Jump to content

Health in Iran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.

As for many developing countries, health issues in Iran stem from a variety of reasons: namely, water and sanitation, diet and fitness, various addictions, mental fitness, communicable diseases, hygiene and the environment.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[1] finds that Iran is fulfilling 88.6% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[2] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Iran achieves 96.5% of what is expected based on its current income.[2] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 98.8% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.[2] Iran falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 70.6% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.[2]

Water and sanitation

See also: Water safety plan and Water supply and sanitation in Iran

Iran has one of the highest percentages of population in the Middle East with access to safe drinking water, with an estimate of 92% of its people enjoying such access (nearly 100% in urban areas and about 80% in rural areas as of 2007).[3][4]

There is a considerable shortfall in sewage treatment; for example, in Tehran the majority of the population has no wastewater treatment, with raw sewage being injected directly into the groundwater.[5] As the water crisis deepens with an expanding population, this pollution of groundwater causes increasing health risks.

Nutrition and fitness

See also: Agriculture in Iran, Cuisine of Iran, Sport in Iran, List of countries by percentage of population suffering from undernourishment, and Codex Alimentarius
Percentage of national population suffering from malnutrition, according to United Nations statistics

Nutrition

Forty-five million Iranians face inadequate nutrition according to Iranian officials.[6] Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad, Sistan-Baluchistan, Hormozgan, Kerman and Khuzestan as provinces that face malnutrition or food insecurity.[6]

Diet, food ingredients and junk food

The soft drinks industry is valued at about $2 billion a year. As of 2008, Iran produces about 3 billion litres of different types of soft drinks to address consumption of 46 litres per capita, and they export more than 12% of its production. Increased awareness with regards to the damages of carbonated drinks and sugar, and high levels of diabetes has created a move towards healthier products.[7]

Food safety and packaging

The Codex Commission of Food Stuff, established in 2002 is in charge of setting and developing standards and quality and health regulations, related to the production of and trade in raw agricultural products and food stuffs, in accordance with the different global standards. Tainted meat has been imported according to Iranian authorities.[8] Uncontrolled use of pesticides is also a problem. Despite the potential health hazards caused by GM food and government restrictions on the production of biotech products, Iran imports $5 billion of genetically modified crops a year because of laxed laws (2015).[9]

Obesity

In 1988, Iran was one of the top seven countries with the highest rate of childhood obesity. In 2005, 33.7% of adults were at risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Eight million Iranians already live with this syndrome.[10] In 1995, 24.7% of boys and 26.8% of girls age 6 were overweight.

One of the major reasons for increased obesity is urbanization. In 2005, an average Iranian citizen consumed 42 liters of soda per year, as well as 40% more carbohydrates, 30% more fat, and 40% more food than the body needs. The greater availability of fast food and junk food in combination with a low activity lifestyle has contributed to the obesity trend.[10] Other factors include the impact of technology and a high consumption of rice and bread. Many families with a moderate income are limited in the foods they are able to afford, resulting in a higher incidence of obese children. However, childhood obesity is not a concern because it is believed that these children will outgrow their fatness as they age. The health impact of childhood obesity is unknown. The tendency of obesity is increasing among children.[11] The outbreak of obesity is increasing amid both girls and boys in civic area but sometimes it shows decrease in boys and girls in rustic area. Overweight should be observed as a preference and to be considered in relation with expansion of the different areas and districts.[12]

Physical fitness

As an additional measure of public health and inefficient food distribution, about thirteen percent of the young people are classified as obese, according to the United Nations FAO sources. According to the government of Iran, about 60 percent of Iranians are overweight and 35 percent of women and 15 percent of men suffer from obesity in Iran.[13] Despite the young age of many Iranians, only 20 percent of Iranians are physically active while the world average is 60 percent.[14] 30% of Iranian youths never play any sports.[15]

Communicable diseases & addictions

Immunization of children is accessible to most of the urban and rural population.[16]

Cholera

See also: Hygiene in Iran

Cholera has been a persistent problem in Iran. In the 2005 epidemic which involved loss of lives, state television warned people not to eat vegetables or buy ice blocks on the streets.[17] Salads were also banned in some restaurants. The 1998 epidemic involved considerably more cases and loss of life.

