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Marshal of the Soviet Union Маршал Советского Союза | |
---|---|
Country | Soviet Union |
Service branch | Red Army (1922–1946) Soviet Army (1946–1991) |
Rank | General officer |
Formation | 22 September 1935 |
Abolished | December 1991 |
Next higher rank | Generalissimo |
Next lower rank | Chief marshal of the branch Army General |
Equivalent ranks | Admiral of the Fleet |
Marshal of the Soviet Union (Russian: Маршал Советского Союза, romanized: Marshal sovetskogo soyuza, pronounced [ˈmarʂəl sɐˈvʲetskəgə sɐˈjuzə]) was the second-highest military rank of the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin wore the uniform and insignia of Marshal after World War II.
The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was created in 1935 and abolished in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved. Forty-one people held this rank. The equivalent naval rank was until 1955 admiral of the fleet and from 1955 Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union.
History of the rank
The military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was established by a decree of the Soviet Cabinet, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), on 22 September 1935. On 20 November, the rank was conferred on five people: People's Commissar of Defence and veteran Bolshevik Kliment Voroshilov, Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army Alexander Yegorov, and three senior commanders, Vasily Blyukher, Semyon Budyonny, and Mikhail Tukhachevsky.
Of these, Blyukher, Tukhachevsky, and Yegorov were executed during Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–38. On 7 May 1940, three new Marshals were appointed: the new People's Commissar of Defence, Semyon Timoshenko, Boris Shaposhnikov, and Grigory Kulik.
During World War II, Kulik was demoted for incompetence, and the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was given to a number of military commanders who earned it on merit. These included Georgy Zhukov, Ivan Konev and Konstantin Rokossovsky to name a few. In 1943, Stalin himself was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union, and in 1945, he was joined by his intelligence and police chief Lavrenti Beria. These non-military Marshals were joined in 1947 by politician Nikolai Bulganin.
Two Marshals were executed in postwar purges: Kulik in 1950 and Beria in 1953, following Stalin's death. Thereafter the rank was awarded only to professional soldiers, with the exception of Leonid Brezhnev, who made himself a Marshal in 1976, and Dmitry Ustinov, who was prominent in the arms industry and was appointed Defence Minister in July 1976. The last Marshal of the Soviet Union was Dmitry Yazov, appointed in 1990, who was imprisoned after the failed coup against Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991. Marshal Sergei Akhromeev suicided in 1991 during the fall of the Soviet Union.
The Marshals fell into three generational groups.
- Those who had gained their reputations during the Russian Civil War. These included both those who were purged in 1937–38 (Blyukher, Tukhachevsky, and Yegorov), and those who held high commands in the early years of World War II (Budyonny, Kulik, Shaposhnikov, Timoshenko and Voroshilov). All of the latter except Shaposhnikov and Timoshenko proved out-of-step with modern warfare and were removed from commanding positions.
- Those who made their reputations in World War II and assumed high commands in the latter part of the war. These included Zhukov, Vasilievsky, Konev, Rokossovsky, Malinovsky, Tolbukhin, Govorov, and Meretskov.
- Those who assumed high command in the Cold War era. All of these were officers in World War II, but their higher commands were held in the Warsaw Pact or as Soviet Defence Ministers. These included Sokolovsky, Grechko, Yakubovsky, Kulikov, Ogarkov, Akhromeev, and Yazov.
All Marshals in the third category had been officers in World War II, except Ustinov, who had been People's Commissar for Armaments. Even Yazov, who was 20 when the war ended, had been a platoon commander. Brezhnev was not a professional soldier, but was still commissioned as a political commissar in the war.
Of the 35 Marshals who were career soldiers, the majority were of Russian origin. Timoshenko (Tymoshenko), Kulik (Kulyk), Grechko (Hrechko), Yeremenko (Yeryomenko), Moskalenko, Batitsky (Batytsʹkyy) and Koshevoy (Koshovyy) were of Ukrainian origin, while Sokolovsky (Sakaloŭski) and Yakubovsky (Jakuboŭski) had Belarusian origins. Rokossovsky (Rokossowski) was born in Congress Poland to a Polish family, while Malinovsky (Malinowsky) was born in Odessa (now in Ukraine) to a Polish father. Tukhachevsky also had Polish ancestry. Bagramyan (Baghramyan) was the sole marshal of Armenian origin.
