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Pyrosome

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Pyrosomatidae
Temporal range: Neogene–Present
Pyrosoma atlanticum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Tunicata
Class: Thaliacea
Order: Pyrosomatida
Jones, 1848[1]
Family: Pyrosomatidae
Lahille, 1888
Genera[3]

Pyrosomes are free-floating colonial tunicates in family Pyrosomatidae. There are three genera, Pyrosoma, Pyrosomella and Pyrostremma, and eight species.[3][4] They usually live in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas, although some may be found at greater depths.[4]

Pyrosomes form cylindrical or cone-shaped colonies up to 18 m (60 ft) long,[5] made up of hundreds to thousands of individuals, known as zooids. Colonies range in size from less than one centimeter to several metres in length. They are commonly called "sea pickles".[6][7] Other nicknames include "sea worms", "sea squirts", "fire bodies", and "cockroaches of the sea".[8]

Each zooid is a few millimetres in size, but is embedded in a common gelatinous tunic that joins all of the individuals.[6] Each zooid opens both to the inside and outside of the "tube", drawing in ocean water from the outside to its internal filtering mesh called the branchial basket, extracting the microscopic plant cells on which it feeds, and then expelling the filtered water to the inside of the cylinder of the colony. The colony is bumpy on the outside, each bump representing a single zooid, but nearly smooth, although perforated with holes for each zooid, on the inside.[5][8]

Pyrosomes are planktonic, which means their movements are largely controlled by currents, tides, and waves in the oceans. On a smaller scale, however, each colony can move itself slowly by the process of jet propulsion, created by the coordinated beating of cilia in the branchial baskets of all the zooids, which also create feeding currents.[8]

Pyrosomes are brightly bioluminescent, flashing a pale blue-green light that can be seen for many tens of metres. Pyrosomes are closely related to salps, and are sometimes called "fire salps". Sailors on the ocean occasionally observe calm seas containing many pyrosomes, all luminescing on a dark night.[5][8]

Pyrosomes feed through filtration and they are among the most efficient filter feeders of any zooplankton species.[9]

Etymology

The name Pyrosoma derives from the Greek words pyro, meaning "fire", and soma, meaning "body".

Bioluminescence

Although many planktonic organisms are bioluminescent, pyrosome bioluminescence is unusual in its brilliance and sustained light emission,[10] and evoked the following comment when seen by the eminent scientist Thomas Huxley at sea:

"I have just watched the moon set in all her glory, and looked at those lesser moons, the beautiful Pyrosoma, shining like white-hot cylinders in the water" (T.H. Huxley, 1849).[11]

Section through the wall of a pyrosome (magnified) showing a single layer of ascidiozooids: (br) branchial orifice; (at) atrial orifice; (tp) process of the test; (br s) branchial sac

Pyrosomes often exhibit waves of light passing back and forth through the colony, as each individual zooid detects light and then emits light in response. Each zooid contains a pair of light organs located near the outside surface of the tunic, which are packed with luminescent organelles that may be intracellular bioluminescent bacteria. The waves of bioluminescence that move within a colony are apparently not propagated by neurons, but by a photic stimulation process.[12] Flashing zooids not only stimulate other zooids within the colony to luminesce, but nearby colonies will also display bioluminescence in response. Colonies will luminesce in response to touch, as well as to light.[10]

Taxonomy

Pyrosoma atlanticum by a tide pool in California

According to the World Register of Marine Species, the family is divided into two subfamilies and three genera, containing eight species.[3]

Bloom in North Pacific

In 2017, pyrosomes were observed to have spread in unprecedented numbers along the Pacific coast of North America as far north as Alaska. The causes remain unknown, but one hypothesis is that this bloom may have resulted in part from unusually warm water along the coast over several preceding years. Scientists were concerned that should there be a massive die-off of the pyrosomes, it could create a huge dead zone as the decomposition of their bodies could consume much of the oxygen dissolved in the surrounding seawater.[6][7][13]

Pyrosome as prey

Many type of organisms have been spotted eating pyrosome; so far these organisms are sea turtles, sea birds, different species of fish (their primary source of prey are pyrosomes), sea urchins and crabs[citation needed].

References

  1. ^ "Pyrosomatida". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  2. ^ WoRMS. "Pyrosoma Péron, 1804". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 20 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c WoRMS. "Pyrosomatidae Lahille, 1888". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  4. ^ a b Lilly, Laura E.; Suthers, Iain M.; Everett, Jason D.; Richardson, Anthony J. (2023). "A global review of pyrosomes: Shedding light on the ocean's elusive gelatinous "fire-bodies"". Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett. 8 (6): 812–829. Bibcode:2023LimOL...8..812L. doi:10.1002/lol2.10350.
  5. ^ a b c Garber, Megan (August 2, 2013). "12 Reasons Pyrosomes Are My New Favorite Terrifying Sea Creatures". The Atlantic.
  6. ^ a b c "Blob-like intruders infesting pacific coast". 22 June 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Newsweek: Mysterious Sea Pickles invading West Coast in bizarre bloom". Newsweek. 22 June 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d Guo, Demi (February 20, 2019). "See the giant 'sea worm' filmed off the coast of New Zealand". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019.
  9. ^ Henschke, Natasha; Pakhomov, Evgeny A.; Kwong, Lian E.; Everett, Jason D.; Laiolo, Leonardo; Coghlan, Amy R.; Suthers, Iain M. (May 2019). "Large vertical migrations of Pyrosoma atlanticum play an important role in active carbon transport". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 124 (5): 1056–1070. Bibcode:2019JGRG..124.1056H. doi:10.1029/2018JG004918. hdl:10453/139295.
  10. ^ a b Bowlby, M.R.; Widder, E.A.; Case, J.F. (1990). "Patterns of stimulated bioluminescence in two pyrosomes (Tunicata: Pyrosomatidae)". Biological Bulletin. 179 (3). Marine Biological Laboratory: 340–350. doi:10.2307/1542326. JSTOR 1542326. PMID 29314963.
  11. ^ Huxley, T.H. (1936). Huxley, J. (ed.). T.H. Huxley's diary of the voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
  12. ^ Mackie, G.O.; Bone, Q. (1978). "Luminescence and associated effector activity in Pyrosoma (Tunicata: Pyrosomida)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 202 (1149): 483–495. Bibcode:1978RSPSB.202..483M. doi:10.1098/rspb.1978.0081. S2CID 84706130.
  13. ^ "Massive Bloom Of Pickle-Shaped Sea Creatures Fills The Pacific". Oregon Public Radio. Retrieved November 17, 2017.

Bibliography

  • Bone, Q. editor (1998) The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 340 pp.
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