HIV/AIDS

See also: Prostitution in Iran and LGBT rights in Iran § HIV/AIDS

Increased drug use has driven up the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2005 two-thirds of the official total of 9,800 HIV cases were attributed to drug use. Iran has established a national HIV treatment system, including 150 testing sites and a free needle exchange program.[18]

According to the United Nations, AIDS has been increasing in Iran at a rapid rate.[19] The major factor fuelling the epidemic until now has been injecting drug use, while there is an increase in sexual transmission of the disease. An estimated 14% of people who inject drugs countrywide were living with HIV in 2007.[20] In 2009, men account for 93 percent of the HIV patients, and women comprise 7 percent of the infected population.[21]

The rate of the epidemic in Iran is however still very low compared to international standards. Iran has a low prevalence of HIV infections with a rate of about 0.16 percent of the adult population (18,000 cases, officially) compared with 0.8 percent in North America (2008).[22] But according to the WHO, as of the end of 2009, there are more than 100,000 AIDS sufferers in Iran (approximately 0.135% of the Iranian population).[citation needed]

Illegal drugs

See also: Opium in Iran, Anti-money laundering law in Iran, and Crime in Iran

Drug addiction constitutes a major health problem. Iran is situated along one of the main trafficking routes for cannabis, heroin, opium and morphine produced in Afghanistan, and designer drugs have also found their way into the local market in recent years. Iran ranks first worldwide in the prevalence of opiate addiction with 2.8% of its population addicted.[23] Initiation age for most Iranian addicts is their 20s.[24] Hundreds of drug production laboratories have been set up in Pakistan and Afghanistan.[25] Iran's police said in April 2009 that 7,700 tonnes of opium was produced in Afghanistan in 2008, of which 3000 tonnes entered Iran, adding that the force had managed to seize 1000 tonnes of the smuggled opium.[26] Iran spent over 600 million dollars in just the last two years to dig canals, build barriers and install barbed wire to seal off the country's crime-infested borders.[27]

Iran discovers 3 tons of drugs daily.[28][29] In 2005, estimates of the number of drug addicts ranged from 2 to 4 million (1.2 million according to the Government).[30] Reasons for addiction include lack of economic prospects among the youth and lack of freedom. In a 2014 survey, 30.6% of the youth considered financial issues as their biggest concern, while 28.9% chose unemployment, 10.8% university acceptance, and 7.5% marriage issues as their biggest worries.[15]

Smoking

Main article: Smoking in Iran
See also: Smuggling in Iran

Iran has implemented a strict smoking ban in all public places. By 2007, smoking decreased to 11%. However, the rate of smokers in the general population increased again significantly in recent years. As of 2018, this rate stands at 14%.[31] According to the new law, smoking is prohibited in all public organizations, hotels, restaurants, tea houses and coffee shops.[32] Also forbidden is the offering and smoking of ghalyun, the traditional Persian waterpipe, which is a must in Iranian tea houses. A smoking ban for all car drivers nationwide was implemented since March 2006, and although offenders could face fines, the ban was widely ignored by the drivers. Also selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 would result in confiscation of the vendor's tobacco products and a cash fine. Repeated violations would lead to high cash fines.

