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Liberal Party of Australia

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This article is about the modern federal Liberal Party. For state/territory Liberal Party articles, see List of state divisions of the Liberal Party of Australia. For the Liberal party active in Australia from 1909 to 1916, see Liberal Party (Australia, 1909).

Liberal Party of Australia
Abbreviation
LeaderPeter Dutton
Deputy LeaderSussan Ley
Senate LeaderSimon Birmingham
Deputy Senate LeaderMichaelia Cash
PresidentJohn Olsen
FounderRobert Menzies[a]
Founded13 October 1944; 80 years ago (13 October 1944)[b]
Preceded byUnited Australia
HeadquartersR. G. Menzies House, Barton, Australian Capital Territory
Think tankMenzies Research Centre
Student wingLiberal Students' Federation
Youth wingYoung Liberals
Women's wingFederal Women's Committee
Overseas wingAustralian Liberals Abroad[9]
Membership (2020)Increase70,000–80,000[10][11]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right to right-wing[A]
National affiliationLiberal–National Coalition
Regional affiliationAsia Pacific Democrat Union
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Colours  Blue
Governing bodyFederal Council
Party branches
House of Representatives
40 / 151
[d]
Senate
24 / 76
[e]
State and territorial governments
3 / 8
State and territorial lower house members
165 / 465
State upper house members
41 / 155
Website
www.liberal.org.au
^ A: The right-wing branch is found in the National Right faction, in which a plurality of federal Liberal party politicians belong to.[12][failed verification][13][14]

The Liberal Party of Australia is a centre-right[17][18] political party in Australia.[19] It is one of the two major parties in Australian politics, the other being the Australian Labor Party. The Liberal Party was founded in 1944 as the successor to the United Australia Party. Historically the most successful political party in Australia’s history, the Liberal Party is now in opposition at a federal level, although it presently holds government in Tasmania, Queensland and the Northern Territory at a sub-national level.

The Liberal Party is the dominant partner in the Coalition with the National Party of Australia. At the federal level, the Liberal Party has been in coalition with the National Party (under various names) in both government and opposition since its creation, with only brief interruptions.[20] The Coalition was most recently in power from the 2013 federal election to the 2022 federal election, forming the Abbott (2013–2015), Turnbull (2015–2018) and Morrison (2018–2022) governments. The current party leader is Peter Dutton, who replaced former prime minister Scott Morrison as leader after the Coalition's defeat at the 2022 federal election. Two past leaders of the party, Sir Robert Menzies and John Howard, are Australia's two longest-serving Prime Ministers.

The Liberal Party has a federal structure, with autonomous divisions in all six states and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The Country Liberal Party (CLP) of the Northern Territory is an affiliate.[21] Both the CLP and the Liberal National Party (LNP), the Queensland state division, were formed through mergers of the local Liberal and National parties. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in two states and one territory. The party is in opposition in the states of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia, and in the ACT.

The party's ideology has been referred to as liberal,[22][23][24][25] conservative,[26][27][28] liberal-conservative,[29][30] conservative-liberal,[31] and classical liberal.[32] The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism[28] and social conservatism.[33] The National Right faction of the Liberal Party has also been referred to as right-wing,[12][13][34][14] and right-wing populist.[28]

History

Party foundation

Main articles: Lyons government and Menzies government (1939–1941)
See also: United Australia Party

The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade (Anti-socialist) Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.

The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives.[35] With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election. In New South Wales, the party merged with the Commonwealth Party to form the Democratic Party,[36] In Queensland the state party was absorbed into the Queensland People's Party.[37]

From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of "The Forgotten People" radio talks—similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's fireside chats of the 1930s—in which he spoke of the middle class as the "backbone of Australia" but as nevertheless having been "taken for granted" by political parties.[38][39]

Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944.[6][7][8] Outlining his vision for a new political movement, Menzies said:[40]

[W]hat we must look for, and it is a matter of desperate importance to our society, is a true revival of liberal thought which will work for social justice and security, for national power and national progress, and for the full development of the individual citizen, though not through the dull and deadening process of socialism.

