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African diaspora in the Americas

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African diaspora in the Americas
Regions with significant populations
 United States46,936,733[1]
 Brazil20,656,458[2]
 Haiti10,896,000[3]
 Colombia4,944,400[4][5][6][7][8]
 Mexico2,576,213[9]
 Jamaica2,531,000[10]
 Dominican Republic1,704,000[11][12]
 Panama1,258,915[13]
 Canada1,198,540[14]
 Cuba1,034,044[15]
 Venezuela936,770[16][17]
 Peru828,824[18]
 Ecuador814,468[19]
 Puerto Rico574,287[20]
 Nicaragua572,000[21]
 Trinidad and Tobago452,536[22]
 Bahamas324,000[23]
 Barbados280,000[24]
 Martinique273,985
 Uruguay255,074[25]
 Guyana227,062[26]
 Suriname202,500[27]
 Honduras191,000[28][29]
 Argentina149,493[30][31][32]
 Saint Lucia142,000[33]
 Belize108,000[34]
Languages
English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Haitian Creole, Martinican Creole, Papiamento, Dutch
Religion
Christianity, Rastafari, Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam, others
Related ethnic groups
African diaspora, Maroons

The African diaspora in the Americas refers to the people born in the Americas with partial, predominant, or complete sub-Saharan African ancestry. Many are descendants of persons enslaved in Africa and transferred to the Americas by Europeans, then forced to work mostly in European-owned mines and plantations, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. Significant groups have been established in the United States (African Americans), in Canada (Black Canadians), in the Caribbean (Afro-Caribbean), and in Latin America (Afro-Latin Americans).

History

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Main article: Atlantic slave trade

After the United States achieved independence, next came the independence of Haiti, a country populated almost entirely by people of African descent and the second American colony to win its independence from European colonial powers. After the process of independence, many countries have encouraged European immigration to America, thus reducing the proportion of black and mulatto population throughout the country: Brazil, the United States, and the Dominican Republic. Miscegenation and more flexible concepts of race have also reduced the overall population identifying as black in Latin America, whereas the one-drop rule in the United States has had the opposite effect.[35]

From 21 to 25 November 1995, the Continental Congress of Black Peoples of the Americas was held. Black people still face discrimination in most parts of the continent. According to David D.E. Ferrari, vice president of the World Bank for the Region of Latin America and the Caribbean, black people have lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, more frequent and more widespread diseases, higher rates of illiteracy and lower income than Americans of different ethnic origin. Women, also the subjects of gender discrimination, suffer worse living conditions.

On 4 November 2008, the first black U.S. president, Barack Obama, won 52% of the vote. His father was from Kenya and his mother was from Kansas.[36]

Distribution

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Black population by country

[edit]
Country % Black African % Mixed Black African
 Haiti[3] 95% ~5%
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 92.5% 3%
 Barbados[24] 92.4% 3.1%
 Martinique
92.4%
 Jamaica[10] 92.1% 6.1%
 Curaçao
91.8%
 The Bahamas[23] 90.6% 2.1%
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos 87.6% 2.5%
 Antigua and Barbuda 87.3% 4.7%
 Montserrat 86.2% 4.8%
 Saint Lucia[33] 85.3% 10.9%
 Anguilla 85.3% 3.8%
 Dominica 84.7% 9%
 Grenada 82.4% 13.3%
 British Virgin Islands 76.3% 5.4%
United States Virgin Islands U.S. Virgin Islands 76% 2.1%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Vincent and the Grenadines 71.2% 23%
 French Guiana[37]
66%
 Bermuda 52% 9%
 Suriname[27]
37.4%
 Guyana[26] 30.2% 16.7%
 Trinidad and Tobago 34.2%[38] 22.8%[22]
 Panama[13]
32.8%
 Belize[34] 25.6% 6.1%
 Cayman Islands 20% 40%
 Dominican Republic[11] 15.8% 70.4%
 Aruba
15%
 United States[1] 12.4% 1.8%
 Brazil 10.2% 45.3%
 Guadeloupe 10% 76.7%
 Cuba 9.3% 26.6%
 Colombia[39] 9.34% 15.44%
 Nicaragua
9%
 Puerto Rico[20] 7% 10.5%
 Ecuador
4.8%
 Uruguay[25] 4.6% 3.2%
 Canada
4.26%
 Venezuela[16] 3.6% 51.6%
 Peru[18]
3.6%
 Mexico
2.04%
 Honduras[28][29]
2%
 Costa Rica[40] 1.1% 6.7%
 Argentina
0.37%
 Guatemala
0.3%
 Bolivia
0.2%
 El Salvador
0.13%
 Paraguay
0.13%
 Chile
0.06%

