Jump to content

African-American LGBTQ community

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Black transgender Americans)
American writer and civil rights activist James Baldwin in Los Angeles, 1964. Baldwin was a prominent trailblazer of LGBT literature in the 20th century, particularly his 1956 novel Giovanni's Room[1]
Part of a series on
LGBTQ topics
      
Sexual orientation and gender
History
General
Identities
Culture
Rights
Health
Social attitudes
Issues
Academic fields and discourse
LGBTQ portal
Part of a series on
African Americans
History
Periods
Aspects
Migrations
Culture
Lifeways
Schools
Academic study
Celebrations
Economic class
Symbols and ideas
Religion
Institutions
Theologies
Non-Christian groups
Politics
Organizations
Ideologies
Civic/economic groups
Organizations
Sports
Athletic associations and conferences
Sub-communities
Multiethnic
Specific ancestries
Sexual orientation
Dialects and languages
English dialects
Languages and other dialects
Population
US states
US cities
Historic places
Population count
Diaspora
Prejudice
Racism
Stereotypes and media depictions

The African-American LGBT community, otherwise referred to as the Black American LGBT community, is part of the overall LGBTQ culture and overall African-American culture. The initialism LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.

A landmark event for the LGBT community, and the Black LGBT community in particular, was the Stonewall uprising in 1969, in New York City's Greenwich Village, where Black activists including Stormé DeLarverie (who instigated the uprising) and Marsha P. Johnson (who was in the vanguard of the later pushback against the police) played key roles in the events.

Following Stonewall, the 1996 legal precedent Romer v. Evans also had a major impact. Ruling in favor of Romer, Justice Kennedy asserted in the case commentary that Colorado's state constitutional amendment denying LGBT people protection from discrimination "bore no purpose other than to burden LGB persons".[2] Advancements in public policy, social discourse, and public knowledge have assisted in the progression and coming out of many Black LGBT individuals. Statistics show an increase in accepting attitudes towards lesbians and gays among general society. A Gallup survey shows that acceptance rates went from 38% in 1992 to 52% in 2001.[3] However, when looking at the LGBT community through a racial lens, the Black community lacks many of these advantages.[4]

4.6% of African Americans self-identified as LGBT in 2016,[5] making them heavily over-represented in the LGBT community, compared to White Americans.[5] In 2012, African-Americans were more likely to identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.[6] African American men are particularly over-represented, being 50% more likely than white men to claim an LGBTQ identity.[7]

Surveys and research have shown that 80% of African-Americans say gays and lesbians endure discrimination compared to 61% of White Americans. Black members of the LGBT community are not only seen as "other" due to their race, but also due to their sexuality, so they sometimes face both racist and anti-LGBT rhetoric.[4][8][9]

History

[edit]
Main article: LGBT history in the United States
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history.

African American LGBT history dates back to slavery. Black men were subjected to “buck breaking”.[10] White slave owners would often rape male slaves to embarrass or humiliate them.[11]

Before Stonewall

[edit]

The first African-American person known to describe himself as a drag queen was William Dorsey Swann, born enslaved in Hancock, Maryland. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal and political action to defend the LGBT community's right to assemble.[12] During the 1880s and 1890s, Swann organized a series of drag balls in Washington, D.C. Swann was arrested in police raids numerous times, including in the first documented case of arrests for female impersonation in the United States, on April 12, 1888.[13]

Trans woman Lucy Hicks Anderson, born in 1886 in Waddy, Kentucky, lived her life serving as a domestic worker in her teen years, eventually becoming a socialite and madame in Oxnard, California, during the 1920s and 1930s. In 1945, she was tried in Ventura County for perjury and fraud for receiving spousal allotments from the military, as her dressing and presenting as a woman was considered masquerading. She lost this case but avoided a lengthy jail sentence, only to be tried again by the federal government shortly thereafter. She too lost this case, but she and her husband were sentenced to jail time. After serving their sentences, Lucy and her then husband, Ruben Anderson, relocated to Los Angeles, where they lived quietly until her death in 1954.[14]

Harlem Renaissance

[edit]

During the Harlem Renaissance, a subculture of LGBT African-American artists and entertainers emerged, including people like Alain Locke, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Wallace Thurman, Richard Bruce Nugent, Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, Moms Mabley, Mabel Hampton, Alberta Hunter, and Gladys Bentley. Places like Savoy Ballroom and the Rockland Palace hosted drag-ball extravaganzas with prizes awarded for the best costumes. Langston Hughes depicted the balls as "spectacles of color". George Chauncey, author of Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940, wrote that during this period "perhaps nowhere were more men willing to venture out in public in drag than in Harlem".[15]

The Spark of the Stonewall Riot

[edit]

The Stonewall riots began when butch lesbian Stormé DeLarverie fought back against the police who were violently brutalizing her. She was very adamant on not allowing the police to discriminate against LGBT people, especially anyone who she considered her family, specifically butch lesbians and street kids. She walked around with a hidden rifle and referred to herself as the "guardian of the lesbians in The Village." Even as an octogenarian she still felt it was her civic duty to protect anyone who she felt was in danger of being brutalized by the police. Oftentimes they would arrest people for violating the "three piece rule." A common law cited during arrests was "three articles," meaning that an individual had to be wearing at least three items of clothing that matched their assigned sex at birth. The police used these as grounds to arrest trans people on multiple occasions. It was still an active law up until recently in 2011 when it was finally repealed. DeLarverie was constantly being arrested for "impersonation of a male" because she was always dressed in masculine presenting clothing. During the '50s and '60s, any hint of homosexuality or gender deviance was grounds for arrest, losing your job and often your life. Stormé DeLarverie was a Black/biracial singer, drag king and MC, originally born and raised in New Orleans. She started singing in New Orleans clubs at 15, and soon after began touring around Europe, eventually landing in New York City and hosted at the Apollo Theater. After the uprising was underway, African-American drag queens Marsha P. Johnson and Zazu Nova were "in the vanguard" of the pushback against the police.