The rank was abolished with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. It was succeeded in the new Russia by the rank of Marshal of the Russian Federation, which has been held by only one person, Marshal Igor Sergeyev, who was Russian Defence Minister from 1997 to 2001.
After the death of Marshal Yazov in 2020 there were no living Marshals of the Soviet Union.
List of marshals
No. | Name | Photo | Date of rank | Positions held[a] | Central Committee member |
Secretariat member |
Politburo, Presidium member |
Yrs[b] | Notes[c] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kliment Voroshilov | 20 Nov 1935[1] |
Other positions (1939–1942)
|
Yes (10th–20th, 23rd) |
No | Yes (14th–20th) |
25 | (1881–1969) Resigned as head of state, 1960.[10] People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, 1925–1934. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1956 and 1968; Hero of Socialist Labour, 1960. | |
2 | Semyon Budyonny | 20 Nov 1935[11] |
Field commands (1937–1942)
|
Yes (Candidate: 17th, 19th–24th; Full: 18th) |
No | No | 19 | (1883–1973) Retired, 1954. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1958, 1963 and 1968. | |
3 | Vasily Blyukher | 20 Nov 1935[11] |
|
Yes (17th)[f] |
No | No | 3 | (1889–1938)[g] Retroactively stripped of rank, 1939. Posthumously rehabilitated. | |
4 | Mikhail Tukhachevsky | 20 Nov 1935[11] |
|
Candidate (17th) |
No | No | 2 | (1893–1937)[h] Stripped of rank, 1937. Posthumously rehabilitated. | |
5 | Alexander Yegorov | 20 Nov 1935[11] |
|
Candidate (17th) |
No | No | 3 | (1883–1939)[i] Stripped of rank, 1938. Posthumously rehabilitated. | |
6 | Semyon Timoshenko | 7 May 1940 |
Other positions (1941–1943, 1945–1960)
|
Yes (Full: 18th; Candidate: 19th–20th) |
No | No | 20 | (1895–1970) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1960. Chairman, State Committee for War Veterans, 1961–1970. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940 and 1965; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. | |
7 | Grigory Kulik | 7 May 1940 |
Other positions (1941–1942)
|
Yes (18th) |
No | No | 2 | (1890–1950)[j] Stripped of rank, 1942. Posthumously rehabilitated. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940 (rescinded 1942).[24] | |
8 | Boris Shaposhnikov | 7 May 1940 |
|
Candidate (18th) |
No | No | 5 | (1882–1945) Died in office. | |
9 | Georgy Zhukov | 18 Jan 1943[27] |
|
Yes (Candidate: 18th; Full: 19th–20th) |
No | Yes (20th) |
14 | (1896–1974)[k] Dismissed as minister of defence, 1957. Chief, General Staff of the Red Army, 1941. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940, 1944, 1945 and 1956; awarded Order of Victory, 1944 and 1945. | |
10 | Aleksandr Vasilevsky | 16 Feb 1943[32] |
|
Yes (19th–20th) |
No | No | 16 | (1895–1977) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1959. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1944 and 1945. | |
11 | Joseph Stalin | 6 Mar 1943[40] |
|
Yes (6th Conf.–19th) |
Yes (11th–19th) |
Yes (6th Comp.–19th) |
10 | (1878–1953) Died in office. Promoted to Generalissimo, 27 Jun 1945. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1939; Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1944. | |
12 | Ivan Konev | 20 Feb 1944[42] |
|
Yes (Candidate: 18th; Full: 19th–24th) |
No | No | 17 | (1897–1973)[p] Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1960; reappointed, 1962. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. | |
13 | Leonid Govorov | 18 Jun 1944[44] |
|
Candidate (19th) |
No | No | 11 | (1897–1955) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. | |
14 | Konstantin Rokossovsky | 29 Jun 1944[46] |
|
Candidate (22nd–23rd) |
No | No | 18 | (1896–1968) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1962. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. Made Marshal of Poland, 1949. | |
15 | Rodion Malinovsky | 10 Sep 1944[50] |
|
Yes (Candidate: 19th; Full: 20th–23rd) |
No | No | 23 | (1898–1967) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945 and 1958; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. | |
16 | Fyodor Tolbukhin | 12 Sep 1944[52] |
|
No | No | No | 5 | (1894–1949) Died in office. Posthumously made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1965; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. | |
17 | Kirill Meretskov | 26 Oct 1944[53] |
|
Candidate (18th–19th) |
No | No | 20 | (1897–1968) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1964. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1940; awarded Order of Victory, 1945. | |
18 | Lavrentiy Beria | 9 Jul 1945[59] | Yes (17th–19th) |
No | Yes (18th–19th)[r] |
8 | (1899–1953)[s] Stripped of rank, 1953. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1943. | ||