About 20% of adult male and 4.5% of adult female population in the country smoke tobacco (12 million smokers according to some estimates).[33][34] 60,000 Iranians die directly or indirectly due to smoking every year (2008).[35] Smoking is responsible for 25% of death in the country.[34] Approx. 54bn-60bn cigarettes are believed to be consumed annually in Iran.[36] Around 2.7bn cigarettes are smuggled into Iran annually, according to officials from the state-owned Iranian Tobacco Company (ITC), on top of another 26.7bn which are imported legally (2008).[16] Imports of cigarettes, tobacco, cigars, cigarette paper, cigarette tips are subject to government monopoly.[37] Iranians spend more than $1.8 billion a year on tobacco.[36] According to a 2010 law, smokers henceforth will not be appointed to senior government jobs.[36]

Air pollution

See also: Environmental issues in Iran

Some sources say Iran's air pollution is some of the worst in the world.[38] The prevalence of respiratory diseases and cancers in Iran is increasing at a significant rate, also because of air pollution in Tehran.[39] It is estimated that 5 million Iranian children suffer from asthma.[40] The World Bank estimates losses inflicted on Iran's economy as a result of deaths caused by air pollution at $640 million, which is equal to 5.1 trillion rials or 0.57 percent of GDP.[41] Substandard gasoline and imported car brakes are also a reported health hazard/air pollutant according to the authorities.

Alcohol consumption

See also: Alcohol in Iran and Beer in Iran

Prohibited in Iran because of the Islamic law, except for non-Muslims who can legally consume alcoholic beverages in private. Alcohol smuggling into Iran was estimated at nearly $1 billion in 2010.[42][43] More than 200,000 people in Iran are estimated to be involved in bootlegging. Many rely on what's made in people's basements or gardens in unsanitary conditions.[44]

COVID-19

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Iran

Iran has been among the worst affected countries by the COVID-19 2019-pandemic claiming thousands of lives in the country (2020).

Family planning

See also: Family planning in Iran, Demography of Iran, Abortion in Iran, and Women's rights in Iran

The Islamic Republic of Iran has a comprehensive and effective program of family planning. While Iran's population grew at a rate of more than 3% per year between 1956 and 1986, the growth rate began to decline in the late 1980s and early 1990s after the government initiated a major population control program. By 2007 the growth rate had declined to 0.7 percent per year, with a birth rate of 17 per 1,000 persons and a death rate of 6 per 1,000.[45] Reports by the UN show birth control policies in Iran to be effective with the country topping the list of greatest fertility decreases. UN's Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs says that between 1975 and 1980, the total fertility number was 6.5. The projected level for Iran's 2005 to 2010 birth rate is fewer than two.[46][47] As at 2012, more than half of Iran's population is under 35 years old. Authorities are now slashing its birth-control programs in an attempt to avoid an aging demographic similar to many Western countries that are struggling to keep up with state medical and social security costs.[47] One fifth of all couples are infertile.[48]

Leading causes of mortality

Historical development of life expectancy in Iran, discriminated by biological sex. (1960-2021)
See also: Road accidents in Iran and Preventive medicine
Healthcare in Iran (Source: EIU)[16] 2005 2006 2007 2008 est. 2009 est. 2010 est.
Life expectancy, average (years) 70.0 70.3 70.6 70.9 71.1 71.4
Healthcare spending (% of GDP) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
Healthcare spending ($ per head) 113 132 150 191 223 261

In the early 2000s the main natural causes of death have been cardiovascular disease and cancer. Cancer Research Center of Iran says 41,000 Iranians die of cancer each year.[49] According to Iran's Health Ministry, the most fatal cancer for men across the country is stomach cancer and for women is breast cancer with 90,000 new cancer cases reported each year (2015).[50]

According to Ministry of Health and Medical Education, in 2003, 41% of total deaths were due to diseases of the circulatory system. Myocardial infarction as the cause of 25% of deaths was the leading cause of mortality among the population.[51]

Addiction is the fourth major cause of death in Iran following road accidents, heart disease and depression.[52]

From 2001 to 2010, over 438,000 Iranians have died from "unnatural deaths" such as electric shocks, gas poisoning, and drug intoxication.[53] 4,055 people committed suicide in 2013 and the number of suicides is on the rise. In 2013, the Association of Social Workers of Iran indicated that 61,000 people committed suicide in Iran from 2001 to 2011.[54]