LGBT African Americans and Latinos were among the protestors, notably the LGBT youth and young adults who slept in nearby Christopher Park.[15][16]

It was a rebellion, it was an uprising, it was a civil rights disobedience – it wasn't no damn riot.

— Stormé DeLarverie[17]

Post-Stonewall riot

[edit]

In 1979, the Lambda Student Alliance (LSA) was established at Howard University. It was the first openly black LGBT organization on a college campus.[18][19]

The Black Gay & Lesbian Leadership Forum at the 1993 March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation

In 1983, after a battle over LGB participation in the 20th anniversary March on Washington, a group of African-American leaders endorsed a national gay rights bill and put Audre Lorde from the National Coalition of Black Gays as speaker on the agenda. In 1984, Rev. Jesse Jackson included LGB people as part of his Rainbow/PUSH.[20]

In 1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw coined the term "intersectionality," to show how different aspects of one's identity, including race, sexuality, gender, etc., combine to affect their life.[21]

In 1993, William F. Gibson, national chairman of the board of NAACP, endorsed the March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation and also supported repealing the ban on LGB service in the military.[22]

On February 2, 2009, the first episode of RuPaul's Drag Race aired, normalizing and promoting drag, and winning many awards.[23]

On May 19, 2012, the NAACP passed a resolution in support of same-sex marriage.[24] That same month and year, President Obama became the first sitting president to openly support same-sex marriage.[25]

In 2013, the Black Lives Matter movement was established by three black women, two of whom identify as queer. From its inception, the founders of Black Lives Matter have always put black LGBT voices at the center of the conversation.[26]

In 2017, Moonlight, a black queer centric film, won several highly acclaimed awards.[27]

In 2018, the critically acclaimed TV show Pose premiered, which is the first to feature a predominately people of color LGBT cast on a mainstream channel.[citation needed]

In 2019, Atlanta's mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms became the first elected official to establish and host an annual event recognizing and celebrating the black LGBT community.[28] Also in 2019, Spelman College which is part of the Atlanta University Center, became the first historically black college or university to fund a chair in queer studies. The endowed chair is named after civil rights activist and famed poet Audre Lorde and backed by a matching gift of $2 million from philanthropist Jon Stryker.[29] And also in 2019, Chicago's mayor Lori Lightfoot became the first openly queer black person elected to lead a major city.

In 2020, Ritchie Torres and Mondaire Jones became the first openly queer black members of the United States Congress.[30]

Cultural

[edit]

Ball culture

[edit]
Main article: Ball culture
A man voguing

"Ball culture", "drag ball culture", the "house-ballroom community", the "ballroom scene" or "ballroom culture" describes a young African-American and Latin American underground LGBTQ subculture that originated in New York City, in which people "walk" (i.e., compete) for trophies, prizes, and glory at events known as balls. Ball culture consists of events that mix performance, dance, lip-syncing, and modeling.[31] Attendees dance, vogue, walk, pose, and support one another in numerous drag and performance competition categories. Categories are designed to simultaneously epitomize and satirize various genders and social classes, while also offering an escape from reality.[32][33]

The culture extends beyond the extravagant events as many participants in ball culture also belong to groups known as "houses," a longstanding tradition in LGBT communities, where chosen families of friends live in households together, forming relationships and community to replace families of origin from which they may be estranged.[32][33]

Stud

[edit]

A stud is a term used for black lesbians who dress or are perceived as masculine.[34]

Down-low

[edit]
Main article: Down-low (sexual slang)
Further information: Sexual fetishism, Sexual role play, and Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures

In the United States, down-low or DL is an African-American slang term[35] specifically used within the African-American community that typically refers to a subculture of Black men who usually identify as heterosexual but actively seek sexual encounters and relations with other men, practice gay cruising, and frequently adopt a specific hip-hop attire during these activities.[36][37] They avoid sharing this information even if they have female sexual partner(s), they are married to a woman, or they are single. Some even publicly surround themselves with excessive amounts of females to cover up their true sexual identity. [38][39][40][41] The term is also used to refer to a related sexual identity.[41][42] Down-low has been viewed as "a type of impression management that some of the informants use to present themselves in a manner that is consistent with perceived norms about masculine attribute, attitudes, and behavior".[43]

Kiki

[edit]
Main article: Kiki (social gathering)

A "Kiki" is a get-together of friends for gossiping and chit-chat.[44]

Black gay pride

[edit]
Main article: Black gay pride

Several major cities across the nation host black gay pride events focused on uplifting and celebrating the black LGBT community and culture.[45]

Voguing

[edit]
Main article: Vogue (dance)

