
BAC One-Eleven 500 1974 1995
Boeing 707-123B 1979 1989
Boeing 720 1976 1979
Bristol Britannia ? ?
Canadair CL44 D4-1 Freighter ? ?
De Havilland Comet ? ?
Douglas DC-3 Dakota 1947 1957
Douglas DC-6B Freighter ? ?
Douglas DC-8-51 1979 1979
Douglas DC-8-52 1976 1978
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 1975 1976
Hawker Siddeley Trident 1E 1972 1974
Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E 1969 1974
Vickers Viscount 806 ? ?

Livery

Cyprus Airways Airbus A330 landing at Larnaca International Airport (2006)

The airline's livery was an all white fuselage with the words 'CYPRUS AIRWAYS' in blue over the front passenger windows. The vertical stabilizer was blue, with yellow lines depicting a galloping Cypriot mouflon, a type of wild sheep only found in Cyprus. This logo was also painted on the engines of the aircraft. The galloping mouflon logo was designed in 1962 by David Collins on the instruction of BEA. The first aircraft to display the mouflon design were De Havilland Comet 4B aircraft by the passenger door entrance.[45]

Catering

Food and beverages served on flights from Cyprus were provided by Cyprus Airways Catering facilities in Larnaca. Meals were selected from an array of international and Cypriot foods.

In-flight entertainment

In-flight entertainment was introduced by Cyprus Airways on its Airbus A319 aircraft upon delivery in 2002, and its A320s were retrofitted at the same time.

On the A320 family aircraft, there were television screens placed along the aircraft. Sound was provided through headsets given by the cabin crew. Screens had a moving-map system which provided real-time flight information such as position and direction of the plane, altitude, airspeed, distance to destination, distance from origination, and local time.

The larger A330 aircraft, operated between 2002 and 2011 and used mainly on longer flights to London Heathrow, Paris, and Amsterdam, but also occasionally to Manchester, Athens, and Zurich, had individual screens for each passenger, mounted on the back of the seats, offering many more options in video and audio entertainment.

Business class

Business class was named after the ancient Greek god Apollo, who was a symbol of harmony, order, and reason. Apollo class had wide leather seats that reclined by up to 45 inches (110 cm) of pitch and featured electrical recline and leg rest. Apollo-class passengers also had access to the Sunjet executive lounges at both Larnaca and Paphos airports.

Apollo class included a personal entertainment system, built into the armrest of the high-standard seats. Additionally, meals were served to business class passengers, with a selection of international and Cypriot cuisine on offer. Drinks and wine were offered on all flights.

Economy class

Economy class was named after the ancient Greek goddess Aphrodite, who, according to Greek mythology, was a symbol of beauty and elegance. Cyprus Airways' Aphrodite (economy) Class offered a seat pitch of 30-31 inches.

Depending on the destination and time of the flight, a hot breakfast, lunch, or cold snack was served. The tray included a seasonal salad and dessert, as well as crackers and halloumi cheese. Drinks, including coffee or tea and soft drinks, were offered.

Airbus A330 landing at London Heathrow Airport (2007)

SunMiles

SunMiles was the frequent flyer programme of Cyprus Airways. There were four tiers of membership: Student, Regular, Premier, and Elite. Points were credited per each one-way flight on Cyprus Airways. Economy class passengers gained 1 point per kilometer, and Business class passengers gained 1.5 points per kilometer.

Awards

Cyprus Airways was awarded the 'Commitment to Excellence in Europe' award by the European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM) in 2007.

Cyprus Airways was also awarded the 'IATA Best In-flight Programming for a European airline' award.

