Ipomoea corymbosa
| Ipomoea corymbosa | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Convolvulaceae |
| Genus: | Ipomoea |
| Species: | I. corymbosa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Ipomoea corymbosa (L.) Roth
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
List
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Ipomoea corymbosa is a species of morning glory, native throughout Latin America from Mexico as far south as Peru and widely naturalised elsewhere. Its common names include Christmasvine,[2] Christmaspops, and snakeplant.[3]
Description and names
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2016) |
Known to natives of north and central Mexico by its Nahuatl name, coaxihuitl and by the south eastern natives as xtabentún (in Mayan), it is a perennial climbing vine with white flowers, often grown as an ornamental plant. Its flowers secrete copious amount of nectar, and the honey that bees make from it is very clear and aromatic. It also grows in Cuba, where it usually blooms from early December to February. It is considered one of the main honey plants of the island.
This plant is often used for purposes other than recreation, as natives of Mexico consider the flour produced from its seeds (distinguished as ololiuhqui ("round things")) a tool for divination and communion with spirits. Because of the widespread use among native tribes, Colonial rules initially feared ololiuhqui and banned it introducing harsh punishments for users.[4]
Chemical properties
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2016) |
The Nahuatl word ololiuhqui means "round thing", and refers to the small, brown, oval seeds of the morning glory,[5] not the plant itself, which is called coaxihuitl (“snake-plant") in Nahuatl, and hiedra, bejuco or quiebraplatos in the Spanish language. The seeds, in Spanish, are sometimes called semilla de la Virgen (seeds of the Virgin Mary).[citation needed] While little of it is known outside of Mexico, its seeds were perhaps the most common psychedelic drug used by the natives.[6]
In 1941, Richard Evans Schultes first identified ololiuhqui as Turbina corymbosa and the chemical composition was first described in 1960 in a paper by Albert Hofmann.[7] The seeds contain ergine (LSA), an ergoline alkaloid which is also present in ergot of rye and is similar in structure to LSD. Ergot of rye was part of the Kykeon, the drink which was a component of the Eleusinian mysteries.[8] The psychedelic properties of Turbina corymbosa and a comparison of the potency of different varieties were studied in the Central Intelligence Agency's MKULTRA Subproject 22 in 1956.
My chemical investigations of Ololiuhqui seeds led to the unexpected discovery that the entheogenic principles of Ololiuhqui are alkaloids, especially lysergic acid amide, which exhibits a very close relationship to lysergic acid diethylamide (=ʟsᴅ). It follows therefrom that ʟsᴅ, which hitherto had been considered to be a synthetic product of the laboratory, actually belongs to the group of sacred Mexican drugs.
— Albert Hofmann, Burg i.L., Switzerland, November 1992[9]
Distribution
This species is an invasive species to the United States,[10] Europe (Spain),[10] and Australia,[11] where it has become more naturalized.
See also
References
- ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 12 April 2016
- ^ NRCS. "Turbina corymbosa". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "Turbina corymbosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
- ^ Schultes, R.E. (2014). A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF RIVEA CORYMBOSA THE NARCOTIC OLOLIUQUI OF THE AZTECS. Botanical Museum of Harvard University.
- ^ Carod-Artal, FJ (2015). "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures". Neurologia. 30 (1): 42–9. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003. PMID 21893367.
- ^ Ruck, Carl A. P. (2006). Sacred Mushrooms of the Goddess: The Secrets of Eleusis. Berkeley, California: Ronin Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57951-030-5
“Ololiuhqui was far more prominent as an entheogen here in Mesoamerica than those mushrooms; the mushrooms are mentioned only here and there by a few competent chroniclers; yet almost an entire book was devoted to denouncing mainly the ololiuhqui idolatry. The annals of the Inquisition contain many times more autos de fe for ololiuhqui than for mushrooms.” Jonathan Ott, 15. Mixing the Kykeon Anew (section: Ergine){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Hofmann, A; Tscherter, H (15 September 1960). "Isolation of lysergic acid alkaloids from the Mexican drug ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hall.f.)". Experientia. 16: 414. doi:10.1007/bf02178840. PMID 13715089. S2CID 40460179.
- ^ Rätsch, Ch (1998). Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen (3rd ed.). Aarau: AT Verlag. ISBN 3-85502-570-3.
- ^ Ott, Jonathan (1996) [1993-07]. "Foreword". Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History (2nd Edition, Densified ed.). Natural Products Co. p. 13. ISBN 9780961423490.
- ^ a b Areces-Berazain, Fabiola (2016), Invasive Species Compendium, doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.117701, retrieved 12 April 2016
- ^ Business and Industry Portal, Queensland Government, 2015-10-30, archived from the original on 2016-05-13, retrieved 12 April 2016
External links