Voguing is a style of dance that arose from Harlem ballroom cultures, as danced by African-American and Latino gay/trans people, from the early 1960s through the 1980s.[46] The drag competitions that began during this time eventually shifted from elaborate pageantry to vogue dance battles.[46] Inspired by the style of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and the famous images of models in Vogue magazine, voguing is characterized by striking a series of poses as if one is modeling for a photo shoot. Arm and leg movements are angular, linear, rigid, and move swiftly from one static position to another.[47]

Dance competitions often involved throwing "shade," or subtle insults directed at one another to impress the judges and the audience. The competition style was originally called "presentation" and later "performance."[48] Over the years, the dance evolved into the more intricate and acrobatic form that is now called "vogue".[4][49][50]

Persecution inside the Black community

[edit]
Main article: Homophobia in ethnic minority communities
A campaign ad used to combat church homophobia

It has been asserted that the African-American community is largely homophobic.[51][52] Reasons for this include the image young, black males are expected to convey in the public sphere;[53] that homosexuality is seen as antithetical to being black in the African-American community;[54][55][56][57] and the high association of the African-American community with the church in the United States.[58]

African Americans disagree with LGBT civil liberties more than their white counterparts; some theorize this is because of conservative churches' role in advocating for African-American civil liberties and that this advocacy has expanded into the LGBT population.[59] African-American LGBT people tend to identify more with their racial/ethnic category rather than their sexual orientation as a main identity reference group. Black LGBT people are often hesitant about revealing their sexuality to their friends and families because of homosexuality's incompatibility with cultural gender roles.[60]

Religion

[edit]
See also: Black church

In addition to facing discrimination for being black from outside their racial community, Black LGBTQ people have to deal with discrimination for being LGBTQ from inside their religious community, a.k.a. the black church.[61] The black church is often noted as a pillar of the black community.[61]

Due to the history of slavery in the United States, black people were often denied the freedom to choose their sexual partners.[61] Sticking to these heteronormative ideas set by slave owners fostered a notion of "respectability politics".[61] Specifically, to be respected, one must not stray from typical gender and sexuality.[61] Additionally, the black church continued to emphasize heterosexual marriage.[61] Despite the emphasis of "personal freedom and social justice" in the black church, members tend to stick to this conservative family view, which is "linked to intolerance of gays and lesbians".[62]

Studies have found that Black LGBTQ individuals raised around homophobic themes developed increased internalized homonegativity.[63] Additionally, being exposed to homophobic imagery impacts the mental development of Black LGBTQ youth.[63]

Education

[edit]

Education has an impact on homophobic attitudes and views of sexuality within the Black community.[64] This follows a nationwide trend; more educated people are likely to be more accepting of non-heterosexual sexuality. Better education typically means less affiliation to conservative religions or denominations, which limits the influence of socially conservative ideas.[65]

Barack Obama acknowledged homophobia within the African-American community and said; "If we are honest with ourselves, we'll acknowledge that our own community has not always been true to Martin Luther King's vision of a beloved community ... We have scorned our gay brothers and sisters instead of embracing them".[66]

Hip-hop

[edit]
Main article: LGBT representations in hip hop music

Hip hop has long been one of the least LGBTQ-friendly genres of music, with a significant body of the genre containing homophobic views and anti-gay lyrics.[67] Attitudes towards homosexuality in hip hop culture have historically been negative. Gay slurs like "no homo", and "pause" can be heard in hip hop lyrics from the industry's biggest stars.[68] According to the Los Angeles Times, these slurs were used to put "queerness as a punchline".[68] Artists like Lil Nas X and Kevin Abstract have been changing the face of hip-hop to make it more inclusive. On March 9, 2021, Lil Nas X released the song and music video for the song "Montero." Both the song and music video depict the struggles of being gay while within a homophobic culture and society.[69]

Economic disparities

[edit]

The current federal law, that is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, prohibits employment discrimination. The federal law specifies no discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or genetic information. The current federal law does not specify sexual orientation. There is legislation currently being proposed to congress known as the ENDA (Employment Non-Discrimination Act) that would include hindering discrimination based on sexual orientation, too. Most recently, the Equality Act would do this as well. However, current policies do not protect sexual orientation and affect the employment rates as well as LGBT individual's incomes and overall economic status. The Black population in the United States of America as of the 2010 consensus is 14,129,983 people.[70] Out of that, it is estimated that 4.60 percent of the black population identify as LGBT.

Within the Black LGBT community many face economic disparities and discrimination. Statistically black LGBT individuals are more likely to be unemployed than their non-black counterparts. According to the Williams Institute, the vast difference lies in the survey responses of "not in workforce" from different populations geographically. Black LGBT individuals, nonetheless, face the dilemma of marginalization in the job market. As of 2013, same-sex couples' income is lower than those in heterosexual relationships with an average of $25,000 income.[71]

For opposite-sex couples, statistics show a $1,700 increase. Analyzing economic disparities on an intersectional level (gender and race), a black man is likely to receive a higher income than a woman. For men, statistics shows approximately a $3,000 increase from the average income for all black LGBT identified individuals, and a $6,000 increase in salary for same-sex male couples.[71]

Female same-sex couples receive $3,000 less than the average income for all black LGBT individuals and approximately $6,000 less than their male counterparts. (Look at Charts below) The income disparity among black LGBT families affects the lives of their dependents, contributing to poverty rates. Children growing up in low-income households are more likely to remain in the poverty cycle. Due to economic disparities in the black LGBT community, 32% of children raised by gay black men are in poverty. However, only 13% of children raised by heterosexual black parents are in poverty and only 7% for white heterosexual parents.

