2018–19 Primeira Liga
Appearance
(Redirected from 2018-19 Primeira Liga)
Season | 2018–19 |
---|---|
Dates | 10 August 2018 – 19 May 2019 |
Champions | Benfica 37th title |
Relegated | Chaves Nacional Feirense |
Champions League | Benfica Porto |
Europa League | Sporting CP Braga Vitória de Guimarães |
Matches played | 306 |
Goals scored | 826 (2.7 per match) |
Top goalscorer | Haris Seferovic (23 goals) |
Biggest home win | Benfica 10–0 Nacional (10 February 2019) |
Biggest away win | Belenenses SAD 1–8 Sporting CP (5 May 2019) |
Highest scoring | Benfica 10–0 Nacional (10 February 2019) |
Longest winning run | 9 matches Benfica Porto Sporting CP |
Longest unbeaten run | 19 matches Benfica |
Longest winless run | 31 matches (league record)[1] Feirense |
Longest losing run | 8 matches Chaves |
Highest attendance | 64,064[2] Benfica 4–1 Santa Clara (18 May 2019) |
Lowest attendance | 298 Belenenses SAD 0–1 Moreirense (4 February 2019)[3] |
Total attendance | 3,577,720[4] |
Average attendance | 11,692 |
← 2017–18 2019–20 → |
The 2018–19 Primeira Liga (also known as Liga NOS for sponsorship reasons) was the 85th season of the Primeira Liga, the top professional league for Portuguese association football clubs. Porto were the defending champions but finished behind Benfica, who became champions for a record 37th time while equalling their own scoring record of 103 goals in the 1963–64 season.
Incidents
[edit]The weeks leading up to the beginning of the competition were filled with several incidents:
- Contrary to previous seasons, three teams will be relegated. This is due to the fact that Gil Vicente was granted a place in the 2019–20 Primeira Liga season by court decision. Gil Vicente argued against this solution since the club claimed for an immediate integration in the first tier (possibly with an enlargement to 20 participating teams).[5]
- Académico de Viseu, which had finished third in 2017–18 LigaPro, claimed that runners-up Santa Clara should be punished for irregularities occurred in several games of the season. This would prevent Santa Clara to be promoted to the 2018–2019 Primeira Liga, hence Académico de Viseu would take its place.[6]
- Following the incidents in Sporting CP's training centre, during which players and staff were attacked by the club's ultras, nine players unilaterally revoked their contracts.[7] Ultimately, after the president's impeachment (as he was accused of being responsible for those occurrences), the club was able to convince some of those players to return.[8] Nevertheless, the new administration always admitted that the club would start the season in an early preparation phase.[9]
- On 30 June, following disputes over the administration of the football section, Belenenses broke the relationship with the publicly traded company who owned the football section (in Portuguese, SAD - as for sociedade anónima desportiva). Nevertheless, Codecity Sports Management, the owners of Belenenses's football Inc., decided to keep business and placed an entering in Primeira Liga under the name "Belenenses SAD", using Estádio Nacional as home stadium.[10] In October, the intellectual property court issued an obligation for the team owned by Codecity Sports Management to rebrand, dismissing every trademark connection with Clube de Futebol "Os Belenenses" but the society did not follow and appealed the decision.[11] The original club made a fresh start, entering a team in the bottom division of Lisbon FA (6th tier), keeping the support of a vast majority of the fans.[12]
Teams
[edit]Stadia and locations
[edit]Personnel and sponsors
[edit]Managerial changes
[edit]Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Position in table | Incoming manager | Date of appointment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitória de Setúbal | José Couceiro | End of contract | 13 May 2018[13] | Pre-season | Lito Vidigal | 22 May 2018[14] |
