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Geranium

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This article is about the botanical genus called Geranium. For the summer bedding "geranium", see Pelargonium. For other uses, see Geranium (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with germanium.

Geranium
Geranium dissectum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Geraniales
Family: Geraniaceae
Genus: Geranium
L.
Species

See list.

Geranium is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, with the greatest diversity in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.[1]

The palmately cleft leaves are broadly circular in form. The flowers have five petals and are coloured white, pink, purple, or blue, often with distinctive veining.[1] Geraniums will grow in any soil as long as it is not waterlogged.[2] Propagation is by semiripe cuttings in summer, by seed, or by division in autumn or spring.[3]

Geraniums are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail, ghost moth, and mouse moth. At least several species of Geranium are gynodioecious.[4][5][6] The species Geranium viscosissimum (sticky geranium) is considered to be protocarnivorous.[7]

Name

Floral diagram of a Geranium garden hybrid called ‘Ann Thomson’, showing 5 free sepals, 5 free petals, 10 free fertile stamens, and a superior ovary consisting of 5 merged carpels, with 5 style branches

The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek γέρανος (géranos) 'crane'. The English name 'cranesbill' derives from the resemblance of the fruit capsule of some of the species to a crane's head and bill. The ovary portion forms the head and the prolonged stigma creates the appearance of a beak.[8][9]

Description

The flowers are typically five-petaled and white to purple. The leaves are palmate divided into narrow, pointed segments.[8]

The fruit capsule consists of five cells joined to a column produced from the centre of the flower. The cells form lobes which eventually separate, each containing one seed.[8] When the fruit is ripe, the beak-like stigma springs open and casts the ovoid, streamlined seeds some distance, dispersing the seeds.[10]

Confusion with Pelargonium

The "bill" and seed dispersal mechanism of G. pratense

Confusingly, "geranium" is also the common name of members of the genus Pelargonium, which are also in the family Geraniaceae and are widely grown as horticultural bedding plants. Linnaeus originally included all the species in one genus, Geranium, but they were later separated into two genera by Charles L’Héritier in 1789.[11] Other former members of the genus are now classified in Erodium, including the plants known as filarees in North America.[12]

The term "hardy geranium" is often applied to horticultural Geraniums to distinguish them from the Pelargoniums, which are not winter-hardy in temperate horticulture.[13][14] However, not all Geranium species are winter-hardy (see below).[15]

The shape of the flowers offers one way of distinguishing between the two genera Geranium and Pelargonium. Geranium flowers have five very similar petals, and are thus radially symmetrical (actinomorphic), whereas Pelargonium (and also Erodium) flowers have two upper petals which are different from the three lower petals, so the flowers have a single plane of symmetry (zygomorphic).[16][17]

Cultivation

A number of geranium species are cultivated for horticultural use and for pharmaceutical products. Some of the more commonly grown species include:

All the above species are perennials and generally winter-hardy plants, grown for their attractive flowers and foliage. They are long-lived and most have a mounding habit, with palmately lobed foliage. Some species have spreading rhizomes. They are normally grown in part shade to full sun, in well-draining but moisture retentive soils, rich in humus.[18] Other perennial species grown for their flowers and foliage include: Geranium argenteum, G. eriostemon, G. farreri, G. nodosum, G. procurrens, G. pylzowianum, G. renardii, G. traversii, G. tuberosum, G. versicolor, G. wallichianum, and G. wlassovianum. Some of these are not winter-hardy in cold areas and are grown in specialized gardens like rock gardens.[19] Geranium 'Johnson's Blue' is a hybrid between G. himalayense (southwestern China), with G. pratense (European meadow cranesbill).[20]

Cultivars

Close up of a geranium flower (possibly 'Johnson's Blue')

The following hybrid cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (other cultivars are dealt with under their species name - see above):-[21]