Black population by region according to the censuses

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Region Percentage Total population Country Year
 District of Columbia 41.45% 285,810  USA 2020
 Mississippi 36.62% 1,084,481  USA 2020
 Louisiana 31.43% 1,464,023  USA 2020
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 31.00% 3,320,513  USA 2020
 Maryland 29.47% 1,820,472  USA 2020
 Alabama 25.80% 1,296,162  USA 2020
 South Carolina 25.02% 1,280,531  USA 2020
 Bahia 22.38% 3,164,691  Brazil 2022
 Delaware 22.11% 218,899  USA 2020
 North Carolina 20.50% 2,140,217  USA 2020
 Virginia 18.62% 1,607,581  USA 2020
 Rio de Janeiro 16.16% 2,594,253  Brazil 2022
 Tennessee 15.81% 1,092,948  USA 2020
 Florida 15.07% 3,246,381  USA 2020
 Arkansas 15.07% 453,783  USA 2020
 New York 14.78% 2,986,172  USA 2020
 Illinois 14.11% 1,808,271  USA 2020
 Michigan 13.66% 1,376,579  USA 2020
 Tocantins 13.19% 199,394  Brazil 2022
 New Jersey 13.13% 1,219,770  USA 2020
 Sergipe 12.85% 283,960  Brazil 2022
 Maranhão 12.61% 854,424  Brazil 2022
 Ohio 12.53% 1,478,781  USA 2020
 Piauí 12.25% 400,662  Brazil 2022
 Texas 12.19% 3,552,997  USA 2020
 Minas Gerais 11.84% 2,432,877  Brazil 2022
 Amapá 11.81% 86,662  Brazil 2022
 Missouri 11.37% 699,840  USA 2020
 Espírito Santo 11.21% 429,680  Brazil 2022
 Pennsylvania 10.95% 1,423,169  USA 2020
 Connecticut 10.78% 388,675  USA 2020
Federal District (Brazil) Federal District 10.71% 301,765  Brazil 2022
 Pernambuco 10.04% 909,557  Brazil 2022
 Mato Grosso 9.86% 360,698  Brazil 2022
 Nevada 9.82% 304,739  USA 2020
 Pará 9.77% 793,621  Brazil 2022
 Indiana 9.56% 648,513  USA 2020
 Alagoas 9.55% 298,709  Brazil 2022
 Goiás 9.19% 648,560  Brazil 2022
 Rio Grande do Norte 9.17% 302,749  Brazil 2022
 Rondônia 8.65% 136,793  Brazil 2022
 Acre 8.56% 71,086  Brazil 2022
 Kentucky 8.04% 362,417  USA 2020
 São Paulo 7.99% 3,546,562  Brazil 2022
 Paraíba 7.96% 316,572  Brazil 2022
 Roraima 7.73% 49,195  Brazil 2022
 Oklahoma 7.32% 289,961  USA 2020
 Massachusetts 7.03% 494,029  USA 2020
 Minnesota 6.98% 398,434  USA 2020
 Ceará 6.77% 595,694  Brazil 2022
 Rio Grande do Sul 6.52% 709,837  Brazil 2022
 Mato Grosso do Sul 6.50% 179,101  Brazil 2022
 Wisconsin 6.39% 376,356  USA 2020
 Kansas 5.75% 168,809  USA 2020
 Rhode Island 5.67% 62,168  USA 2020
 California 5.66% 2,237,044  USA 2020
 Amazonas 4.91% 193,667  Brazil 2022
 Nebraska 4.92% 96,535  USA 2020
 Arizona 4.74% 339,150  USA 2020
 Paraná 4.24% 485,781  Brazil 2022
 Iowa 4.14% 131,972  USA 2020
 Colorado 4.07% 234,828  USA 2020
 Santa Catarina 4.07% 309,908  Brazil 2022
 Washington 3.99% 307,565  USA 2020
 West Virginia 3.67% 65,813  USA 2020
 North Dakota 3.44% 26,783  USA 2020
 Alaska 2.99% 21,898  USA 2020
 New Mexico 2.17% 45,904  USA 2020
 South Dakota 2.01% 17,842  USA 2020
 Oregon 1.95% 82,655  USA 2020
 Maine 1.87% 25,752  USA 2020
 Hawaii 1.61% 23,417  USA 2020
 New Hampshire 1.46% 20,127  USA 2020
 Vermont 1.40% 9,034  USA 2020
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires City 1.31% 40,670  Argentina 2022
 Utah 1.22% 40,058  USA 2020
 Wyoming 0.92% 5,232  USA 2020
 Chubut 0.90% 5,302  Argentina 2022
 Tierra del Fuego 0.90% 1,658  Argentina 2022
 Idaho 0.86% 15,726  USA 2020
 Salta 0.74% 10,632  Argentina 2022
Buenos Aires Province Buenos Aires 0.74% 128,804  Argentina 2022
 Misiones 0.74% 9,374  Argentina 2022
Río Negro Province Río Negro 0.73% 5,463  Argentina 2022
 Santa Cruz 0.73% 2,446  Argentina 2022
 Neuquén 0.71% 5,026  Argentina 2022
 Jujuy 0.69% 5,583  Argentina 2022
 Entre Ríos 0.63% 8,910  Argentina 2022
 Corrientes 0.52% 6,310  Argentina 2022
Flag of La Rioja La Rioja 0.51% 1,959  Argentina 2022
 Montana 0.51% 5,484  USA 2020
 Formosa 0.49% 2,956  Argentina 2022
 Córdoba 0.48% 18,366  Argentina 2022
 La Pampa 0.48% 1,726  Argentina 2022
 Chaco 0.48% 5,357  Argentina 2022
 Santa Fe 0.47% 16,560  Argentina 2022
 Catamarca 0.46% 1,965  Argentina 2022
 Tucumán 0.42% 7,172  Argentina 2022
 Mendoza 0.40% 8,141  Argentina 2022
 Santiago del Estero 0.40% 4,211  Argentina 2022
 San Luis 0.35% 1,896  Argentina 2022
 San Juan 0.30% 2,449  Argentina 2022
Source: Censuses of American countries.[41][42][43]

