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Visa requirements for Afghan citizens

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Afghan passport (2017–present design)

Visa requirements for Afghan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Afghanistan.

As of 2024, Afghan citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 26 countries and territories, ranking the Afghanistan passport 106th in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Obtaining foreign visas from within Afghanistan is difficult as many embassies in Afghanistan have closed since Taliban takeover of the government in August 2021.[2]

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for Afghan citizens holding ordinary passports
  Afghanistan
  Visa not required
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

Visa requirements

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Albania eVisa[3][4]
 Algeria Visa required[3]
 Andorra Visa required[3]
 Angola Visa required[3]
 Antigua and Barbuda eVisa[3][5]
 Argentina Visa required[3]
 Armenia Visa required[3]
 Australia Visa required[3][6]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).
 Austria Visa required[3]
 Azerbaijan Visa required[3]
 Bahamas eVisa[3][7]
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[3][8] 14 days
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[3]
 Barbados Visa required[3]
 Belarus Visa required[3]
  • Registration upon arrival for stays longer than five days is mandatory.
 Belgium Visa required[3]
 Belize Visa required[3]
 Benin eVisa[3][9] 30 days
 Bhutan eVisa[3][10]
 Bolivia Online Visa[3][11]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required[3]
 Botswana eVisa[3][12] 3 months
 Brazil Visa required[3]
 Brunei Visa required[3]
 Bulgaria Visa required[3]
 Burkina Faso eVisa[3][13]
 Burundi Online Visa / Visa on arrival[3][14] 1 month
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[3][15] 30 days
 Cameroon eVisa[3][16]
 Canada Visa required[3]
  • Afghans who worked for the Canadian Government (military or development projects) may be eligible for Asylum under [17]
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[3] 3 months
 Central African Republic Visa required[3]
 Chad Visa required[3]
 Chile Visa required[3]
 China Visa required[3]
 Colombia Online Visa[3][19]
 Comoros Visa on arrival[3] 45 days
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[3]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo eVisa[3][20] 7 days
 Costa Rica Visa required[3]
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[3][21] 3 months
 Croatia Visa required[3]
 Cuba eVisa[3][22] 90 days
  • From 2025, the Tourist card will be replaced by an e-Visa. This will be valid until June 30.[23]
 Cyprus Visa required[3]
 Czech Republic Visa required[3]
 Denmark Visa required
 Djibouti eVisa[3][24] 90 days
 Dominica Visa not required[3] 21 days
 Dominican Republic Visa required[3]
 Ecuador Visa required[3]
 Egypt Visa not required (conditional)[3] 3 months
  • Visa not required for passengers aged 50 years and above or 16 years and below.
 El Salvador Visa required[3]
 Equatorial Guinea eVisa[3][25]
 Eritrea Visa required[3]
 Estonia Visa required[3]
 Eswatini Visa required[3]
 Ethiopia Visa required[3][26]
  • Credit card payment transactions are not accepted when applying for e-Visa.
 Fiji Visa required[3]
 Finland Visa required[3]
 France Visa required[3]
 Gabon eVisa[3][27] 90 days
 Gambia Visa required[3]
 Georgia Visa required[3]
  • All residents of Saudi Arabia (including Afghan nationality) can obtain a tourist visa on arrival at Tbilisi Airport.
 Germany Visa required[3]
 Ghana Visa required[3]
 Greece Visa required[3]
 Grenada Visa required[3]
 Guatemala Visa required[3]
 Guinea eVisa[3][29] 90 days
 Guinea-Bissau Visa on arrival[3] 90 days
 Guyana Visa required[3]
 Haiti Visa not required[3] 3 months
 Honduras Visa required[3]
 Hungary Visa required[3]
 Iceland Visa required[3]
 India eVisa[3][30] 30 days
 Indonesia Visa required[3]
 Iran Visa required[3]
 Iraq eVisa[3][31] 30 days
 Ireland Visa required[3]
 Israel Visa required[3]
  • Confirmation from the Israeli Foreign Ministry before a visa is issued.[32]
 Italy Visa required[3]
 Jamaica Visa required[3]
 Japan Visa required[3]
  • Nationals who reside in Saudi Arabia (Including Afghan nationality) are able to apply for a tourist visa online (Single entry visa for a stay up to 90 days).
 Jordan Visa required[3]
 Kazakhstan Visa required[3]
 Kenya Electronic Travel Authorisation[3][33] 90 days
  • Applications can be submitted up to 90 days prior to travel and must be submitted at least 3 days in advance.
  • eTA fee is USD 32.50.
  • Proof of reservation at the hotel where visitors plan to stay is required (if staying with friends, an invitation letter is also acceptable).
  • Yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if coming from endemic countries.
 Kiribati Visa required[3]
 North Korea Visa required[3]
 South Korea Visa required[3]
 Kuwait Visa required[3]
 Kyrgyzstan eVisa[3][34] 60 days
 Laos Visa required[3]
 Latvia Visa required[3]
 Lebanon Visa required[3]
 Lesotho eVisa[3][35]
 Liberia Visa required[3]
 Libya Visa required[3]
 Liechtenstein Visa required[3]
 Lithuania Visa required[3]
 Luxembourg Visa required[3]
 Madagascar Visa on arrival[3] 60 days
 Malawi eVisa[3][36] 90 days
 Malaysia eVisa[3][37] 30 days
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[38] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[3]
 Malta Visa required[3]
 Marshall Islands Visa required[3]
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[3]
 Mauritius Visa required[3]
 Mexico Visa required[3]
 Micronesia Visa not required[3] 30 days
 Moldova Visa required[3]
  • Citizens holding a residence permit or a valid visa issued by one of the member states of the European Union or one of the parties to the Schengen Agreement can apply for an electronic visa.[39]
 Monaco Visa required[3]
 Mongolia Visa required[3]
 Montenegro Visa required[3]
 Morocco Visa required[3]
 Mozambique eVisa / Visa on arrival[3][40] 30 days
 Myanmar Visa required[3]
 Namibia Visa required[3]
 Nauru Visa required[3]
   Nepal Visa required[3]
 Netherlands Visa required[3]
 New Zealand Visa required[3]
 Nicaragua Visa required[3]
  • Visa on arrival if holding valid visas of United States, Canada, and Schengen Member state
 Niger Visa required[3]
 Nigeria eVisa[3][43] 90 days
 North Macedonia Visa required[3]
 Norway Visa required[3]
 Oman Visa required[3]
 Pakistan Online Visa[3][44] 3 months
 Palau Visa on arrival[3] 30 days
 Panama Visa required[3]
 Papua New Guinea eVisa[3][45] 60 days
  • Visitors may apply for a visa online under the "Tourist - Own Itinerary" category.
 Paraguay Visa required[3]
 Peru Visa required[3]
 Philippines Visa required[3]
 Poland Visa required[3]
 Portugal Visa required[3]
 Qatar eVisa[3][46]
  • Travelers can apply for a visa on the Hayya website.
 Romania Visa required[3]
 Russia Visa required[3]
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[3][47] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis eVisa[3][48]
 Saint Lucia Visa required[3]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa required[3]
 Samoa Visa not required[3] 90 days
 San Marino Visa required[3]
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa required[3]
 Saudi Arabia Visa required[3]
 Senegal Visa required[3]
 Serbia Visa required[3]
 Seychelles Electronic Border System[3][49] 3 months
  • Application can be submitted up to 30 days before travel.
  • Visitors must upload a reservation confirmation(s) for each visitor's location of stay in Seychelles.
  • Yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if coming from endemic countries.
  • Payment of the fee (EUR 10) by credit or debit card.
  • Valid for one journey only and it expires once exit the country.
 Sierra Leone eVisa[3][50] 3 months
 Singapore Visa required[3]
 Slovakia Visa required[3]
 Slovenia Visa required[3]
 Solomon Islands Visa required[3]
 Somalia eVisa[3][51] 30 days
 South Africa Visa required[3]
 South Sudan eVisa[3][52]
  • Obtainable online.
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel.
 Spain Visa required[3]
 Sri Lanka ETA / Visa on arrival[3][53] 30 days
 Sudan Visa required[3]
 Suriname eVisa[3][54] 90 days
 Sweden Visa required[3]
  Switzerland Visa required[3]
 Syria eVisa[3][55]
 Taiwan Visa required[3]
 Tajikistan Visa required[3]
 Tanzania Visa required[3]
 Thailand Visa required[3]
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[3][56] 30 days
 Togo eVisa[3][57] 15 days
 Tonga Visa required[3]
 Trinidad and Tobago eVisa[3][58] 90 days
 Tunisia Visa required[3]
 Turkey Visa required[3]
 Turkmenistan Visa required[3]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[3] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa[3][59] 3 months
 Ukraine Visa required[3]
 United Arab Emirates Visa required[3]
  • May apply using 'Smart service'.[60]
 United Kingdom Visa required[3]
 United States Visa required[3]
 Uruguay Visa required[3]
 Uzbekistan Visa required[3]
 Vanuatu Visa required[3]
 Vatican City Visa required[3]
 Venezuela Visa required[3]
 Vietnam eVisa[3][63]
  • e-Visa is valid for 90 days and multiple entry.
  • Only Phú Quốc island has a visa exemption for up to 30 days
 Yemen Visa required[3]
 Zambia eVisa[3][64] 90 days
 Zimbabwe eVisa[3][65] 3 month

Territories and disputed areas

Visa requirements for Afghan citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, and restricted zones:

Visitor to Visa requirement Notes (excluding departure fees)
Africa
 British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required[66] Special Permit required.
 Eritrea (outside Asmara) Travel permit required[67] To travel in the rest of Eritrea, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa)
 Ascension Island eVisa[68][69] 3 months within any year.
 Saint Helena eVisa[70][71]
 Tristan da Cunha Visa required[72] Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
(Western Sahara controlled territory) 		Un­known
 Somaliland Visa on arrival[73][74] 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival
Asia
 Hong Kong eVisa[75]
 India PAP/RAP PAP/RAP required Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand. A restricted Area Permit (RAP) is required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[76][77][78][79][80]
 Macau Visa on arrival[3][81][82]
 North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city; tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent travel)
 Palestine Visa required[3]
Tajikistan Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province Special permits required OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[83][84][85]
Tibet Autonomous Region Travel permit required Tibet Travel Permit required (10 U.S. Dollars).[86][87][88]
United Nations Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone.
United Nations UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone.
Caribbean and North Atlantic
 Anguilla Visa required[89]
 Aruba Visa required[90]
 Bermuda Visa required[91]
Netherlands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba Visa required[92]
 British Virgin Islands Visa required[93]
 Cayman Islands Visa required[94]
 Curacao Visa required[95]
France French Guiana Visa required[96]
France French West Indies Visa required[97]
 Montserrat Visa required[98]
 Puerto Rico Visa required[99]
 Sint Maarten Visa required[100]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required[101]
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required[75]
Europe
 Abkhazia Visa required[102]
 Kosovo Visa required[3]
Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required (4 days: €25 for Orthodox visitors, €35 for non-Orthodox visitors, €18 for students). There is a visitors' quota: a maximum of 100 Orthodox and ten non-Orthodox per day, and women are not allowed.[103][104]
 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required[105]
United Nations UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access permit required[106] Access Permit is required for traveling inside the zone, except in Civil Use Areas.
 Gibraltar Visa required[107]
Norway Jan Mayen Permit required[107] Permit issued by the local police required for a stay of fewer than 24 hours[108] and Permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying more than 24 hours.[109]
 South Ossetia Visa required[110][111] Three-day prior notification is required.
 Transnistria Visa not required[112][113] Registration is required after 24h.
Oceania
 American Samoa Visa required[114]
Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Authoristion required Special authorization required.[115]
France Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required.[116]
 Cook Islands Visa not required[3][117] 31 days
 French Polynesia Visa required[118]
 Guam Visa required[119]
 Niue Visa not required[3]
 Pitcairn Islands Visa not required[120][121][122] 14 days visa-free and landing fee of 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.
United States United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permit required Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[123][124][125][126][127][128][129]
South Atlantic and Antarctica
 Falkland Islands Visa required[130]
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[131][132]
Antarctica Special permits required for  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica, Australia Australian Antarctic Territory, Antártica Chilena Province Chilean Antarctic Territory, Australia Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norway Peter I Island, Norway Queen Maud Land, New Zealand Ross Dependency.[133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144]

Non-visa restrictions

This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions. (edit | history)

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[145] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

Vaccination

Main articles: Vaccination requirements for international travel, International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, and Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[146] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[147]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[148][149]

Passport validity length

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[150][151] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[152]

Some countries, such as Japan,[153] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[154] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[155] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[156] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[157] Philippines,[158] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[159]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[160] and South Africa.

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[161] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[162]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[163] Lebanon,[164] Libya,[165] and Yemen[166] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Biometrics

See also: Countries applying biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[167]

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[168][169] Argentina,[170] Brunei, Cambodia,[171] China,[172] Ethiopia,[173] Ghana, Guinea,[174] India, Japan,[175][176] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[177] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[178] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia,[179] Singapore, South Korea,[180] Taiwan, Thailand,[181] Uganda,[182] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation),[183][184][185] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[186]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[187] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[188][189]

See also

References and Notes

References
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  2. ^ Amy Cheng; Haq Nawaz Khan (6 October 2021). "Hundreds of Afghans gather outside passport office as Taliban resumes issuing travel documents". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go "The Henley Passport Index". Henley & Partners. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
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  5. ^ "Antigua and Barbuda eVisa".
  6. ^ "Australia Subclass 600".
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  9. ^ "Benin eVisa".
  10. ^ "Bhutan eVisa".
  11. ^ "Bolivia Online Visa".
  12. ^ "Botswana eVisa".
  13. ^ "Burkina Faso eVisa".
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  36. ^ "Malawi eVisa".
  37. ^ "Malaysia eVisa".
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  45. ^ "PNG eVisa".
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  48. ^ "ST.KittsNevis eVisa".
  49. ^ "Seychelles Electronic Border System".
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  51. ^ "Somalia eTAS".
  52. ^ "South Sudan eVisa".
  53. ^ "LK ETA".
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  183. ^ Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC's 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the "what if" stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
  184. ^ Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
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  189. ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
Notes
  1. ^ Custom procedure for 24-hour visa-free transit is required in principle, except in Beijing (both Capital and Daxing), Shanghai Pudong, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu Tianfu and Xi'an if no leaving of international transit areas.[18]
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