The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945.[8] It took the name Liberal in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal Party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.[8]

In New South Wales, the New South Wales division of the Liberal Party replaced the Liberal Democratic Party and Democratic Party between January and April 1945.[41][42] In Queensland, the Queensland People's Party did not become part of the Liberal Party until July 1949, when it became the Queensland division of the Liberal Party.

Menzies era

Main article: Menzies government (1949–1966)
Sir Robert Menzies, founder of the Liberal Party and prime minister 1939–41 (UAP) and 1949–66
Sir Robert Menzies, Dame Enid Lyons (the first female member of an Australian Cabinet), Sir Eric Harrison, Harold Holt (Menzies' successor) and Tom White, in 1946.

After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years— the longest unbroken run ever in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies government (1949–66) and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children, as well as for others.[43] While himself an unashamed Anglophile, Menzies' government concluded a number of major defence and trade treaties that set Australia on its post-war trajectory out of Britain's orbit; opened up Australia to multi-ethnic immigration; and instigated important legal reforms regarding Aboriginal Australians.

Menzies was strongly opposed to Labor's plans under Ben Chifley to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory at the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate rejected his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was re-elected again at the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to secure another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958—their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time at the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.[44]

Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Chinese Communist Party to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-Communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s.[45] Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the trade union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.[46]

In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954, the Menzies government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.[47]

In 1956, a committee headed by Sir Keith Murray was established to inquire into the financial plight of Australia's universities, and Menzies injected funds into the sector under conditions which preserved the autonomy of universities.

Menzies continued the expanded immigration programme established under Chifley, and took important steps towards dismantling the White Australia Policy. In the early-1950s, external affairs minister Percy Spender helped to establish the Colombo Plan for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under that scheme many future Asian leaders studied in Australia.[48] In 1958, the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria.[49][50] In 1962, Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen).[51] In 1949, the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and British Commonwealth but formalised an alliance with the United States and concluded the Agreement on Commerce between Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957 and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.

Menzies retired in 1966 as Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister in history.

Holt government

Main article: Holt government
Harold Holt, Prime Minister 1966–67
Prime Minister Harold Holt (second from left), with SEATO leaders in Manila, in 1966. The Liberal Party was in power through much of the early Post-War period in which Australia's allegiances, immigration and trade policies shifted away from reliance on the United Kingdom.

Harold Holt replaced the retiring Robert Menzies in 1966 and the Holt government went on to win 82 seats to Labor's 41 at the 1966 election.[52] Holt remained prime minister until 19 December 1967, when he was declared presumed dead two days after disappearing in rough surf in which he had gone for a swim. His body has never been found.

Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census – the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted "Yes"). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest.[53]

Gorton government

Main article: Gorton government
John Gorton, Prime Minister 1968–71
John Gorton being sworn in as prime minister by Lord Casey on 10 January 1968. Gorton led Australia into the tumultuous decade of the 1970s. Gorton declared himself "Australian to the bootheels" and increased funding for Australian cinema and arts to project a newly assertive Australian nationalism.

The Liberals chose John Gorton to replace Holt. Gorton, a former World War II Royal Australian Air Force pilot, with a battle scarred face, said he was "Australian to the bootheels" and had a personal style which often affronted some conservatives.

The Gorton government increased funding for the arts, setting up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. The Gorton government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions, allowances and education scholarships, as well as providing free health care to 250,000 of the nation's poor (but not universal health care). Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970.[54]

Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister". In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50, and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader, Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him, and he resigned.[54]

McMahon government and Snedden's opposition leadership

Main article: McMahon government
William McMahon, Prime Minister 1971–72
McMahon at a campaign rally in Springvale, Victoria during the 1972 federal election.
Billy Snedden, Opposition Leader 1972–75

Foreign Affairs minister William McMahon replaced Gorton as prime minister. Gorton initially served as McMahon's deputy leader as well as Defence Minister, although Gorton would be forced to resign in August 1971 by McMahon on the grounds of "disloyalty". Treasurer Billy Snedden replaced Gorton as deputy and Fraser was reinstated into the ministry, although Fraser remained unpopular within Liberal ranks for some time over the events of March 1971; Gorton never forgave Fraser and never spoke to him again.