Incidents and accidents

  • On 21 December 1961, Cyprus Airways Flight 226, a De Havilland Comet 4, owned and operated by British European Airways (BEA) on behalf of Cyprus Airways, crashed immediately after takeoff from Ankara. The probable cause was instrument failure. Seven of the 34 people on board survived. The four cabin crew were Cyprus Airways employees.[46]
  • On 12 October 1967, Cyprus Airways Flight 284 broke up in midair on a flight between Athens and Nicosia, most likely as a result of the detonation of an explosive device. All 66 people on board died. Similar to the 1961 accident, the De Havilland Comet 4B aircraft was owned and operated by British European Airways (BEA), though cabin staff were Cyprus Airways employees.

References

  1. ^ "14 Μαρτίου 2014 - ΔΙΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ κ.ΑΑΡΟΝ ΚΑΡΑΟΓΛΑΝΙΑΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΘΕΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΥ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΤΙΚΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΥΠΟΛΟΓΟΥ ΔΙΕΥΘΥΝΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑΣ". 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
  2. ^ "Addresses." Cyprus Airways. Retrieved on 6 November 2009. "Addresses Cyprus Airways Public Limited 21 Alkeou street, P.O. Box 21903 CY - 1513 Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus"
  3. ^ a b "Gold News: Charlie Airlines to Sign Agreement for Cyprus Airways Logo". Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  4. ^ Roy Reginald Roadcap, World Airline Record (London: Roadcap Associated, 1972) p.84
  5. ^ Robin Higham, Speedbird: The Complete History of BOAC (London: IB Tauris, 2013) p.117
  6. ^ Stroud, John, Annals of British and Commonwealth Air Transport, 1962, Putnam, page 452
  7. ^ a b Air Pictorial June 1970
  8. ^ IPC Transport Press Limited, Flight International, vol. 79: 1961, p.192
  9. ^ IPC Transport Press Limited, Flight International, vol. 79: 1961, p. 258
  10. ^ a b Air League of the British Empire, Air Pictorial vol. 32: 1970, p.202
  11. ^ Air Pictorial July 1977
  12. ^ "Hawker Siddeley H.S. 121 Trident 2E G-AVFB". The Duxford Aviation Society. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  13. ^ "Indication of Results Cyprus Airways Public Ltd. for the Year Ended 31 December 2010". Cyprus Airways. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. ^ "Profit Warning". Cyprus Airways. 28 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ^ "Interim Results for 2011". 31 August 2011. Archived from the original (DOC) on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
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  17. ^ "Shareholder Capital Structure". cyprusair.com/. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
  18. ^ "Cyprus Airways Goes on Sale | Greek Reporter". 9 February 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  19. ^ "Triple Five | Sigma Live". 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  20. ^ "CSE: Suspension of trading of CAIR | Cyprus Stock Exchange". 23 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  21. ^ "Indication of Results Cyprus Airways Public Ltd. for the Year Ended 31 December 2012" (DOC). Cyprus Airways.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^ "State aid: Commission opens in-depth inquiry into a €31.3 million capital increase and a rescue aid package for Cyprus Airways". European Commission. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  23. ^ "ΠΩΛΗΣΗ ΒΡΑΔΥΝΗΣ ΧΡΟΝΟΘΥΡΙΔΑΣ ΤΩΝ Κ.Α. ΣΤΟ ΑΕΡΟΔΡΟΜΙΟ HEATHROW ΤΟΥ ΛΟΝΔΙΝΟΥ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ Middle East Airlines" [Sale of C.A. Evening Slots at London Heathrow Airport to Middle East Airlines] (in Greek). 13 March 2014. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
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  29. ^ Air Line: S7 Airlines Sets up New Airline in Cyprus: "Charlie Airlines"
  30. ^ CH Aviation: Cyprus Airways (brand) to fly again
  31. ^ Sigma: Charlie Airlines signs for Cyprus airways logo use
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  43. ^ a b "Cyprus Airways Fleet Details and History". Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
  44. ^ Cyprus Airways Fleet (Official) Archived 22 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ "Design" Council of Industrial Design 1 August 1962 Page 44
  46. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident de Havilland DH-106 Comet 4B G-ARJM Ankara-Esenboga Airport (ESB)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 10 January 2015.

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