According to Iran's parliamentary committee on health and treatment in 2015, 12 million Iranians suffer from mental illnesses (mostly stemming from economic reasons).[55] According to the ministry of health, mental issues among women is a major problem and it is the second cause of death and disabilities among men.[55]

Women's health in Iran

See also: Women in Iran

Similar to other countries, health of Iranian women plays a crucial role in well-being and economic growth of their society. Over the years, there has been significant progress in improving physical, mental and social health of women in this country. However, various obstacles have remained to be overcome to achieve the optimal well-being of Iranian women. Therefore, it is important to understand their challenges and the underlying explanations behind them.

Physical Health

Life Expectancy

According to WHO data published in 2018, life expectancy at birth in Iran is 76.9 years for women and 74.6 for men, which is above global average: 74 years for female and for 70 years for males.[56] The leading causes of death in Iranian women is non-communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases (179 per 100,000 death).[57] This can partly be due to their lack of physical activity. According to National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Iran (SuRFNCD -2007), 35% of the Iranian population of which 46% are women had a sedentary life style. In general, Iranian women have three times less physical activity than men.[58]

Maternal Health

In 1975, maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) in Iran was 274, however, by year 2015, it dropped to 25 by 2015, which is comparable with developed countries. Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG5) suggested 5.5% reduction per year in MMR. Iran is one of the countries, which was able to achieve the goal of MDG5 with reduction of 75% by the year 2015. The main cause of maternal mortality among Iranian women is obstetric hemorrhage (30.7%) followed by hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (17%). Maternal mortality occurs more frequent in rural and nomadic areas of Iran. It is estimated that 90% of these mothers had poor economic status when compared to the middle or high-class groups.[59]

Sexual Health

Sexually transmitted infection (STIs)

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) and chlamydia are two of the STIs with high prevalence among Iranian women. Two different studies on female sex workers showed the prevalence of HSV2 to be 9.7% and 18%.[citation needed] In some areas of Iran, the prevalence of chlamydia infection in Iran is higher than global and Eastern Mediterranean Region prevalence. The global estimate for chlamydia among women is reported to be 3.53% and for the Eastern Mediterranean Region is estimated to be 2.15%.[60]

HIV-1 prevalence among Iranian women

By 2018, of the 60,000 adults living with HIV in Iran, 15,000 (25%) are woman.[61] The proportion of women among those infected with HIV-1 has steadily increased from 6% in 2004 to 30% in 2013.[62] Sexual transmission is the main route of HIV-1 infection among Iranian women. It has been suggested that the number of HIV-1 infected individuals are much higher; however, social stigma and discrimination might prevent many Iranians, in particular women, from admitting they are infected.[63]

Summary of HIV/AIDS estimates among Iranian women and compared to national statistics [61]
Adult and children living with HIV 61,000 (34,000 – 120,000)
Women living with HIV 15,000 (8900 – 30,000)
Adult and children deaths due to AIDS 2600 (1400 – 5100)
Death due to AIDS among women aged 15 and over <500
Adult and children newly infected with HIV 4400 (1100 – 12,000)
Women newly infected with HIV 1000 (<500 – 3000)
Coverage of adults and children receiving ART (%) 20 (11 – 39)
Women aged 15 and over receiving ART (%) 27 (16 – 53)
Coverage of pregnant women who receive ARV for PMTCT (%) 81 (41 – >95)
Knowledge about HIV prevention among people aged 15–24 (%) 18.27
Knowledge about HIV prevention among women aged 15–24 (%) 16.21

Social health and women empowerment

In 2018, Iran was ranked 142 out of 149 for Global Gender Gap Index (GGI score: 0.589). As the women in many parts of the world, the gender gap in Iran is evident in all sub-indices including economic participation and opportunity (rank: 143; score: 0.376), political empowerment (rank: 141; score: 0.046), educational attempt (rank: 103; score: 0.969) and health and survival (rank: 127; score 0.966).[64]