  • 'Ann Folkard'[22]
  • 'A. T. Johnson' (G. × oxonianum)[23]
  • 'Ballerina' [24]
  • 'Blue Cloud'[25]
  • Blue Sunrise='Blogold' (PBR) [26]
  • 'Brookside' [27]
  • 'Danny Boy'[28]
  • 'Dilys'[29]
  • 'Gypsy' (G. × lindavicum)[30]
  • 'Ivan' [31]
  • 'Mavis Simpson'[32]
  • 'Nimbus' [33]
  • 'Orion'[34]
  • Patricia='Brempat'[35]
  • Rothbury Gem='Gerfos'[36]
  • Rozanne='Gerwat'[37]
  • 'Russell Prichard'[38]
  • 'Sirak'[39]
  • 'Wageningen'[40]
  • 'Wargrave Pink' (G. × oxonianum)[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Allaby, Michael (26 August 2015). The Dictionary of Science for Gardeners: 6000 Scientific Terms Explored and Explained. Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-483-3. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  2. ^ Tibballs, Geoff (2017-03-09). 100 Plants That Won't Die in Your Garden. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-3800-2.
  3. ^ Brickell, Christopher (2011-08-15). American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7566-7508-0.
  4. ^ Hessing, M.B. 1989. Variation in self-fertility and floral characters of Geranium caespitosum (Geraniaceae) along an elevational gradient. Plant Systematics and Evolution 166:225-241.
  5. ^ Van Etten and Chang 2014. Frequency-dependent pollinator discrimination acts against female plants in the gynodioecious Geranium maculatum Annals of Botany 114:1769–1778
  6. ^ Elzinga, Jelmer A.; Varga, Sandra (2017). "Prolonged stigma and flower lifespan in females of the gynodioecious plant Geranium sylvaticum" (PDF). Flora. 226: 72–81. Bibcode:2017FMDFE.226...72E. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2016.11.007. S2CID 85558947.
  7. ^ Spomer, George G. (1999). "Evidence of Protocarnivorous Capabilities in Geranium viscosissimum and Potentilla arguta and Other Sticky Plants". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 160 (1): 98–101. doi:10.1086/314109. ISSN 1058-5893.
  8. ^ a b c Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 62. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
  9. ^ "Geranium homeanum". Australian Plants Society. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
  10. ^ Stamp, Nancy E.; Lucas, Jeffrey R. (1983). "Ecological Correlates of Explosive Seed Dispersal". Oecologia. 59 (2/3): 272–278. Bibcode:1983Oecol..59..272S. doi:10.1007/BF00378848. ISSN 0029-8549. JSTOR 4217097. PMID 28310244.
  11. ^ Lis-Balchin, Maria (2002-10-03). Geranium and Pelargonium: History of Nomenclature, Usage and Cultivation. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-21653-8.
  12. ^ Armitage, Allan M. (2008-05-01). Herbaceous Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture, and Garden Attributes. Quarto Publishing Group USA. ISBN 978-1-61058-380-0.
  13. ^ Parer, Robin (20 April 2016). The Plant Lover's Guide to Hardy Geraniums. Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-418-5.
  14. ^ "Geranium or Pelargonium? Let's Stop the Confusion". Laidback Gardener. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  15. ^ "Geranium Climate: Sun and Temperature". geraniumpage.com.
  16. ^ Chris (2015-11-28). "Pelargonium incarnatum - Is it a Geranium? No it's a Pelargonium". Phillipskop Mountain Reserve. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  17. ^ "Tom Karwin, On Gardening | Visiting the Geranium family". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 2022-11-24. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  18. ^ Phillips, Ellen; Colston Burrell, C. (1993), Rodale's illustrated encyclopedia of perennials, Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale Press, pp. 373–76, ISBN 978-0-87596-570-3
  19. ^ Jelitto, Leo; Schacht, Wilhelm; Epp, Michael E.; Baumgardt (ed. and transl.), John Philip (1990), Hardy herbaceous perennials, vol. 1, Portland, OR: Timber Press, pp. 260–64, ISBN 978-0-88192-159-5
  20. ^ "Paghat's Garden". Paghat.com. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  21. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 39. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  22. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Ann Folkard' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  23. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Geranium × oxonianum 'A.T. Johnson' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  24. ^ "Geranium (Cinereum Group) 'Ballerina'". RHS. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  25. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Geranium 'Blue Cloud'". Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  26. ^ "Geranium Blue Sunrise='Blogold' (PBR)". RHS. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  27. ^ "Geranium 'Brookside'". RHS. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  28. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Geranium 'Danny Boy'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  29. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Dilys' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  30. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - G. × lindavicum 'Gypsy'". Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  31. ^ "Geranium 'Ivan'". RHS. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  32. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Mavis Simpson' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  33. ^ "Geranium 'Nimbus'". RHS. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  34. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Geranium 'Orion' AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
  35. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Geranium Pattricia = 'Brempat'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  36. ^ "Geranium Rothbury Gem = 'Gerfos'". RHS. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  37. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Geranium ROZANNE= 'Gerwat' PBR AGM / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  38. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Geranium × riversleainum 'Russell Prichard'". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  39. ^ "Geranium 'Sirak'". RHS. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  40. ^ "Geranium × oxonianum 'Wageningen'". RHS. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  41. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Results / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 5 April 2020.

Bibliography

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