Santa Clara | Carlos Pinto | 14 May 2018[15] | João Henriques | 31 May 2018[16] | ||
Vitória de Guimarães | José Peseiro | Mutual consent | 15 May 2018[17] | Luís Castro | 21 May 2018[18] | |
Moreirense | Petit | 20 May 2018[19] | Ivo Vieira | 29 May 2018[20] | ||
Chaves | Luís Castro | 21 May 2018[21] | Daniel Ramos | 8 June 2018[22] | ||
Portimonense | Vítor Oliveira | 5 June 2018[23] | António Folha | 2 July 2018[24] | ||
Sporting CP | Jorge Jesus | 6 June 2018[25] | Siniša Mihajlović | 18 June 2018[26] | ||
Marítimo | Daniel Ramos | 7 June 2018[27] | Cláudio Braga | 12 June 2018[28] | ||
Rio Ave | Miguel Cardoso | Resigned | 13 June 2018[29] | José Gomes | 13 June 2018[30] | |
Sporting CP | Siniša Mihajlović | Sacked | 28 June 2018[31] | José Peseiro | 1 July 2018[32] | |
José Peseiro | 1 November 2018[33] | 5th | Marcel Keizer | 9 November 2018 | ||
Marítimo | Cláudio Braga | Resigned | 26 November 2018[34] | 13th | Petit | 27 November 2018[34] |
Rio Ave | José Gomes | Signed by Reading | 22 December 2018[35] | 9th | Daniel Ramos | 2 January 2019 |
Benfica | Rui Vitória | Mutual consent | 3 January 2019[36] | 4th | Bruno Lage | 3 January 2019 |
Season summary
[edit]League table
[edit]Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Benfica (C) | 34 | 28 | 3 | 3 | 103 | 31 | +72 | 87 | Qualification for the Champions League group stage |
2 | Porto | 34 | 27 | 4 | 3 | 74 | 20 | +54 | 85 | Qualification for the Champions League third qualifying round |
3 | Sporting CP | 34 | 23 | 5 | 6 | 72 | 33 | +39 | 74 | Qualification for the Europa League group stage[a] |
4 | Braga | 34 | 21 | 4 | 9 | 56 | 37 | +19 | 67 | Qualification for the Europa League third qualifying round[a] |
5 | Vitória de Guimarães | 34 | 15 | 7 | 12 | 46 | 34 | +12 | 52[b] | Qualification for the Europa League second qualifying round[a] |
6 | Moreirense | 34 | 16 | 4 | 14 | 39 | 44 | −5 | 52[b] | |
7 | Rio Ave | 34 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 50 | 52 | −2 | 45 | |
8 | Boavista | 34 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 34 | 40 | −6 | 44 | |
9 | Belenenses SAD | 34 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 42 | 51 | −9 | 43 | |
10 | Santa Clara | 34 | 11 | 9 | 14 | 43 | 45 | −2 | 42 | |
11 | Marítimo | 34 | 12 | 3 | 19 | 26 | 44 | −18 | 39[c] | |
12 | Portimonense | 34 | 11 | 6 | 17 | 44 | 59 | −15 | 39[c] | |
13 | Vitória de Setúbal | 34 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 28 | 39 | −11 | 36[d] | |
14 | Desportivo das Aves | 34 | 10 | 6 | 18 | 35 | 49 | −14 | 36[d] | |
15 | Tondela | 34 | 9 | 8 | 17 | 40 | 54 | −14 | 35 | |
16 | Chaves (R) | 34 | 8 | 8 | 18 | 34 | 57 | −23 | 32 | Relegation to LigaPro |
17 | Nacional (R) | 34 | 7 | 7 | 20 | 33 | 73 | −40 | 28 | |
18 | Feirense (R) | 34 | 3 | 11 | 20 | 27 | 64 | −37 | 20 |
Source: Liga Portugal
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head away goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Matches won; 7) Goals scored; 8) Play-off.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Head-to-head away goals scored; 5) Goal difference; 6) Matches won; 7) Goals scored; 8) Play-off.
(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Notes:
- ^ a b c Since the winners of the 2018–19 Taça de Portugal, Sporting CP, qualified for European competition based on league position, the spot awarded to the third-placed team (Europa League third qualifying round) was passed to the fourth-placed team, and the spot awarded to the fourth-placed team (Europa League second qualifying round) was passed to the fifth-placed team.
- ^ a b Vitória de Guimarães finished ahead of Moreirense on head-to-head points: Vitória de Guimarães 1–0 Moreirense, Moreirense 1–3 Vitória de Guimarães.
- ^ a b Marítimo finished ahead of Portimonense on head-to-head away goals: Marítimo 2–1 Portimonense, Portimonense 3–2 Marítimo.