Iran's Global Gender Gap index (GGI) between 2006-2018 [65]
Year Gender gap ranking GGI
2018 142 0.5890
2017 140 0.5830
2016 139 0.5875
2015 141 0.5800
2014 137 0.5811
2013 130 0.5842
2012 127 0.5927
2011 125 0.5894
2010 123 0.5933
2009 128 0.5839
2008 116 0.6021
2007 118 0.5903
2006 108 0.5803

Child marriage

It is estimated that 17% of Iranian girls under age of 18 are married. However, thousands of such marriages are not officially registered. Child marriage in Iran is mainly driven by gender inequality, religion, poverty and traditional costume. In line with target 5.3 of Sustainable Development Goals, Iran has made a commitment to eliminate child marriage by 2030.[66]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  2. ^ a b c d "Iran - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  3. ^ "Safe Drinking Water" (PDF). Unicef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  4. ^ "WHO/UNICEF - "JMP" Joint Monitoring Program - WSSINFO" (PDF). 5 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  5. ^ http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309092930/html/217.html [permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b "Officials warn millions of Iranians suffer from poor diet". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  7. ^ "Resources - Soft Drinks". Atieh Bahar. 2008-10-20. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  8. ^ "YouTube". Youtube.com. Retrieved 15 August 2018.[dead YouTube link]
  9. ^ "Genetically Modified Crops Growing In Iran Amid Lax Laws". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  10. ^ a b Malekzadeh, Reza (2005). Obesity Pandemic: An Iranian Perspective.
  11. ^ Nouri Saeidlou, Sakineh; Babaei, Fariba; Ayremlou, Parvin (15 August 2018). "Malnutrition, Overweight, and Obesity among Urban and Rural Children in North of West Azerbijan, Iran". Journal of Obesity. 2014: 541213. doi:10.1155/2014/541213. PMC 4058201. PMID 24971170.
  12. ^ Saeidlou, Sakineh Nouri; Rezaiegoyjeloo, Fatemeh; Ayremlou, Parvin; Babaie, Fariba (1 January 2016). "Changes of overweight and obesity prevalence among school children in North West of Iran after 3 years follow-up (2009-2011): A longitudinal study". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 7 (1). Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  13. ^ "Health Minister: 60% of Iranians are overweight". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 2021-08-06. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  14. ^ "Vast majority of Iranians don't get regular exercise". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  15. ^ a b "67.4% of Iranian youths use internet: Survey - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 2015-01-14. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  16. ^ a b c "Iran: Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals Forecast". Economist Intelligence Unit. August 18, 2008.
  17. ^ "Iranian.ws - Iranian Resources and Information". Archived from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  18. ^ "Country profile - US library of Congress" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  19. ^ "Countries". Unaids.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  20. ^ "Graphs: Iran in UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  21. ^ "Surge in Iran's AIDS death rate". Payvand.com. 2009-03-21. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  22. ^ "Iran fights rise in sexually transmitted HIV". Reuters. 2008-11-25.
  23. ^ "United Nations World Drug Report 2010 and Iran". Payvand.com. 2010-06-24. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  24. ^ Tabei, S. Z.; Heydari, S. T.; Mehrabani, D.; Shamsina, S. J.; Ahmadi, J.; Firouzi, S. M. (2006). "Current substance use in patients with gastric cancer in Southern Iran Tabei SZ, Heydari ST, Mehrabani D, Shamsina SJ, Ahmadi J, Firouzi SM - J Can Res Ther". Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2 (4): 182–5. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.29828. hdl:1807/46808. PMID 17998701.
  25. ^ "Iran Daily - Society - 06/28/09". 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  26. ^ "Iran has 1.2 million drug addicts". AFP. 2009-05-07.