19 | Vasily Sokolovsky | 3 Jul 1946 |
|
Yes (Full: 19th–20th; Candidate: 22nd–23rd) |
No | No | 14 | (1897–1968) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1960. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945. | |
20 | Nikolai Bulganin | 3 Nov 1947[62] |
|
Yes (17th–20th)[v] |
No | Yes (18th–20th)[w] |
11 | (1895–1975)[x] Stripped of rank, 1958.[63] Chairman, Council of People's Commissars, Russian SFSR, 1937–1938. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1955. | |
21 | Andrei Grechko | 11 Mar 1955 |
|
Yes (Candidate: 19th–20th; Full: 22nd–25th) |
No | Yes (24th–25th) |
21 | (1903–1976) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1958 and 1973. | |
22 | Kirill Moskalenko | 11 Mar 1955 |
|
Yes (20th–26th) |
No | No | 28 | (1902–1985) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1983. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1943 and 1978. | |
23 | Vasily Chuikov | 11 Mar 1955 |
|
Yes (Candidate: 20th; Full: 22nd–26th) |
No | No | 17 | (1900–1982) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1972. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany, 1949–1953. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945. | |
24 | Ivan Bagramyan | 11 Mar 1955 |
|
Yes | No | No | 13 | (1897–1982) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1968. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1977. | |
25 | Sergey Biryuzov | 11 Mar 1955 |
|
Yes | No | No | 9 | (1904–1964) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1958. | |
26 | Andrey Yeryomenko | 11 Mar 1955 |
|
Yes (as candidate) |
No | No | 3 | (1892–1970) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1958. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944. | |
27 | Matvei Zakharov | 8 May 1959 |
|
Yes | No | No | 12 | (1898–1972) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1971. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1945 and 1971. Director, Main Intelligence Directorate, 1949–1952. | |
28 | Filipp Golikov | 6 May 1961 |
|
Yes | No | No | 1 | (1900–1980) Relieved and appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1962. Director, Main Intelligence Directorate, 1940–1941. | |
29 | Nikolay Krylov | 28 Apr 1962 |
|
Yes | No | No | 10 | (1903–1972) Died in office. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, twice in 1945. | |
30 | Ivan Yakubovsky | 12 Apr 1967 |
|
Yes | No | No | 9 | (1912–1976) Died in office. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1960–1961; 1962–1965. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, twice in 1944. | |
31 | Pyotr Koshevoy | 15 Apr 1968 |
|
Yes (as candidate) |
No | No | 1 | (1904–1976) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1969. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1944 and 1945. | |
32 | Pavel Batitsky | 15 Apr 1968 |
|
Yes | No | No | 10 | (1910–1984) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1978. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1965. | |
33 | Leonid Brezhnev | 7 May 1976[69] |
|
Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 | (1906–1982) Died in office. First Secretary, Communist Party of Moldavia, 1950–1952; First Secretary, Communist Party of Kazakhstan, 1955–1956; Chairman, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 1960–1964; Second Secretary, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1963–1964. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1966, 1976, 1978 and 1981; Hero of Socialist Labour, 1961; awarded Order of Victory, 1978 (rescinded 1989). | |
34 | Dmitry Ustinov | 30 Jul 1976[70] |
|
Yes (19th–26th) |
Yes (22nd–25th) |
Yes (Candidate: 22nd–24th; Full: 25th–26th) |
8 | (1908–1984) Died in office. Minister of the Defence Industry, 1941–1957;[z] Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers, 1957–1963; First Deputy Chairman, Council of Ministers, 1963–1965; CPSU Central Committee Secretary for Administrative Organs, 1963–1976; for the Defence Industry, 1965–1976. Made Hero of Socialist Labour, 1942 and 1961; Hero of the Soviet Union, 1978. | |
35 | Viktor Kulikov | 14 Jan 1977 |
|
Yes | No | No | 12 | (1921–2013) Relieved, 1989. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1969–1971; Chief, General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces, 1971–1977; Member of the State Duma, 2000–2003. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1981. | |
36 | Nikolai Ogarkov | 14 Jan 1977 |
|
Yes | No | No | 11 | (1917–1994) Relieved as chief of the general staff, 1984; appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1988. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1977. | |
37 | Sergey Sokolov | 17 Feb 1978 |
|
Yes | No | Yes (as candidate) |