The economy was weakening as the post-war economic boom was drawing to a close. McMahon withdrew Australia's remaining combat troops from Vietnam, but criticised Opposition leader Gough Whitlam for visiting the communist People's Republic of China in July 1971 — only to have the US President Richard Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger announce a planned visit soon after.[55]

Billy Snedden and Andrew Peacock on 12 October 1973. They were the first two Liberal leaders who never got to serve as Prime Minister.

During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament.[56] Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament. Bonner went on to win election at the 1972 election and served as a Liberal Senator for 12 years. He worked on Indigenous and social welfare issues and proved an independent minded Senator, often crossing the floor on Parliamentary votes.[57]

The McMahon government ended when Gough Whitlam led the Australian Labor Party out of its 23-year period in Opposition at the 1972 election. Following Whitlam's victory, John Gorton played a further role in reform in October 1973 by successfully moving a motion, seconded by Labor minister Moss Cass, which decriminalised homosexuality on a federal and territory level.

Billy Snedden led the party against Whitlam in the 1974 federal election, which saw a return of the Labor government. When Malcolm Fraser won the Liberal Party leadership from Snedden in 1975, Gorton walked out of the Party Room, and quit the party shortly afterwards; he would go on to denounce the dismissal of the Whitlam Government, and endorsed and voted for Labor in the 1975 election.[58]

Fraser years

Main article: Fraser government
Malcolm Fraser, Prime Minister 1975–83
Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser (second right) and Tamie Fraser (left) with US President Ronald Reagan and Nancy at the White House in 1982. Fraser came to power amidst the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, but went on to lead Australia into the 1980s.

Following the 1974–75 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser-led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam government was incompetent and so delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, yet Fraser insisted, leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was controversially dismissed by the governor-general, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker prime minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.

Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His majority included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands.[This quote needs a citation] The Fraser government also established the multicultural broadcaster SBS,[59] accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism, but Liberal minister Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new centrist-social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977.

The Liberals under Fraser won substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, but a significant program of economic reform was never pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states' rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982.[60] The Liberal Party lost to the Bob Hawke-led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.[61]

Opposition (1983–1996)

Andrew Peacock, Opposition Leader 1983–85, 1989–90
John Hewson, Opposition Leader 1990–94
Alexander Downer, Opposition Leader 1994–95

A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former foreign minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document—a radical collection of dry (economic liberal) measures including the introduction of a goods and services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises − representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic policies practised by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centrepiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST—leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted into law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.

Howard government

Main article: Howard government
John Howard, Prime Minister 1996–2007
Prime Minister John Howard with APEC leaders in Sydney in 2007. Howard supported the traditional icons of Australian identity and its international allegiances, but oversaw booming trade with Asia and increased non-European immigration.

Labor's Paul Keating lost the 1996 Election to the Liberals' John Howard. The Liberals had been in Opposition for 13 years.[62] With John Howard as prime minister, Peter Costello as treasurer and Alexander Downer as foreign minister, the Howard government remained in power until their electoral defeat to Kevin Rudd in 2007.

Howard generally framed the Liberals as being conservative on social policy, debt reduction and matters like maintaining Commonwealth links and the American Alliance but his premiership saw booming trade with Asia and expanding multiethnic immigration. His government concluded the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement with the Bush administration in 2004.[56]

Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax (although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory). Howard's premiership coincided with Al Qaeda's 11 September attacks on the United States. The Howard government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.