- ^ a b Vitória de Setúbal finished ahead of Desportivo das Aves on head-to-head goal difference: Vitória de Setúbal 2–0 Desportivo das Aves, Desportivo das Aves 2–1 Vitória de Setúbal.
Positions by round
[edit]Source: Liga Portugal (in Portuguese)
Results
[edit]Statistics
[edit]Top goalscorers
[edit]Rank | Player | Club | Goals[37] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Haris Seferovic | Benfica | 23 |
2 | Bruno Fernandes | Sporting CP | 20 |
3 | Rafa Silva | Benfica | 17 |
4 | Bas Dost | Sporting CP | 15 |
João Félix | Benfica | ||
Tiquinho Soares | Porto | ||
Dyego Sousa | Braga | ||
8 | Pizzi | Benfica | 13 |
9 | 1 Wilson Eduardo | Braga | 12 |
Tomané | Tondela |
- ^ A former Portuguese international player at youth levels, Eduardo switched allegiances to play for Angola during the season.
Top assists
[edit]Rank | Player | Club | Assists[38] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pizzi | Benfica | 19 |
2 | Bruno Fernandes | Sporting CP | 13 |
3 | André Almeida | Benfica | 12 |
Álex Grimaldo | Benfica | ||
5 | Jesús Corona | Porto | 9 |
Marcos Acuña | Sporting CP | ||
7 | Alex Telles | Porto | 8 |
8 | Otávio | Porto | 7 |
João Félix | Benfica | ||
António Xavier | Tondela | ||
Nuno Sequeira | Braga | ||
Chiquinho | Moreirense |
Hat-tricks
[edit]Player | For | Against | Result | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pizzi | Benfica | Vitória de Guimarães | 3–2 (H) | 10 August 2018 |
Vítor Gomes | Aves | Portimonense | 3–0 (H) | 1 October 2018 |
Hildeberto Pereira | Vitória de Setúbal | Moreirense | 3–0 (H) | 6 October 2018 |
Dyego Sousa | Braga | Feirense | 4–0 (H) | 14 December 2018 |
Tiquinho Soares | Porto | Chaves | 1–4 (A) | 18 January 2019 |
Sardor Rashidov | Nacional | Feirense | 4–0 (H) | 16 February 2019 |
William | Chaves | Nacional | 4–1 (H) | 28 April 2019 |
Bruno Fernandes | Sporting CP | Belenenses SAD | 1–8 (A) | 5 May 2019 |
Guilherme Schettine | Santa Clara | Feirense | 4–4 (H) | 11 May 2019 |
Awards
[edit]Monthly awards
[edit]Month | Manager of the Month | Player of the Month | Goal of the Month | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manager | Club | Player | Club | Player | Club | Against/Date | |
August[39] | Nuno Manta Santos | Feirense | Pizzi | Benfica | Éber Bessa | Vitória de Setúbal | Nacional 26 August |
September[40] | Abel Ferreira | Braga | Shoya Nakajima | Portimonense | Osama Rashid | Santa Clara | Nacional 30 September |
October/November[41][42][43] | Sérgio Conceição | Porto | Bas Dost | Sporting CP | Niltinho | Chaves | Sporting CP 11 November |
December[44] | Bruno Fernandes | Sporting CP | Jovane Cabral | Sporting CP | Rio Ave 3 December | ||
January[45] | Ivo Vieira | Moreirense | João Félix | Benfica | Álex Grimaldo | Benfica | Boavista 29 January |
February[46] | Bruno Lage | Benfica | Bruno Fernandes | Sporting CP | Steven Petkov | Feirense | Sporting CP 10 February |
March[citation needed] | Edgar Costa | Marítimo | Nacional 31 March | ||||
April[47][48][49] | Rafa Silva | Benfica |
Month | Goalkeeper of the Month | Defender of the Month | Midfielder of the Month | Forward of the Month | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Player | Club | Player | Club | Player | Club | Player | Club | |
