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Galdieria

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Galdieria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Cyanidiophyceae
Order: Cyanidiales
Family: Galdieriaceae
Genus: Galdieria
Merola et al., 1981

Galdieria is a genus of red algae belonging to the order Galdieriales;[1] family Galdieriaceae.[2] It was created by an Italian botanist Aldo Merola in 1981 for the identification from the species of Cyanidium.[3][4]

Species:[2]

There are around 7 species in Galdieria, but still with cryptic species in the species complex G. sulphuraria. The species in Galdieria are extremophilic and mixotrophic, using more than 50 external carbon source for metablism.[5]

Recently, the researchers induced the haploid cell and the sexual reproduction in G. sulphuraria(NIES-550) , G. yellowstonesis(SAG108.79) and G. partita(NBRC102759) under the condition of pH=1.0. [6] Both of diploid and haploid cells are mixtrophic, the main difference between them is the cell wall, only diploid cells have cell wall. Besides, there are two type of cell in haploidy, one is the common round cell, another is tadpole-shapes cell, and the tadpole-shaped cell is motile, but the tail is not cilium. They also found two kind of haploid cell while isogamy mating, and turning out the heterozygous individuals. The other is self-diploidization by haploid endoreduplication under the acetic acid stress, and turning out the homozygous individuals. The previous observation of life cycle in Galdieria was regarded as asexual reproduction, although some molecular evidences showed at least 4 time recombination in last recent.[7] This study is the first observation of the sexual reproduction, it might reveal more clues about the ecological function of this lineage. For examples, the diploid cells in Galdieria can tolerance wider range of pH, but the haploid cell might dominance in the habitat with lower pH.

This lineage mainly thrives in the sulphur acidic geothermal area (30-60°C, pH=0.0-4.0), one of reasons making them tolerant such extreme environment might because the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) for prokaryotes. In the pangenome of Galdieria, showing around 5% genes gained from HGT, and 1% of genes drove them survive from heavy metals, cold stress, and other harsh conditions.[8]

The specific physiological and ecological function make Galdieria become a suitable material for eukaryotes to investigate the adaptation and evolution on the early earth.[9]

The other aspect of application in this lineage is to deal with the water pollution,[10] cause the mixotrophic feature and high tolerance to the heavy metal, Galdieria can serve as a efficient material for the water pollution.

Although the morphological traits are hard to use for classification and still some cryptic species existing. Overall, this genus was highly development in molecular analysis, 15 genome of different strains had been publicated on NCBI[11] at least.

References

  1. ^ Park, S.I.; Cho, C.H.; Ciniglia, C.; Huang, T.Y.; Liu, S.L.; Bustamante, D.E.; Calderon, M.S.; Mansilla, A.; McDermott, T.; Andersen, R.A.; Yoon, H.S. (2023). "Revised classification of the Cyanidiophyceae based on plastid genome data with descriptions of the Cavernulicolales ord. nov. and Galdieriales ord. nov.(Rhodophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 59 (3): 444–466. Bibcode:2023JPcgy..59..444P. doi:10.1111/jpy.13322. ISSN 0022-3646. PMID 36792488.
  2. ^ a b "Galdieria Merola, 1982 :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ^ Merola, Aldo; Castaldo, Rosa; Luca, Paolo De; Gambardella, Raffaele; Musacchio, Aldo; Taddei, Roberto (1981). "Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae". Giornale Botanico Italiano. 115 (4–5): 189–195. doi:10.1080/11263508109428026. ISSN 0017-0070.
  4. ^ Albertano, P.; Ciniglia, C.; Pinto, G.; Pollio, A. (2000). "The taxonomic position of Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria: an update". Hydrobiologia. 433 (1/3): 137–143. doi:10.1023/A:1004031123806. S2CID 11634959.
  5. ^ Barbier, G.; Oesterhelt, C.; Larson, M.D.; Halgren, R.G.; Wilkerson, C.; Garavito, R.M.; Benning, C.; Weber, A.P.M. (2005). "Comparative genomics of two closely related unicellular thermo-acidophilic red algae, Galdieria sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon merolae, reveals the molecular basis of the metabolic flexibility of Galdieria sulphuraria and significant differences in carbohydrate metabolism of both algae". Plant Physiology. 137 (2): 406–474. doi:10.1104/pp.104.051169. PMC 1065348. PMID 15710685.
  6. ^ Hirooka, S.; Itabashi, T.; Ichinose, T.M.; Onuma, R; Fujiwara, T.; Yamashita, S.; Jong, L.W.; Tomita, R.; Iwane, A.H; Miyagishima, S.Y (2022). "Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga Galdieria for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use". PNAS. 119 (41): e2210665119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11910665H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2210665119. PMC 9565259. PMID 36194630.
  7. ^ Yoon, H.S.; Ciniglia, C.; Wu, M.; Comeron, J.M.; Pinto, G.; Pollio, A.; Bhattacharya, D. (2006). "Establishment of endolithic populations of extremophilic Cyanidiales (Rhodophyta)". BMC Evol. Biol. 6 (1): 78. Bibcode:2006BMCEE...6...78Y. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-78. PMC 1626084. PMID 17022817.
  8. ^ Rossoni, A.W.; Price, D.C.; Seger, M.; Lyska, D.; Lammers, P.; Bhattacharya, D.; Weber, A.P.M. (2019). "The genomes of polyextremophilic cyanidiales contain 1% horizontally transferred genes with diverse adaptive functions". eLife. 8: e45017. doi:10.7554/eLife.45017. PMC 6629376. PMID 31149898.
  9. ^ Etten, J.V.; Cho, C.H.; Yoon, H.S.; Bhattacharya, D. (2023). "Extremophilic red algae as models for understanding adaptation to hostile environments and the evolution of eukaryotic life on the early earth". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 134: 4–13. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.007. PMID 35339358.
  10. ^ di Cicco, M.R.; Iovinella, M.; Palmieri, M.; Lubritto, C.; Ciniglia, C. (2021). "Extremophilic Microalgae Galdieria Gen. for Urban Wastewater Treatment: Current State, the Case of "POWER" System, and Future Prospects". Plants. 10 (11): 2343. doi:10.3390/plants10112343. PMC 8622319. PMID 34834705.
  11. ^ "Assembly of Galdieria :: NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 Dec 2023.
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