Notable people of African descent in the Americas

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See also

[edit]
[edit]
  • Ethnic domination and racist discourse in Spain and Latin America. Dijk, Teun A. van. van. Gedisa Editorial SA ISBN 84-7432-997-3
  • Gender, class and race in Latin America: some contributions. Luna, Lola G. Ed PPU, SA ISBN 84-7665-959-8
  • Gender, race and class "color" desensientes Latinas. Impoexports, Colombia, Yumbo
  • Afro Atlantic Histories resource, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "US Census Bureau" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
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  3. ^ a b "Haiti — The World Factbook". CIA.
  4. ^ "Grupos étnicos información técnica". Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  5. ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  6. ^ Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Hoon Sul, Jae; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (25 October 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". PLOS Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 6218714. PMID 30401458.
  7. ^ Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. Bibcode:2014PLOSG..10.4572R. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
  8. ^ "Afrocolombianos". encolombia.com (in Spanish). 6 April 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  9. ^ "Sociodemographic panorama of Mexico 2020". 25 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Jamaica – People".
  11. ^ a b "Dominican Republic — The World Factbook". CIA.
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  13. ^ a b "El 32,8 % de la población de Panamá se reconoce como afrodescendiente". March 2023.
  14. ^ Census Profile, 2016 Census Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Statistics Canada. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.one.cu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ a b "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. May 2014. p. 29. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  17. ^ Censo poblacional de Venezuela 2011
  18. ^ a b "Población Afroperuana" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  19. ^ http://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/cpv/ [dead link‍]
  20. ^ a b "Puerto Rico 2020 census".
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  23. ^ a b "ThebBahamas — The World Factbook". CIA.
  24. ^ a b "Barbados — The World Factbook". CIA.
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  26. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  31. ^ "Cuadro P42. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según grupo de edad. Año 2010" [Table P42. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.
  32. ^ "Cuadro P43. Total del país. Población afrodescendiente en viviendas particulares por sexo, según lugar de nacimiento. Año 2010" [Table P43. Total for the country. African-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.
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  34. ^ a b "Belize — The World Factbook". CIA.
  35. ^ Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-271-02883-1
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  37. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- French Guiana". CIA. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  38. ^ Bethel, Camille (February 2013). "Census: Mixed population on the rise | Trinidad Express Newspaper | News". Trinidadexpress.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
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