  • Median Incomes for African American Individuals[71]
    Median Incomes for African American Individuals[71]
  • Chart of unemployment percentages of couples and single African American individuals.[71]
    Chart of unemployment percentages of couples and single African American individuals.[71]
  • African Americans and Same-Sex Couples[71]
    African Americans and Same-Sex Couples[71]

Comparatively looking at gender, race, and sexual orientation, black women same-sex couples are likely to face more economic disparities than black women in an opposite sex relationship. Black women in same-sex couples earn $42,000 compared to black women in opposite-sex relationships who earn $51,000, a twenty-one percent increase in income. Economically, black women same-sex couples are also less likely to be able to afford housing. Approximately fifty percent of black women same-sex couples can afford to buy housing compared to white women same-sex couples who have a seventy-two percent rate in home ownership.[72]

Black transgender people

[edit]

Black transgender individuals face higher rates of discrimination than black gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals. While policies have been implemented to inhibit discrimination based on gender identity, transgender individuals of color lack legal support. Transgender individuals are still not supported by legislation and policies like the wider LGBT community is. New reports show vast discrimination to the black transgender community. Reports show in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey that black transgender individuals, along with gender non-conforming individuals, have high rates of poverty.[47]

Statistics shows a 34% rate of households receiving an income less than $10,000 a year. According to the data, that is twice the rate when looking at transgender individuals of all races and four times higher than the general black population. Many face poverty due to discrimination and bias when trying to purchase a home or apartment. 38% of black trans individuals report in the Discrimination Survey being turned down property due to their gender identity. 31% of the black individuals were evicted due to their identity.[47]

Violence

[edit]
See also: List of people killed for being transgender

Black transgender individuals also face disparities in education, employment, and health. In education, black transgender and non-conforming persons face brutish environments while attending school. Reporting rates show 49% of black transgender individuals being harassed from kindergarten to twelfth grade. Physical assault rates are at 27% percent, and sexual assault is at 15%. These drastically high rates have an effect on the mental health of black transgender individuals.[47]

As a result of high assault/harassment and discrimination, suicide rates are at the same rate (49%) as harassment to black transgender individuals. Employment discrimination rates are similarly higher. Statistics show a 26% rate of unemployed black transgender and non-conforming persons. Many black trans people have lost their jobs or have been denied jobs due to gender identity: 32% are unemployed, and 48% were denied jobs.[47]

Black lesbian culture and identity

[edit]

Black lesbian identity

[edit]

There has historically been a lot of racism and racial segregation in lesbian spaces.[73] Racial and class divisions sometimes made it difficult for black and white women to see themselves as on the same side in the feminist movement.[74] Black women faced misogyny from within the black community even during the fight for black liberation. Homophobia was also pervasive in the black community during the Black Arts Movement because "feminine" homosexuality was seen as undermining black power.[75]

Black lesbians especially struggled with the stigma they faced within their own community.[74] With unique experiences and often very different struggles, black lesbians have developed an identity that is more than the sum of its parts – black, lesbian, and woman.[76] Some individuals may rank their identities separately, seeing themselves as black first, woman second, lesbian third, or some other permutation of the three; others see their identities as inextricably interwoven.

Gender roles and presentation

[edit]

The gender relations perspective is a sociological theory which proposes that gender is not just a state of being but rather a system of behavior created through interactions with others, generally to fill various necessary social roles.[73] Same-sex-attracted individuals are just as impacted by the societally reinforced need for these 'gendered' roles as heterosexuals are. Within black lesbian communities, gender presentation is often used to indicate the role an individual can be expected to take in a relationship, though many may also simply prefer the presentation for its own sake, assigning less significance to its association with certain behaviors or traits. According to sociologist Mignon Moore, because black lesbians generally existed "outside" of the predominantly white feminist movement of the 1960s and 70s, the community was less affected by the non-black lesbian community's increased emphasis on androgyne as a rejection of "heterosexual" gender norms.[74]

Instead, they adapted the existing butch/femme dichotomy to form three main categories:

  • The terms stud or aggressive (AG) was used to refer to more masculine-presenting lesbians. Stud fashion is generally more in-line with trends popular among black men, rather than the styles typical to non-black butches.
  • Individuals now commonly called stems – whom Moore referred to as "gender blenders" – differed from androgynous lesbians by combining aspects of both masculinity and femininity instead of de-emphasizing them.
  • Black fems were generally more consistent with white femmes in their feminine expression, though in the modern day, their styles also often align more with the fashion of other black women.

Health disparities

[edit]

Black LGBT individuals face many health risks due to discriminatory policies and behaviors in medicine. Due to lack of medical coverage and adequate medical treatment, many are faced with heath risks. There is no current legislation fully protecting LGBT individuals from discrimination in the public sphere concerning health care. President Barack Obama has recently written a memo to the Department of Health and Human Services to enact regulations on discrimination of gay and transgender individuals receiving Medicare and Medicaid, as well as to permit full hospital visitation rights to same-sex couples and their families. The United States of Housing and Urban Development proposed policies that would allow access and eligibility to core programs regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity.[77] The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is currently working to be inclusive, as courts have recently passed interpretation of the ACA to prohibit discrimination against transgender individuals and gender non-conforming persons.