In the 2004 federal elections the party strengthened its majority in the lower house and, with its coalition partners, became the first federal government in twenty years to gain an absolute majority in the Senate. This control of both houses permitted their passing of legislation without the need to negotiate with independents or minor parties, exemplified by industrial relations legislation known as WorkChoices, a wide-ranging effort to increase deregulation of industrial laws in Australia.

In 2005, Howard reflected on his government's cultural and foreign policy outlook in oft repeated terms:[63]

When I became Prime Minister nine years ago, I believed that this nation was defining its place in the world too narrowly. My Government has rebalanced Australia's foreign policy to better reflect the unique intersection of history, geography, culture and economic opportunity that our country represents. Time has only strengthened my conviction that we do not face a choice between our history and our geography.

The 2007 federal election saw the defeat of the Howard federal government, and the Liberal Party was in opposition throughout Australia at the state and federal level; the highest Liberal office-holder at the time was Lord Mayor of Brisbane Campbell Newman. This ended after the 2008 Western Australian state election, when Colin Barnett became premier of that state.

State and territory level up to 2007

At the state level, the Liberals have been dominant for long periods in all states except Queensland, where they have always held fewer seats than the National Party. The Liberals were in power in Victoria from 1955 to 1982. Jeff Kennett led the party back to office in that state in 1992, and remained premier until 1999.

In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playmander. The LCL's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander. David Tonkin, as leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia, became premier at the 1979 election for one term, losing office at the 1982 election. The Liberals returned to power at the 1993 election, led by Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen and Rob Kerin through two terms, until their defeat at the 2002 election. They remained in opposition for 16 years, under a record five opposition leaders, until Steven Marshall led the party to victory in 2018.

The dual aligned Country Liberal Party governed the Northern Territory from 1978 to 2001.

The party has held office in Western Australia intermittently since 1947. Liberal Richard Court was premier of the state for most of the 1990s.

In New South Wales, the Liberal Party has not been in office as much as its Labor rival, and just three leaders have led the party from opposition to government in that state: Sir Robert Askin, who was premier from 1965 to 1975, Nick Greiner, who came to office in 1988 and resigned in 1992, and Barry O'Farrell who led the party out of 16 years in opposition in 2011.

The Liberal Party does not officially contest most local government elections, although many members do run for office in local government as independents. An exception is the Brisbane City Council, where both Sallyanne Atkinson and Campbell Newman have been elected Lord Mayor of Brisbane.[64]

Opposition (2007–2013)

Brendan Nelson, Opposition Leader 2007–08

Following the 2007 federal election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull.[65] On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot.[66] Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.[67]

Through 2010, the party remained in opposition at the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Election.[68] In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia). In March 2012, the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide, led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman.[69]

In March 2013, the Western Australian Liberal-National government won re-election, and Tony Abbott led the party to government at the 2013 Australian federal election.

Abbott, Turnbull and Morrison governments

Tony Abbott, Prime Minister 2013–15

The party won government in Tasmania in 2014 and lost their fourth election in a row at the South Australian election. However, the Victorian Liberal-National government, now led by Denis Napthine, became the first one term government in Victoria in 60 years. Similarly, just two months later, the Liberal National government in Queensland was defeated just three years after its historic landslide victory. The New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition, however, managed to win re-election in March 2015. In 2016 the Federal Liberals narrowly won re-election in July 2016 while the Liberal-affiliated Country Liberals suffered a historic defeat in the Northern Territory and Canberra Liberals lost their fifth election in a row in October 2016. The Liberals fared little better in 2017 with the Barnett-led Liberal-National government in Western Australia also suffered a landslide defeat in March.