9 | (1911–2012) Dismissed as minister of defence, 1987. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1980. | |
38 | Sergey Akhromeyev | 25 Mar 1983 |
|
Yes | No | No | 5 | (1923–1991) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1988. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1982. | |
39 | Semyon Kurkotkin | 25 Mar 1983 |
|
Yes | No | No | 5 | (1917–1990) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1988. Commander in Chief, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 1971–1972. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1981. | |
40 | Vasily Petrov | 25 Mar 1983 |
|
Yes | No | No | 3 | (1917–2014) Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, 1986. Made Hero of the Soviet Union, 1982. | |
41 | Dmitry Yazov | 28 Apr 1990 |
|
Yes | No | Yes (as candidate) |
1 | (1924–2020) Dismissed as minister of defence, 1991. |
Timeline
See also
- Marshal of the Russian Federation
- History of Russian military ranks
- Military ranks of the Soviet Union
- Marshal of the branch
- Chief marshal of the branch
- Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union
- Field marshal (Russian Empire)
- Marshal of the People's Republic of China
- Marshal (North Korea and South Korea)
Notes
- ^ Positions held during active service as a marshal, within the Red Army/Soviet Armed Forces, Communist Party, or non-CPSU governmental apparatus. Selected minor positions are hidden.
- ^ Years spent in active service as a marshal. Soviet marshals, with a few exceptions, typically held prominent positions—including full or candidate membership of the CPSU's Central Committee and Politburo/Presidium—without explicitly retiring. Interregna between the holding of such positions are not counted. Retirement for the purposes of counting years on this list are:
- Appointment as a member of the Group of Inspectors General, a sinecure for superannuated senior officers (e.g. Timoshenko, Vasilevsky, Konev).
- Demotion in rank (e.g. Kulik).
- Resignation or dismissal from office or as a member of ruling Communist Party or state organs (e.g. Voroshilov, Zhukov, Sokolov).
- Death in office (e.g. Stalin, Brezhnev, Ustinov).
- Arrest and/or execution, with summary dismissal from all offices (e.g. Blyukher, Tukhachevsky, Beria).
- ^ Includes lifespan; awards of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Hero of Socialist Labour, and Order of Victory; major appointments before promotion to and after retirement as a marshal; and unusual career events such as demotion, removal from office, and purges by Communist Party leadership.
- ^ as Deputy Chairman, Council of People's Commissars (1940–1946)[3]
- ^ as Deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture (1945–1946)[3]
- ^ Candidate member of the 17th Central Committee until promotion at the 12th Plenary Session (12 October 1937)[16]
- ^ Arrested, 22 October 1938; died in captivity, 9 November 1938; retroactively stripped of rank, March 1939; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 1956.
- ^ Arrested and stripped of rank, 22 May 1937; executed, 12 June 1937; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 31 January 1957.
- ^ Arrested and stripped of rank, February 1938; executed, 23 February 1939; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, March 1956.
- ^ Stripped of rank, 16 February 1942; dismissed as deputy people's commissar for defence and expelled from Central Committee, 19 February 1942; appointed as major general, 17 March 1942; promoted to lieutenant general, 15 April 1943; demoted to major general, 9 July 1945; arrested and stripped of rank, 11 January 1947; executed, 24 August 1950; rehabilitated and posthumously restored as marshal, 28 September 1957.[23]
- ^ Dismissed as minister of defence, 26 October 1957; terminated from active military service, 27 February 1958.[31]
- ^ as Minister of the Armed Forces (1949–1950)[38]
- ^ as Supreme Commander in Chief, Red Army (1941–1946)
- ^ as Chairman, Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946)[3]
- ^ as People's Commissar for Defence (1941–1946); People's Commissar for the Armed Forces (February–March 1946)[41]
- ^ Appointed to Group of Inspectors General, July 1960; recalled as marshal to command Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, 13 August 1961; reappointed to Group of Inspectors General, April 1962.
- ^ as Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces (until February 1950)[38]
- ^ Candidate member of the 18th Politburo until promotion at the 8th Plenary Session (18 March 1946)[60]
- ^ Unofficial rank of Commissar General of State Security converted to Marshal of the Soviet Union, 9 July 1945; arrested, 26 June 1953; stripped of rank and expelled from all offices, 18 December 1953; executed, 23 December 1953.