HIV/AIDS

[edit]

One of the major concerns in the Black LGBT community are the high rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and one of the most problematic STDs impacting the Black LGBT community are HIV/AIDS. In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) predicted 50% of Black LGBT men will contract HIV in their lifetime which is the highest predicted rate among any racial group of men.[78] Black people account for 44% of new HIV infections in both adults and adolescents. For Black LGBT men, 70% of the population accounts for new HIV infections for both adults and adolescents. The rates of HIV for Black LGBT men are notably higher than their non-black counterparts.[79] The high infection rates are caused by a high lack of usage of antiretroviral therapy among Black LGBT men.[80]

Black trans women also have a high likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDS in the U.S. In a 2021 CDC study, 62% of Black trans women surveyed had contracted HIV/AIDs which was the highest rate for any demographic group. Black trans women have a high likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDs mainly due to their high participation in sex work.[81] There are several prominent HIV/AIDs control and prevention programs that focuses on helping and educating Black LGBT people.[82][83]

Mental Health

[edit]

Black LGBTQ individuals are disproportionately affected by mental illness compared to other LGBTQ people.[84] Black LGBTQ individuals are also more likely to experience poor mental health than Black heterosexual people.[85] Although researchers have stated a need for more research in this area, several studies have shown links between the minority stress that comes from belonging to these two marginalized groups and mental illnesses such as anxiety or depression.[84]

This occurs for reasons such as difficulty navigating their communities and similarly a lack of acceptance.[86] Research tends to show that the less social support Black LGBTQ individuals receive, the higher chance that they will report symptoms of depression.[86] Additionally, LGB Black people reported higher rates of "suicidal ideation, suicide planning and substance use than Black heterosexual participants."[85] These trends were observed even stronger for emerging adults in the Black LGBTQ community, as they have to cope with the stress of adulthood along with their sexual and racial identity.[84][86] Research also suggests a link between general and cyber based victimisation in these low mental health outcomes for young Black LGBTQ people.[85]

In addition to being disproportionately affected by mental illnesses, Black LGBTQ people were among the least likely to pursue mental health services.[84] This was due to multiple factors such as care providers' lack of proficiency in treating patients with sexual identity and racial identity struggles.[84][85][86] Additionally, due to these disparities being rooted in systematic racism, large-scale "structural and systematic interventions" are needed to address these poor mental health outcomes.[85]

[edit]

African-American LGBT culture has been depicted in films such as Patrick Ian Polk's Noah's Arc and Punks, Dee Rees' Pariah, and Barry Jenkins' Moonlight, which not only has the main character as a gay African-American but is written by an African American and is based on a play by black gay playwright Tarell Alvin McCraney.[87]

Queen Sugar, a critically acclaimed show about the black experience in America that ran from 2016 to 2022, depicted several Black LGBT characters, including one of the first trans male characters to be played by a transgender actor on television.[88]

In 2018, the critically acclaimed TV show Pose premiered. It is the first to feature a predominately people of color LGBT cast on a mainstream channel.

Organizations

[edit]

[49]