Abbott government

Main article: Abbott government
See also: Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill motion, February 2015 and Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, September 2015

Turnbull government

Main article: Turnbull government
See also: 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills
Malcolm Turnbull, Prime Minister 2015–18

Turnbull's time in office saw tensions between Moderate and Conservative factions within the Liberal Party.[70]

On 21 August 2018 after a week of mounting pressure on Turnbull's leadership over his handling of energy policy and election strategy, the prime minister used the regular party-room meeting to spill the party leadership in an attempt to head off a growing conservative-led move against him by Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton.[citation needed] Turnbull survived the challenge, winning 48 votes to Dutton's 35. A further spill was called by Turnbull, in which he declined to stand and the leadership of the party was decided in favour of Treasurer Scott Morrison, over Dutton.[citation needed]

Morrison government

Main article: Morrison government
Scott Morrison, Prime Minister 2018–2022[71]

In August 2018, Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton unsuccessfully challenged Turnbull for the leadership of the Liberal Party. Leadership tension continued, and the party voted to hold a second leadership ballot on 24 August, with Turnbull choosing not to stand. In that ballot, Morrison was seen as a compromise candidate and defeated both Dutton and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop to become leader of the Liberal Party. He was sworn in as prime minister by the governor-general later that day. Morrison went on to lead the Coalition to an unexpected victory in the 2019 election.

Peter Dutton, Opposition Leader 2022–

The Morrison government was defeated at the 2022 election,[72] after which Peter Dutton was elected to succeed Morrison as party leader.[73]

Ideology

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See also: Liberalism in Australia and Conservatism in Australia

From its foundation, the Liberal Party has had a great internal diversity in policy positions among its members, primarily defining itself as an anti-Labor, anti-Socialist party that supports individual freedom and private enterprise.[74][75]

The party's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia's middle class would form its main constituency.

Towards the end of his term as Prime Minister of Australia and in a final address to the Liberal Party Federal Council in 1964, Menzies spoke of the "Liberal Creed" as follows:[76]

As the etymology of our name "Liberal" indicates, we have stood for freedom ... We took the name 'Liberal' because we were determined to be a progressive party, willing to make experiments, in no sense reactionary but believing in the individual, his right and his enterprise, and rejecting the socialist panacea. We have realised that men and women are not just ciphers in a calculation, but are individual human beings whose individual welfare and development must be the main concern of government ... We have learned that the right answer is to set the individual free, to aim at equality of opportunity, to protect the individual against oppression, to create a society in which rights and duties are recognised and made effective.

Soon after the election of the Howard government the new prime minister John Howard, who was to become the second longest-serving Liberal prime minister, spoke of his interpretation of the "Liberal Tradition" in a Robert Menzies Lecture in 1996:[77]

Menzies knew the importance for Australian Liberalism to draw upon both the classical liberal as well as the conservative political traditions. He believed in a liberal political tradition that encompassed both Edmund Burke and John Stuart Mill—a tradition which I have described in contemporary terms as the broad church of Australian Liberalism.

Until the 2022 election, the Liberals were in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called "The forgotten people"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal.[78] One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party, the Australian Democrats, founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties. During the prime ministership of John Howard, the Liberals did increasingly well among socially conservative working-class voters.[79] Until 2022 the Liberal Party's key support base remained the upper-middle classes—in 2010, 16 of the 20 richest federal electorates were held by the Liberals, most of which were safe seats.[80] Following the 2022 election, 16 of the 20 poorest seats in Australia were held by the Liberal Party, while it held only five of the 20 wealthiest electorates.[81] In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, depending on various factors.

Menzies was an ardent constitutional monarchist, who supported the monarchy in Australia and links to the Commonwealth of Nations. Today the party is divided on the question of republicanism, with some (such as current leader Peter Dutton) being monarchists,[82] while others (such as his predecessor Malcolm Turnbull) are republicans. The Menzies government formalised Australia's alliance with the United States in 1951 and the party has remained a strong supporter of the mutual defence treaty.

Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time the Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition (now known as the National Party), had considerable influence over the government's economic policies. It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the New Right—a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts.

Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party include both what is termed small-l liberalism and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable socially liberal reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights;[83] John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts;[84] and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976.