  27. ^ "Archived copy". www.iran-daily.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ "Iran discovers 3 tons of drugs daily: Police Chief". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  29. ^ "3 tons of drugs seized in Iran every day: police". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  30. ^ "ILLICIT DRUGS SITUATION IN THE REGIONS : NEIGHBOURING AFGHANISTAN AND THE RESPONSE OF ODCCP" (PDF). Unodc.org. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  31. ^ Erlich, Reese (29 January 2018). "Iran Is Losing Its Jihad on Tobacco". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  32. ^ "Smoking ban in public places in Iran to go into effect from September 22nd". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  33. ^ "وب سایتهای ایرنا - Irna". Archived from the original on 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  34. ^ a b "25% of death in Iran caused by tobacco: Minister". Payvand.com. 2009-05-31. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  35. ^ "Iran Compulsory Rules". The Smokers Club, Inc. 2007-12-22. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  36. ^ a b c "No. 3732 | National | Page 3". Iran-daily.com. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  37. ^ "Iran Profile - Doing business for Australian Exporters". 2006-10-04. Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  38. ^ "Air in Tehran 'unbreathable' as pollution peaks". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  39. ^ "Iran Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Report Q2". Payvand.com. 2009-03-25. Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  40. ^ "MehrNews.com - Iran, world, political, sport, economic news and headlines". 3 June 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  41. ^ "Iran Daily - Front Page - 03/06/07". Archived from the original on 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
  42. ^ "Iran - Havocscope Black Markets". Havocscope.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  43. ^ "Havocscope Black Markets Listing - Havocscope Black Markets". Havocscope.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  44. ^ "Iran confronts its alcohol problem - latimes.com". Los Angeles Times. 10 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  45. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  46. ^ "Iran tops world in birth control". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  47. ^ a b "International News | World News - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  48. ^ "One in every five Iranian couple is infertile: Expert". 3 August 2019.
  49. ^ "Statistics show Iran's cancer rate rising fast". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  50. ^ "Health Ministry reveals most deadly cancers for Iranians". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  51. ^ "Iran Health Indicators and Health Care System". Iranpharmaceutical.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  52. ^ "وب سایتهای ایرنا - Irna". Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
  53. ^ "Over 0.4 million lost lives in Iran in 10 years due to accidents". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
  54. ^ "Iran: Coroner's office concerned by increase in suicides". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  55. ^ a b "Psychologist Rejects the 12 Million Figures but Agrees: Iranian Society Suffers from Depression and Leans Towards Violence". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  56. ^ "worldlifeexpectancy".
  57. ^ "IHME".
  58. ^ Sahebkar, M.; Heidarian Miri, H.; Noormohammadpour, P.; Akrami, R.; Mansournia, N.; Tavana, B.; Mansournia, M.A.; Stamatakis E. (2018). "Prevalence and correlates of low physical activity in the Iranian population: national survey on non-communicable diseases in 2011". Scand J Med Sci Sports. 28 (8): 1916–1924. doi:10.1111/sms.13082. PMID 29528518. S2CID 4448577.
  59. ^ Zalvand, R.; Tajvar, M.; Pourreza, A.; Asheghi, H. (2019). "Determinants and causes of maternal mortality in Iran based on ICD-MM: a systematic review". Reprod Health. 16 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0676-y. PMC 6368742. PMID 30736803.
  60. ^ "Prevalence and incidence of selected sexually transmitted infections" (PDF).
  61. ^ a b "Country factsheets - ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN (2018)".
  62. ^ Zarei, E.; Khabiri, R.; Tajvar, M.; Nosratnejad, S. (2018). "Knowledge of and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among Iranian women". Epidemiol Health. 40: e2018037. doi:10.4178/epih.e2018037. PMC 6232658. PMID 30081620.
  63. ^ Mozafari, M.; Mayer, K.H. (2017). "Social change and HIV in Iran: reaching hidden populations". The Lancet HIV. 4 (7): e282–e283. doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(17)30113-3. PMID 28668183.
  64. ^ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2018" (PDF).
  65. ^ "The Global Gender Gap Index".
  66. ^ "Child marriage".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Iran&oldid=1250373712"