See also: Category:African-American LGBTQ organizations
Name Years active Description Location
Adodi, Inc. 1986–present Adodi is one of the oldest Black gay organizations in the United States. It was founded by Clifford Rawlins. National
Association of Black Gays 1975–1979 The ABG was a radical gay activist group that used education, political engagement, and grassroots activism to improve conditions for the city's African American gays and lesbians.[89] Los Angeles, Ca
At the Beach LA 1988- At The Beach, Los Angeles (ATBLA) is the organization that promotes and administers the Los Angeles Black gay pride. Los Angeles, CA
Arkansas Black Gay Men's Forum Arkansas Black Gay Men's Forum's mission is to empower, uplift and unite same-gender-loving men through interactive dialogue on pressing economic, health, and social issues. Little Rock, AR
Atlanta Black Pride 1996–present Atlanta Black Pride is the largest official black gay pride event in the world and one of two officially recognized festivals for the African-American LGBT community in the US. Atlanta, Georgia
Black AIDS Institute 1999– A non-profit charitable organization founded in 1999 by Phill Wilson to promote awareness and prevent the spread of HIV and AIDS by targeting African American communities. National
Black Gay Men United 1987–1992 Bay Area Black gay men's support group that included Marlon Riggs and members of the Pomo Afro Homos.[90] Oakland, CA
Black Gay Stuck at Home 2020–present A project created during the COVID-19 pandemic to gather Black queer community and to center Black queer film. National
Black Men's Xchange 1989–present The oldest and largest community-based movement in the U.S. devoted to promoting healthy self-concept and behavior, cultural affirmation, and critical consciousness among SGL, gay-identified and bisexual African-descended males and their allies. National
Brave Space Alliance 2017–present The first Black-led, trans-led LGBT Center located on the South Side of Chicago.[91] Chicago, IL
Brothers of the Desert -Present Brothers of the Desert builds interpersonal relationships by nurturing, supporting and connecting black gay men in Coachella Valley.[92] Coachella Valley, CA
Brother to Brother 1982–1984 Brother to Brother organization was a support group for the Black Community of and by gay Black men exclusively. They produced a newsletter called "Brothers."[93] San Francisco, CA
Center for Black Equity 1999–present The Center for Black Equity (known until 2012 as International Federation of Black Prides) is a coalition of Black gay pride organizers formed to promote a multinational network of LGBT/SGL (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender/Same Gender Loving) Prides and community-based organizations. National
Colours 1991–present Colours started as a social justice magazine centered on the Black LGBTQ community. It has since become a community organization, funded mainly through the Philadelphia Department of Health. It provides space, hosts programming, and offers sexual health resources.[94][95] Philadelphia, PA
Combahee River Collective 1974–1980 The Combahee River Collective (/kəmˈbiː/ kəm-BEE)[1] was a Black feminist lesbian socialist organization active in Boston from 1974 to 1980. Boston, MA
Committee of Black Gay Men 1979– Created during the World Gay Conference in Washington, DC, the committee was interested in creating a national network for and by Black gay men. They held a national conference in Atlanta in 1980.[49] National
Counter Narrative Project (CNP) 2014–present The Counter Narrative Project uses education, advocacy, and community mobilization to raise awareness about and support the city's community of Black gay men.[96] Atlanta, GA
Deviant 2019–present Deviant is an organization focused on creating inclusive circuit parties for queer men of color. Deviant also promotes and facilitate forums and conversations focused on uplifting the queer men of color community.[97] National
D.C. Black Pride 1991–present D.C. (District of Columbia) Black Pride is the first official black gay pride event in the United States and one of two officially recognized festivals for the African-American LGBT community. Washington, DC
Dallas Black Pride 1996–present Dallas Black Pride (also known as Dallas Southern Pride) is an annual five-day event to celebrate the emerging black LGBT community in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Dallas, TX
Gay Men of African Descent (GMAD) 1986–present Gay Men of African Descent (GMAD) is the largest and oldest African American organization dedicated exclusively to the well-being of Black gay men. New York, NY
Gaye Magazine 2015–present Gaye Magazine is a digital news, entertainment, fashion and lifestyle publication dedicated to providing underrepresented groups (primarily African-Americans) within the LGBTQ community more limelight in mainstream media.[98] Atlanta, GA
Greater Chicago Committee 1980's-90s Co-founded by Derrick Hicks, The Greater Chicago Committee was a social organization with a civic mission for African American gay men and lesbians.[99] Chicago, IL
Hispanic Black Gay Coalition 2009–present HBGC works to inspire and empower Latinos, Hispanic and Black LGBT individuals to improve their livelihood through activism, education, community outreach, and counseling.[100] Boston, MA
Hotter Than July 1996–present Hotter Than July! is a week-long black LGBT Pride celebration held annually since 1996 in Detroit Detroit, MI
Ladies at Play 2004–present Ladies at Play is one of the most well-known facilitators of black lesbian social events which include various types of parties, bike rides, game nights, book club meetings, fitness camps, and speed dating.[101] Atlanta, GA
LGBT Detroit 2003–present LGBT Detroit is a Michigan nonprofit organization serving the African American lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBTQ) population of Detroit, and nearby communities Detroit, MI
Lighthouse Foundation 2019–present The Foundation advocates for the Black LGBTQ community in Chicago. Intersectional community caucuses bring issues to leadership and a direct action organizing group works to address them.[102] Chicago, IL
Men of All Colors Together 1980–1999 The two major goals of the Boston chapter of MACT were to continue combating racism, particularly within the LGBTQ community, while simultaneously fighting to end homophobia in society as a whole Boston, MA
Men of Melanin Magic 2016–present MoMM creates social spaces for queer men of color to connect and develop relationships.[103] Boston, MA
Mobilizing Our Brothers Initiative (MOBI) 2017–present MOBI is a series of curated social connectivity events for black, gay and queer men to see their holistic self.[104] New York, NY
National Association of Black and White Men Together 1980–present (NABWMT) is a network of chapters across the United States focused on LGBTQ and racial equality, founded in May, 1980 National
National Black Justice Coalition 2003–present (NBJC) is American civil rights organization serving primarily lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people. National
National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays 1978–1990 The National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays (formerly The National Coalition of Black Gays) was the United States' first national organization for African American and Third World gay rights. National
Native Son 2016–present A full-fledged advocacy organization dedicated to supporting Black queer men of all backgrounds. New York, NY
The Okra Project 2018–present The Okra Project is an American grassroots mutual aid collective that provides support to black trans, non-binary, and gender-nonconforming people. The organization is based in New York City. New York, NY
People of Color in Crisis (POCC) 1989–2008 POCC provided HIV/AIDS prevention and intervention efforts to Black men and women. The organization notably evaluated and demonstrated the efficacy of the Many Men, Many Voices (3MV) intervention among black men who have sex with men (MSM).[105] Brooklyn, NY
Pomo Afro Homo 1990–1995 Pomo Afro Homos, short for "Postmodern African American Homosexuals" and founded by Brian Freeman, Eric Gupton and Djola Branner was part comedy, part performance art, part activism.[106] San Francisco, CA
The Portal (community center) 2001– The Portal was a Baltimore LGBTQ community center for LGBT African Americans in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. Baltimore, MD
Salsa Soul Sisters 1971 The Salsa Soul Sisters, Third World Wimmin Inc Collective is a group for lesbians who are also womanists and women of color, in New York City. The group is the oldest black lesbian organization in the United States. New York, NY
Splash 1995 Splash is considered the official annual Black LGBT pride celebration in the Houston area. At its peak, the event saw nearly 10,000 Black LGBT people from around the world patronizing events in Houston and Galveston Beach. The first predominately Black Splash was held in 1988 but it was officially trademarked and rebranded in 1995.[107][108] Houston, Texas
United Black Ellument United Black Ellument is an organization decidated to supporting, educating, and connecting young black same gender loving men.[109] Dallas, Texas
Unity, Incorporated 1989– UNITY, Inc. was a grassroots organization created by Black gay men, for Black gay men to address racism in the HIV/AIDS advocacy community.[110] Philadelphia, PA
Us Helping Us, People into Living, Inc. 1985– Us Helping Us provides HIV treatment and prevention (and other health) services to the African-American LGBT community.[111] Washington, DC