The Liberal Party is a member of the International Democracy Union and the Asia Pacific Democrat Union.[85]

Factions

Further information: Centrists (Liberal Party of Australia), Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia), Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia), and National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)

During the Morrison government years, the Liberal Party consisted of three broad factional groupings: a moderate wing, a centre-right wing and a right wing, led by Simon Birmingham, Scott Morrison and Peter Dutton respectively, with the Centre-Right being the largest faction, with 32 of 91 Liberal MPs belonging to the group.[17] The 2022 Australian federal election saw a significant realignment of factional affiliations within the Liberal Party: the National Right became the largest faction with 27 of 65 Liberal MPs aligned with the faction, the Centre-Right went from being the largest faction to the smallest faction, plummeting from 32 members to just 6, the Moderates' membership dropped from 22 members to 14, while a Centrist faction emerged, comprising 11 members.[18]

Organisation

Position Leader House Electorate Faction
Party office
Leader Peter Dutton House of Representatives Dickson, Qld. National Right
Deputy Leader Sussan Ley House of Representatives Farrer, NSW Moderate
President John Olsen —
Treasurer Charlie Taylor —
Director Andrew Hirst —
Parliament
Manager of Opposition Business in the House Paul Fletcher House of Representatives Bradfield, NSW Moderate
Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate Anne Ruston Senate South Australia Centrist
Senate Leader Simon Birmingham Senate South Australia Moderate
Deputy Senate Leader Michaelia Cash Senate Western Australia National Right

The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments bar the Gorton government until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard government, which showed strong centralising tendencies).[citation needed] Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions.[citation needed] Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.[86]

The Liberal Party's basic organisational unit is the branch, which consists of party members in a particular locality. For each electorate there is a conference—notionally above the branches—which coordinates campaigning in the electorate and regularly communicates with the member (or candidate) for the electorate. As there are three levels of government in Australia, each branch elects delegates to a local, state, and federal conference.[86]

All the branches in an Australian state are grouped into a Division. The ruling body for the Division is a State Council. There is also one Federal Council which represents the entire organisational Liberal Party in Australia. Branch executives are delegates to the Councils ex-officio and additional delegates are elected by branches, depending on their size.[86]

Preselection of electoral candidates is performed by a special electoral college convened for the purpose. Membership of the electoral college consists of head office delegates, branch officers, and elected delegates from branches.[86]

Federal parliamentary leaders

Further information: Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia

State and territory divisions

For a more comprehensive list, see List of state divisions of the Liberal Party of Australia.
Branch Leader Last election Status Federal representatives
Lower House Upper House MPs Senators
Year Votes (%) Seats TPP (%) Votes (%) Seats
New South Wales Liberals Mark Speakman (since 2023)[f] 2023 26.78
25 / 93
 45.73[g] 29.78[g]
10 / 42
 Opposition (Liberal–National Coalition)
9 / 47
4 / 12
Liberal Victoria John Pesutto (since 2022)[h] 2022 29.76
19 / 88
 45.00[i] 29.44[i]
14 / 40
 Opposition (Liberal–National Coalition)
6 / 39
3 / 12
Liberal National Party of Queensland[j] David Crisafulli (since 2020)[k] 2024 41.5
52 / 93
 53.8 —[l] Majority government
21 / 30
5 / 12
Western Australian Liberals Libby Mettam (since 2023) 2021 21.30
2 / 59
 30.32[m] 17.68
7 / 36
 Opposition (National–Liberal Alliance)
5 / 15
5 / 12
South Australian Liberals Vincent Tarzia (since 2024) 2022 35.67
16 / 47
 45.41 34.38
8 / 22
 Opposition
3 / 10
6 / 12
Tasmanian Liberals Jeremy Rockliff (since 2022) 2024 36.67
14 / 35
 —[n] —[o]
4 / 15
 Minority government
2 / 5
4 / 12
Canberra Liberals Leanne Castley (since 2024)[p] 2024 33.5
9 / 25
 —[q] —[r] Opposition
0 / 3
0 / 2
Country Liberal[s] Lia Finocchiaro 2024 49.0
17 / 25
 57.1 —[t] Majority government
0 / 2
1 / 2