August[50] | Caio Secco | Feirense | Diogo Leite | Porto | Pizzi | Benfica | Edinho | Feirense |
September[51] | Éder Militão | Porto | Stephen Eustáquio | Chaves | Dyego Sousa | Braga | ||
October/November[52][53][54] | Iker Casillas | Porto | Bruno Fernandes | Sporting CP | Bas Dost | Sporting CP | ||
December[55] | Muriel | Belenenses SAD | ||||||
January[56] | Jhonatan | Moreirense | Dyego Sousa | Braga | ||||
February[57] | Odisseas Vlachodimos | Benfica | Álex Grimaldo | Benfica | Haris Seferovic | Benfica | ||
March[citation needed] | Charles | Marítimo | Ferro | Benfica | Tiquinho Soares | Porto | ||
April[58][59][48][60] | Rodrigo Soares | Desportivo das Aves | Luiz Phellype | Sporting CP |
Annual awards
[edit]Annual awards were announced on 5 July 2019.[61]
Award | Winner | Club |
---|---|---|
Player of the Season | Bruno Fernandes | Sporting CP |
Manager of the Season | Bruno Lage | Benfica |
Goal of the Season | Jovane Cabral | Sporting CP |
Young Player of the Season | João Félix | Benfica |
Top scorer | Haris Seferovic | Benfica |
Player Fair-Play Prize | Éder Militão | Porto |
Club Fair-Play Prize | Belenenses SAD | |
Turf of the Season | Portimonense |
Team of the Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goalkeeper | Iker Casillas (Porto) | |||||
Defenders | Alex Telles (Porto) | Éder Militão (Porto) | Jérémy Mathieu (Sporting CP) | Álex Grimaldo (Benfica) | ||
Midfielders | João Félix (Benfica) | Bruno Fernandes (Sporting CP) | Héctor Herrera (Porto) | |||
Attackers | Haris Seferovic (Benfica) | Moussa Marega (Porto) | Rafa Silva (Benfica) |
References
[edit]- ^ Feirense vence pela primeira vez desde agosto Renascença (in Portuguese)
- ^ "Spectators by game". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ "Sabe quais foram os jogos da Liga NOS com pior assistência?" [Do you know which Liga NOS games had the worst attendance?]. zerozero.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 May 2019.
- ^ "Spectators by team". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
- ^ "Gil Vicente na Liga só em 2019/20" [Gil Vicente will only be in Primeira Liga by 2019/20] (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ^ "Conselho de Disciplina da Federação confirma Santa Clara na Liga" [The Discipline Conseil of Portuguese football federation confirms Santa Clara in the Primeira Liga] (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ^ SAPO. "Bruno de Carvalho confirma nove rescisões no Sporting". SAPO 24 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ "Bruno de Carvalho destituído com 71% dos votos". www.jornaldenegocios.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ Lusa (27 July 2018). "Peseiro admite que Sporting parte atrás na Liga". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ Laranjeira, Francisco. "Direção do Belenenses assume rotura total com a SAD do clube". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ "Tribunal proíbe SAD do Belenenses de usar o símbolo e o nome da equipa". ionline (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ "Começar do zero quase 100 anos depois. A nova vida d'Os Belenenses". 30 July 2018.