- ^ as First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces (1949–1950)[38]
- ^ as First Deputy Minister of War (1952–1953)[61]
- ^ Candidate member of the 17th Central Committee until promotion at the 12th Plenary Session (12 October 1937)[16]
- ^ Candidate member of the 18th Politburo until promotion by poll (18 February 1948)[60]
- ^ Resigned as premier, 27 March 1958; expelled from Presidium, 5 September 1958; stripped of rank, 20 November 1958; retired, 14 October 1961.
- ^ Position renamed from First Secretary at the 23rd Party Congress in 1966.
- ^ as People's Commissar for Armaments (1941–1946); Minister of Armaments (1946–1953)[38]
References
- ^ "Birthday Anniversary of Kliment Ye. Voroshilov, Statesman and Military Figure, Marshal of the Soviet Union". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ Spahr 1972, p. 55.
- ^ a b c Huskey 1992, p. 25.
- ^ a b c "Приказ с объявлением Указов Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о назначении К. Е. Ворошилова заместителем Председателя СНК СССР и председателем Комитета Обороны при СНК СССР, С. К. Тимошенко" [Announcement of Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the appointment of K.E. Voroshilov as Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and S.K. Timoshenko as People's Commissar for Defence]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 8 May 1940. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ Hollósi, Dániel József (2020). "The Economic Policy of the Hungarian Communist Party between 1945 and 1946". Studia. 36 (2): 57–58. doi:10.48261/PIS203604.
- ^ Manninen 2004, p. 111.
- ^ Karlsson 1988, p. 72.
- ^ a b c "Постановление ГКО № 83 сс «О назначении главнокомандующих войсками Северо-западного, Западного и Юго-Западного направлений и преобразовании Ставки Главного Командования в Ставку Верховного Командования»" [GKO Decree No. 83 "On the appointment of commander-in-chief of troops of the North-West, West and South-West directions and the transformation of the Headquarters of the Main Command into the Headquarters of the Supreme Command"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 10 July 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ a b c Shukman 1997, pp. 318–319.
- ^ Frankel, Max (8 May 1960). "Voroshilov Quits as Chief of State; Brezhnev, Khrushchev Aide, Rising in Party Councils, Succeeds Marshal, 79". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d Tyushkevich 1978, p. 209.
- ^ a b "Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) «О первом заместителе народного комиссара обороны»" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the First Deputy People's Commissar for Defence"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 27 August 1942. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ о назначении Маршала Советского Союза Буденного С.М. командующим кавалерией Красной Армии и генерал-полковника Городовикова О.И. - его заместителем" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 057 "Order on the appointment of Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M. Budenny as commander of the cavalry of the Red Army and Colonel General O.I. Gorodovikov as his deputy"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union. 25 January 1943. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Директива Ставки ВГК № 001863 главнокомандующим войсками Юго-Западного и Западного направлений, командующим войсками Резервного и Западного фронтов о назначениях высшего командного состава" [Stavka Headquarters Directive No. 001863 by the Commander-in-Chief of the South-West and Western Forces "On the appointment of senior command personnel for the Reserve and Western Fronts"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Stavka of the Supreme High Command. 11 September 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ Народного Комиссара Обороны СССР, No. 0107" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 107 "On the reorganization of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army"] (in Russian). 28 June 1938. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016.
- ^ a b "Центральный Комитет, избранный XVII-м съездом ВКП(б) 10.2.1934, члены" [Central Committee elected by the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on 10.2.1934, members]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
- ^ McGranahan, William (4 July 1978). "The Rise and Fall of Marshal Tukhachevsky". Parameters. 8 (1). USAWC Press: 63. doi:10.55540/0031-1723.1146. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- ^ McFadden, Christopher Paul (August 2006). "Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (1893–1937): Practitioner and Theorist of War" (PDF). Association of the United States Army. The Institute of Land Warfare. p. 6. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- ^ "Об утверждении Маршала Советского Союза т. Егорова А.И. первым заместителем Народного Комиссара Обороны СССР" [On approval of Marshal of the Soviet Union A.I. Yegorov as First Deputy People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union. 10 May 1937. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ Ziemke & Bauer 1987, pp. 7–8, 30.
- ^ Sadykiewicz (1987), p. 55; Shukman (1997), p. 247.
- ^ Sadykiewicz 1987, p. 55.