Federal presidents

Further information: List of Federal Presidents of the Liberal Party
R.G. Menzies House, the Liberal Party's national headquarters, in the Canberra suburb of Barton

Networks and party wings

The Liberal Party has several party wings and networks. Major party wings include:

Other networks include an overseas wing (Australian Liberals Abroad)[9] and a Norfolk Island wing (operated by the Canberra Liberals).[87]

Electoral performance

House of Representatives

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Status
1946 Robert Menzies 1,241,650 28.58
15 / 74
 Increase 15 Increase 2nd Opposition
1949 1,813,794 39.39
55 / 121
 Increase 40 Increase 1st Coalition
1951 1,854,799 40.62
52 / 121
 Decrease 3 Decrease 2nd Coalition
1954 1,745,808 38.31
47 / 121
 Decrease 5 Steady 2nd Coalition
1955 1,746,485 39.73
57 / 122
 Increase 10 Increase 1st Coalition
1958 1,859,180 37.23
58 / 122
 Increase 1 Steady 1st Coalition
1961 1,761,738 33.58
45 / 122
 Decrease 13 Decrease 2nd Coalition
1963 2,030,823 37.09
52 / 122
 Increase 7 Steady 2nd Coalition
1966 Harold Holt 2,291,964 40.14
61 / 124
 Increase 9 Increase 1st Coalition
1969 John Gorton 2,125,987 34.77
46 / 125
 Decrease 15 Decrease 2nd Coalition
1972 William McMahon 2,115,085 32.04
38 / 125
 Decrease 8 Steady 2nd Opposition
1974 Billy Snedden 2,582,968 34.95
40 / 127
 Increase 2 Steady 2nd Opposition
1975 Malcolm Fraser 3,232,159 41.80
68 / 127
 Increase 28 Increase 1st Coalition
1977 3,017,896 38.09
67 / 124
 Decrease 1 Steady 1st Coalition
1980 3,108,512 37.43
54 / 125
 Decrease 13 Steady 1st Coalition
1983 2,983,986 34.36
33 / 125
 Decrease 21 Decrease 2nd Opposition
1984 Andrew Peacock 2,951,556 34.06
45 / 148
 Increase 12 Steady 2nd Opposition
1987 John Howard 3,175,262 34.41
43 / 148
 Decrease 2 Steady 2nd Opposition
1990 Andrew Peacock 3,468,570 35.04
55 / 148
 Increase 12 Steady 2nd Opposition
1993 John Hewson 3,923,786 37.10
49 / 147
 Decrease 6 Steady 2nd Opposition
1996 John Howard 4,210,689 38.69
75 / 148
 Increase 26 Increase 1st Coalition
1998 3,764,707 33.89
64 / 148
 Decrease 11 Decrease 2nd Coalition
2001 4,244,072 37.40
68 / 150
 Increase 4 Increase 1st Coalition
2004 4,741,458 40.47
74 / 150
 Increase 5 Steady 1st Coalition
2007 4,546,600 36.60
55 / 150
 Decrease 20 Decrease 2nd Opposition
2010 Tony Abbott 3,777,383 30.46
60 / 150
[u] 		Increase 5 Steady 2nd Opposition
2013 4,134,865 32.02
74 / 150
[v] 		Increase 14 Increase 1st Coalition
2016 Malcolm Turnbull 3,882,905 28.67
60 / 150
[d] 		Decrease 14 Decrease 2nd Coalition
2019 Scott Morrison 3,989,435 27.97
61 / 151
[u] 		Increase 1 Steady 2nd Coalition
2022 3,502,713 23.89
42 / 151
[d] 		Decrease 19 Steady 2nd Opposition