- ^ "José Couceiro anuncia saída do Vitória de Setúbal" [José Couceiro announces departure from Vitória de Setúbal] (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Lito Vidigal é o novo treinador do Vitória de Setúbal" [Lito Vidigal is the new manager of Vitória de Setúbal] (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Carlos Pinto deixa Santa Clara após subida de divisão" [Carlos Pinto leaves Santa Clara following promotion] (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "João Henriques assina por um ano com o Santa Clara" [João Henriques signs for one year with Santa Clara] (in Portuguese). Diário de Notícias. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Comunicado" [Announcement] (in Portuguese). Vitória S.C. 15 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Luís Castro é o novo treinador" [Luís Castro is the new manager] (in Portuguese). Vitória S.C. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Petit não vai continuar ao leme do Moreirense" [Petit will not continue in charge of Moreirense] (in Portuguese). O Jogo. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Ivo Vieira assume comando técnico do Moreirense" [Ivo Vieira takes charge as manager of Moreirense] (in Portuguese). Moreirense F.C. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Mensagem de Luís Castro" [Message from Luís Castro] (in Portuguese). G.D. Chaves. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Daniel Ramos é o novo treinador" [Daniel Ramos is the new manager] (in Portuguese). G.D. Chaves. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Comunicado da Portimonense Futebol SAD" [Announcement from Portimonense Futebol SAD] (in Portuguese). Portimonense S.C. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "OFICIAL: Folha é o novo treinador do Portimonense" [OFFICIAL: Folha is the new manager of Portimonense] (in Portuguese). MaisFutebol. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "A SPORTING CLUBE DE PORTUGAL – FUTEBOL, SAD informa sobre revogação por acordo do contrato de trabalho do treinador Jorge Jesus" [The SPORTING CLUBE DE PORTUGAL – FUTEBOL, SAD announces the agreement for the termination of contract with manager Jorge Jesus] (in Portuguese). Sporting CP. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Comunicado por Sinisa Mihajlovic" [Announcement for Sinisa Mihajlovic] (in Portuguese). Sporting CP. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Marítimo da Madeira Futebol SAD informa a cessação de contrato de Daniel Ramos" [Marítimo da Madeira Futebol SAD announces the termination of contract with Daniel Ramos] (in Portuguese). C.S. Marítimo. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Cláudio Braga assinou por duas temporadas" [Cláudio Braga has signed for two seasons] (in Portuguese). C.S. Marítimo. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "Miguel Cardoso já rescindiu com o Rio Ave" [Miguel Cardoso already rescinded with Rio Ave] (in Portuguese). O Jogo. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "José Gomes é o novo treinador do Rio Ave FC" [José Gomes is the new manager of Rio Ave FC] (in Portuguese). Rio Ave F.C. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ ""Mihajlovic está fora dos nossos planos"" ["Mihajlovic is out of our plans"] (in Portuguese). Sporting CP. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ ""Continuo a querer que as minhas equipas joguem bem"" ["I continue wanting my teams to play well"] (in Portuguese). Sporting CP. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "José Peseiro despedido" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-11-01.
- ^ a b "Petit é o novo treinador do Marítimo" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-11-28.
- ^ "Jose Gomes: Reading name Rio Ave boss as new manager". BBC Sport. 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ "É oficial. Benfica anuncia despedimento de Rui Vitória". www.dn.pt (in Portuguese). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
- ^ "Liga NOS Estatísticas – Melhor Marcador". Zero Zero. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ "Liga NOS Estatísticas – Mais Assistências". Zero Zero. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ "Revista Liga-te - 6ª edição". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
- ^ "Melhores de setembro: Phellype e Shoya em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ "Sérgio Conceição recebeu prémio de Treinador do Mês". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de outubro e novembro: Bas Dost recebe distinções". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de outubro e novembro: Niltinho recebe distinção". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de dezembro: Bruno Fernandes e Luiz Phellype em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de janeiro: João Félix e Pedro Henrique em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de fevereiro: Bruno Fernandes e Adriano Castanheira em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de abril: Bruno Lage eleito o Melhor Treinador da Liga NOS". Liga Portugal. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Bruno Fernandes recebeu os prémios de Melhor Jogador e Médio da Liga NOS em abril". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de abril: Rafa Silva marcou o Golo do Mês da Liga NOS". Liga Portugal. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "CD Feirense e SL Benfica dominam prémios do mês de agosto". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de setembro: Phellype e Shoya em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ "Sérgio Conceição recebeu prémio de Treinador do Mês". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de outubro e novembro: Bas Dost recebe distinções". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de outubro e novembro: Niltinho recebe distinção". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de dezembro: Bruno Fernandes e Luiz Phellype em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de janeiro: João Félix e Pedro Henrique em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de fevereiro: Bruno Fernandes e Adriano Castanheira em destaque". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ "Melhores de abril: Charles eleito o EuroBic Guarda-Redes do Mês da Liga NOS". Liga Portugal. 9 May 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Prémio de Melhor Defesa da Liga NOS entregue a Rodrigo Soares". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Luiz Phellype recebeu o prémio de Melhor Avançado da Liga NOS em abril". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Vencedores dos Prémios Oficiais da Liga Portugal 2018-2019". Liga Portugal. Retrieved 13 July 2019.