- ^ "Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о маршале Г. И. Кулике" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the Matter of Marshal G.I. Kulik"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 19 February 1942. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ о Кулике Г.И." [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 0041 "On the Matter of Marshal G.I. Kulik"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union. 2 March 1942. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ об освобождении Г.К. Жукова от должности начальника Генерального Штаба и назначении на эту должность Б.М. Шапошникова" [People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR, Order No. 0270 "Order for the release of G.K. Zhukov from the post of Chief of the General Staff and the appointment of B.M. Shaposhnikov"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union. 10 August 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Политбюро ЦК ВКП(б) о назначении руководителей Наркомата обороны, Западного направления и Западного фронта" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) "On the appointment of the leaders of the People's Commissariat of Defense, the Western Region and the Western Front"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). 19 July 1941. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General G.K. Zhukov the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 18 January 1943. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ главноначальствующего Советской военной администрации в Германии относительно организации военной администрации по управлению Советской зоной оккупации в Германии" [Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany regarding the organization of a military administration to manage the Soviet occupation zone in Germany]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Soviet Military Administration in Germany. 9 June 1945. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О назначении заместителей Министра вооруженных сил СССР, Начальника Генерального Штаба, Главнокомандующих сухопутными войсками, военно-морскими, военно-воздушными силами и Начальника тыла вооруженных" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the appointment of deputies of the Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the Chief of the General Staff, the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces, Navy, and Air Force and the Chief of the Rear of the Armed Forces"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 21 March 1946. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ министра Вооруженных Сил СССР И.В. Сталина об освобождении Г.К. Жукова от должности главнокомандующего Сухопутными войсками. 9 июня 1946 г." [Order of the Minister of Armed Forces of the USSR I.V. Stalin on the termination of G.K. Zhukov from the post of commander in chief of the Ground Forces]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Ministry of the Armed Forces. 9 June 1946. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Протокол № 141 от 27 февраля. Приложение. Проект. Постановление Совета Министров СССР «Об увольнении в отставку и материальном обеспечении Маршала Советского Союза Жукова Г.К.»" [Decree No. 141 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the dismissal of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 27 February 1958. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ с объявлением Указа Президиума Верховного Совета СССР «О присвоении генералу армии Василевскому А.М. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза»" [Order with the announcement of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General A.M. Vasilevsky the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union. 18 February 1943. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление ГКО СССР № 1723 об освобождении Б. М. Шапошникова от должности начальника Генштаба Красной армии и возложении на А.М. Василевского исполнения обязанностей начальника Генштаба Красной армии" [GKO Decree No. 1723 "On the relief of B.M. Shaposhnikov from the post of chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and granting A.M. Vasilevsky interim authority as chief of the General Staff of the Red Army]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 11 May 1942. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление ГКО СССР № 7549с об освобождении А. М. Василевского от обязанностей начальника Генштаба Красной армии и назначении начальником Генштаба А. И. Антонова. Секретно" [GKO Decree No. 7549(c) "On the relief of A.M. Vasilevsky from the duties of the chief of the General Staff of the Red Army and the appointment of A.I. Antonov as chief of the General Staff]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). State Defence Committee. 17 February 1945. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "Приказ Ставки Верховного Главнокомандования о назначении маршала Советского Союза А. М. Василевского Главнокомандующим советскими войсками на Дальнем Востоке" [Order of the Headquarters of the Supreme Command on the appointment of Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky as Commander-in-Chief of Soviet Forces in the Far East]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Stavka of the Supreme High Command. 30 June 1945. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О назначении Маршала Советского Союза Василевского А. М. первым заместителем Министра вооруженных сил СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the appointment of Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky as First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 6 March 1947. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О первом заместителе Министра вооруженных сил СССР и Начальнике Генерального штаба вооруженных сил СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the First Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 12 November 1948. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d Karlsson 1988, pp. 72–73.
- ^ a b c "Постановление Политбюро о кадровых перестановках в руководстве Министерства вооруженных сил СССР (Протокол № 68)" [Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On personnel shifts in the leadership of the Ministry of Armed Forces of the USSR" (Protocol No. 68)]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 24 March 1949. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о присвоении Верховному Главнокомандующему вооруженными силами СССР Сталину И. В. военного звания Маршала Советского Союза" [Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR, I.V. Stalin, the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 6 March 1943. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ Tyushkevich (1978), p. 387; Karlsson (1988), pp. 72–73.
- ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General I.S. Konev the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 20 February 1944. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ Tyushkevich 1978, p. 388.
- ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General L.A. Govorov the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 18 June 1944. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ a b Tyushkevich 1978, p. 420.
- ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General K.K. Rokossovsky the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 29 June 1944. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ Shukman 1997, p. 194.
- ^ a b Shukman 1997, pp. 195–196.
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- ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General R.Ya. Malinovsky the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 10 September 1944. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
- ^ Tyushkevich 1978, pp. 386–387.
- ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General F.I. Tolbukhin the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 12 September 1944. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On awarding Army General K.A. Meretskov the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union"". Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library (in Russian). Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. 26 October 1944. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ Tyushkevich 1978, pp. 131, 133.
- ^ Sadykiewicz (1982), p. 64; Tyushkevich (1978), p. 133.
- ^ Tyushkevich 1978, p. 133.
- ^ Grachev 1994, p. 323.
- ^ Gebhardt 1989, p. 128.
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{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ "Протокол № 191 от 20 ноября. Постановление Президиума ЦК КПСС «Об отмене постановления Политбюро ЦК о присвоении т. Булганину Н.А. воинского звания Маршала Советского Союза»" [Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On nullifying the decision of the Politburo to award N.A. Bulganin the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union" (Protocol No. 191)]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 20 November 1958. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Appearances of Soviet Leaders – Biographical Sketch of Andrey Antonovich GRECHKO" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 22 January 1969. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. Об утверждении т. Москаленко К. С. Главнокомандующим Ракетными войсками — заместителем Министра обороны СССР и членом коллегии Министерства обороны СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On approval of K.S. Moskalenko as Deputy Minister of Defence of the USSR, Commander-in-Chief of the Missile Forces, and member of the Defence Collegium"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 25 October 1960. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О заместителе Министра обороны СССР" [Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 23 April 1968. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О Начальнике Генерального Штаба Вооруженных Сил СССР. № 947" [Decree No. 947 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 21 November 1964. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ "Постановление Совета Министров СССР. О Начальнике Генерального штаба Вооруженных Сил СССР. № 680" [Decree No. 680 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]. Electronic Library of [Russian and Soviet] Historical Documents (in Russian). Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. 21 September 1971. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
- ^ Karlsson 1988, p. 70.
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Bibliography
- Gebhardt, James (1989). "The Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation: Soviet Breakthrough and Pursuit in the Arctic, October 1944" (PDF). Leavenworth Papers (17).
- Grachev, Pavel, ed. (1994). "Выстрел" [Vystrel]. Военная энциклопедия в 8 томах [Military Encyclopedia in 8 volumes] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Voenizdat. ISBN 5-203-00299-1.
- Huskey, Eugene, ed. (1992). Executive Power and Soviet Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Soviet State. ISBN 978-1563240607.
- Karlsson, Håkan (1988). "The Defense Council of the USSR". Cooperation and Conflict. 23 (2). JSTOR 45084370.
- Manninen, Ohto (2004). The Soviet Plans for the North Western Theatre of Operations in 1939–1944 (PDF). Finnish Defence Studies. National Defence College, Helsinki. p. 111. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
- Sadykiewicz, Michael (1982). "Soviet Far East High Command: A New Development Factor in the USSR Military Strategy Towards East Asia". Asian Perspectives. 6 (2). JSTOR 43737988.
- Sadykiewicz, Michael (August 1987). "Soviet-Warsaw Pact Western Theater of Military Operations: Organization and Missions" (PDF). RAND Corporation.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Shukman, Harold (1997) [1993]. Stalin's Generals. London: Phoenix Giants. ISBN 978-0802114877.
- Spahr, William (4 July 1972). "The Soviet Military Decisionmaking Process". Parameters. 2 (1). USAWC Press. doi:10.55540/0031-1723.1048. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- Tyushkevich, Stepan Andreevich (1978). The Soviet Armed Forces: A History of Their Organizational Development, A Soviet View (translated) (PDF). Translated by CIS Multilingual Section, Translation Bureau, Canadian Department of External Affairs. Moscow: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: translators list (link) - Ziemke, Earl Frederick; Bauer, Magna E. (1987). Moscow to Stalingrad: Decision in the East. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-080081-8.
External links
- "Biographies of all the Marshals and Admirals of the Fleet of the USSR". Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- Ammentorp, Steen (2000). "Soviet Generals". The Generals of WWII (database). Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.