Donors

See also: Political funding in Australia

For the 2015–2016 financial year, the top ten disclosed donors to the Liberal Party were: Paul Marks (Nimrod resources) ($1,300,000), Pratt Holdings ($790,000), Hong Kong Kingson Investment Company ($710,000), Aus Gold Mining Group ($410,000), Village Roadshow ($325,000), Waratah Group ($300,000), Walker Corporation ($225,000), Australian Gypsum Industries ($196,000), National Automotive Leasing and Salary Packaging Association ($177,000) and Westfield Corporation ($150,000).[88][89]

The Liberal Party also receives undisclosed funding through several methods, such as "associated entities". Cormack Foundation,[90] Eight by Five, Free Enterprise Foundation, Federal Forum and Northern Sydney Conservative forum are entities which have been used to funnel donations to the Liberal Party without disclosing the source.[91][92][93]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Menzies is the party's most prominent co-founder, having been the party's first and longest serving leader. Furthermore, he is often cited as the "founder"[2] or "father" of the party.[3][4]
  2. ^ The Liberal Party acknowledges the party's formation date to be 13 October 1944,[5] which was the first day of a three-day meeting called the "Conference of Representatives of Non-Labour Organisations" in Canberra.[6][7][8] The name and objectives were adopted at the conference, with the party constitution and organisation being decided two months later at the Albury Conference (15–16 December 1944). The only other date that has been cited for the founding of the party is 31 August 1945.
  3. ^ The Liberal National Party of Queensland was formed as a merger of the Queensland branch of the Liberal Party and the National Party. It mainly functions at the state-level.
  4. ^ a b c Including the 15 LNP MPs who sit in the Liberal party room.
  5. ^ Including the 4 LNP Senators who sit in the Liberal party room.
  6. ^ Post-2023 state election.
  7. ^ a b Combined with the New South Wales Nationals.
  8. ^ Post-2022 state election.
  9. ^ a b Combined with the Victorian Nationals.
  10. ^ The Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) is the result of a merger of the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party and the Queensland National party to contest elections as a single party.
  11. ^ Post-2020 state election.
  12. ^ Queensland has maintained a unicameral legislature since 1922.
  13. ^ Combined with the WA Nationals.
  14. ^ Tasmania uses a semi-proportional system and thus TPP is not calculated.
  15. ^ Tasmania elects legislative council representatives on a periodic basis, with elections held almost every year.
  16. ^ Post-2024 territory election
  17. ^ The ACT uses a semi-proportional system and thus TPP is not calculated.
  18. ^ The ACT has a unicameral parliament.
  19. ^ The Country Liberal Party is endorsed as the Northern Territory division of the Liberal Party
  20. ^ The Northern Territory has a unicameral parliament.
  21. ^ a b Including the 17 LNP MPs who sit in the Liberal party room.
  22. ^ Including the 16 LNP MPs who sit in the Liberal party room.

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  90. ^ "Liberal Party's Victorian branch takes biggest donor to court". The Age. Retrieved 23 November 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  91. ^ "Australian political donations: Who gave how much?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  92. ^ "ICAC findings into Liberal Party slush fund Eight By Five, illegal donations to be handed down". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 August 2016. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  93. ^ "Investigations close into political donations made to Liberal Party slush fund, Eightbyfive". Retrieved 7 September 2017.[permanent dead link‍]

Further reading

  • Henderson, Gerard (1994). Menzies' Child: The Liberal Party of Australia 1944–1994, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, New South Wales.
  • Jaensch, Dean (1994) The Liberals, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, New South Wales.
  • Nethercote, John (ed.)(2001), Liberalism and the Australian Federation, Federation Press, Annandale, New South Wales. ISBN 1-86287-402-6
  • Simms, Marian (1982) A Liberal Nation: The Liberal Party and Australian Politics, Hale and Iremonger, Sydney, New South Wales. ISBN 0-86806-033-X
  • Starr, Graeme (1980) The Liberal Party of Australia: A Documentary History, Drummond/Heinemann, Richmond, Victoria. ISBN 0-85859-223-1
  • Tiver, P.G. (1978), The Liberal Party. Principles and Performance, Jacaranda, Milton, Queensland. ISBN 0-7016-0996-6
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