Some notable people

[edit]
See also: List of African American LGBT
Bayard Rustin
Rupaul
Jason Collins
Frank Ocean
Lil Nas X

Gay and bisexual men

[edit]
Tessa Thompson
Tracy Chapman
Brittney Griner
Wanda Sykes
Audre Lorde

Lesbian and bisexual women

[edit]

Pansexual

[edit]
Laverne Cox
Kye Allums

Transgender

[edit]

Gender non-conforming

[edit]

Some first African-American LGBT holders of political offices in the United States

[edit]
See also: List of LGBT African Americans

State legislature (partial list)

[edit]

Rhode Island

[edit]
  1. Gordon Fox (D)

Georgia

[edit]
  1. Rashad Taylor (D)

Massachusetts

[edit]
  1. Althea Garrison (R)

Nevada

[edit]
  1. Pat Spearman (D)

North Carolina

[edit]
  1. Marcus Brandon (D)

Texas

[edit]
  1. Barbara Jordan

Mayoral

[edit]

California

[edit]
  1. Ron Oden (D)

New Jersey

[edit]
  1. Bruce Harris (R)

Legislative

[edit]

New York

[edit]
  1. Keith St. John (D)
    • 1st gay African-American public office holder
    • 1st gay African-American member of the Albany Common Council Alderman of the 2nd ward

Judicial

[edit]

Federal

[edit]
  1. Darrin P. Gayles (D)

Works

[edit]

See also

[edit]

General:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nevins, Jake (April 26, 2020). "Gay Literature Is Out of the Closet. So Why Is Deception a Big Theme?". The New York Times.
  2. ^ "Movement Analysis: The Pathway to Victory, A Review of Supreme Court LGBT Cases" (PDF). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  3. ^ Newport, Frank (4 June 2001). "American Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Continue to Become More Tolerant". Gallup. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Gecewicz, Claire (October 7, 2014). "Blacks are Lukewarm to Gay Marriage, but Most Say Businesses Must Provide Wedding Services to Gay Couples". Pew Research Center. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
  5. ^ a b "In US, More Adults Identifying as LGBT". Gallup. January 11, 2017. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  6. ^ "Blacks Are More Likely to Identify as Gay Than Any Other Group". The Washington Informer. 23 October 2012.
  7. ^ Peele, Stanton. "Are Minority Men More Likely to Be Gay? Why? | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com.
  8. ^ Elk, Ronit (July 2021). Ramalingam, Suresh S. (ed.). "The intersection of racism, discrimination, bias, and homophobia toward African American sexual minority patients with cancer within the health care system". Cancer. 127 (19). Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Cancer Society: 3500–3504. doi:10.1002/cncr.33627. ISSN 1097-0142. LCCN 50001289. OCLC 01553275. PMID 34287834. S2CID 236158145.
  9. ^ Miller, Robert L. Jr. (January 2007). "Legacy Denied: African American Gay Men, AIDS, and the Black Church". Social Work. 52 (1). Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Association of Social Workers: 51–61. doi:10.1093/sw/52.1.51. ISSN 1545-6846. JSTOR 23720707. PMID 17388083.
  10. ^ "Black and gay in America: How a 'subset' of men struggle for acceptance". 26 June 2020.
  11. ^ "How African Male Slaves Were Raped By Slave Owners And Dealers". 20 August 2020.
  12. ^ Joseph, Channing Gerard (31 January 2020). "The First Drag Queen Was a Former Slave". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  13. ^ Heloise Wood (July 9, 2018). "'Extraordinary' tale of 'first' drag queen to Picador". The Bookseller. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  14. ^ Riley, Snorton C. Black on both sides: a racial history of trans identity. Minneapolis. ISBN 9781452955865. OCLC 1008757426.
  15. ^ a b "Dis-membering Stonewall". HuffPost. June 26, 2012.
  16. ^ Carter, David (2004). Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution. St. Martin's. p. 162. ISBN 0-312-20025-0.
  17. ^ Chu, Grace (July 26, 2010). "From the Archives: An interview with lesbian Stonewall veteran Stormé DeLarverie". AfterEllen.com. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  18. ^ Cooke, Janet (1980-04-24). "Gays Coming Out on Campus, First Black Group at Howard". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  19. ^ "Meet Chi Hughes: The Activist Who Co-Founded The First Openly LGBTQ+ Student Organization at an HBCU". Black Women Radicals. February 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  20. ^ Dynes, Wayne R. (March 22, 2016). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality: Volume I. Routledge. ISBN 9781317368151 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Crenshaw, Kimberle (2013). "Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis". University of Chicago Press. 38: 784–810.
  22. ^ "NAACP's Long History On LGBT Equality". HuffPost. May 23, 2012.
  23. ^ "'RuPaul's Drag Race' and What People Get Wrong About the History of Drag". Time. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  24. ^ Castellanos, Dalina (May 19, 2012). "NAACP endorses same-sex marriage, says it's a civil right". Los Angeles Times.
  25. ^ Gast, Phil (2012-05-09). "Obama announces he supports same-sex marriage | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  26. ^ "From the start, Black Lives Matter has been about LGBTQ lives". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  27. ^ Johnson, Myles E. (28 February 2017). ""Moonlight" is 2016's best movie, but its impact on black storytelling is much more important". Quartz. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  28. ^ "Mayor Bottoms Hosts Inaugural Black Gay Pride Reception". Georgia Voice. 2019-08-16. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  29. ^ "Spelman first HBCU to create chair in queer studies". NBC News. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  30. ^ "Ritchie Torres And Mondaire Jones Make History As The First Openly Gay Black Members Of Congress". BuzzFeed News. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-02.
  31. ^ Bailey, Marlon. "Gender/Racial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture". Feminist Studies. 37: 365–386.
  32. ^ a b Podhurst, L.; Credle J. (June 10, 2007). "HIV/AIDS risk reduction strategies for Gay youth of color in the "house" community. (Meeting Abstracts)". Newark: U.S. National Library of Medicine. p. 13. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  33. ^ a b Stuart, Baker (January 1, 2011). Voguing and the house ballroom scene of New York City 1989–92. Soul Jazz Records. ISBN 9780955481765. OCLC 863223074.
  34. ^ "The Butches and Studs Who've Defied the Male Gaze and Redefined Culture". The New York Times. 2020-04-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  35. ^ Green, Jonathon (2006). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang. Sterling Publishing. p. 893. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1. Retrieved 2008-03-19. down low n. [1990s+] (US Black) a state of secrecy. down low adj. [1990s+] () covert, secret (i.e. keeping a low profile)
  36. ^ Bond, Lisa; Wheeler, Darrell P.; Millett, Gregorio A.; LaPollo, Archana B.; Carson, Lee F.; Liau, Adrian (April 2009). Morabia, Alfredo (ed.). "Black Men Who Have Sex With Men and the Association of Down-Low Identity With HIV Risk Behavior". American Journal of Public Health. 99 (Suppl 1). American Public Health Association: S92 – S95. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.127217. eISSN 1541-0048. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2724949. PMID 19218177. S2CID 40119540.
  37. ^ Hovey, Jaime (2007). "Sexual subcultures". In Malti-Douglas, Fedwa (ed.). Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Macmillan Social Science Library. Vol. 4. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 1372–1374. ISBN 9780028661155. OCLC 922889305.
  38. ^ King, J.L.; Courtney Carreras (April 25, 2006). "Coming Up from the Down Low: The Journey to Acceptance, Healing and Honest Love". Three Rivers Press. p. 36. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  39. ^ Johnson, Jason (1 May 2005). "Secret gay encounters of black men could be raising women's infection rate". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  40. ^ Mutua, Athena (September 28, 2006). Progressive Black Masculinities. New York City and London: Routledge. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-415-97687-9. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  41. ^ a b Bennett, Jessica (May 19, 2008). "Outing Hip-Hop". Newsweek. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  42. ^ Wolitski, Richard J.; Jones, Kenneth T.; Wasserman, Jill L.; Smith, Jennifer C. (12 May 2006). "Self-Identification as 'Down Low' Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) from 12 US Cities". AIDS and Behavior. 10 (5): 519–529. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9095-5. PMID 16691462. S2CID 36992684.
  43. ^ Fields, Errol Lamont (2009). Racial identity, masculinity and homosexuality in the lives of young Black men who have sex with men: Implications for HIV risk (Thesis). p. 203. ProQuest 304913731.
  44. ^ "Kiki Meaning & Origin | Slang by Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  45. ^ "DC Black Pride 2023 – Know Your Past • Live Your Present • Fight for Your Future". dcblackpride.org. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  46. ^ a b "A Brief History of Voguing". The National Museum of African American History & Culture. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  47. ^ a b c d e Grant, Jaime; Mottet, Lisa; Tanis, Justin; Harrison, Jack; Herman, Jody; Keisling, Mara (2011). "Injustice at Every Turn" (PDF). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-06. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  48. ^ Jackson, Jonathan David (Autumn 2002). "The Social World of Voguing" (PDF). Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement. 12 (2): 26–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-28. Retrieved 2021-04-18.
  49. ^ a b c Bost, Darius (21 December 2018). Evidence of being: the black gay cultural renaissance and the politics of violence. Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-58979-4. OCLC 1028903800.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  50. ^ Upadhye, Janet (2012-06-21). "Vogue: Not Madonna's Dance". HuffPost. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  51. ^ Magee, Lenox (January 2012). "Pariah: A New Film Challenging Homophobia in the Black Community". Chicago Now. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  52. ^ Desmond-Harris, Jenée. "Don Lemon: Yes, the Black Community Is Homophobic". The Root. Archived from the original on 2014-01-22. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  53. ^ "Trayvon, Sharpton, and homophobia". Spectator. Archived from the original on 2014-01-08. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  54. ^ Smith, Barbara (1983). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813527536. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  55. ^ West, Cornel; Glaude, Eddie S. (2003). African American Religious Thought: An Anthology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664224592. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  56. ^ Dunning, Stefanie K. (2009-04-21). Queer in Black and White: Interraciality, Same Sex Desire, and Contemporary [...] – Stefanie K. Dunning. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253221094. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  57. ^ Carbado, Devon (1999). Black Men on Race, Gender, and Sexuality: A Critical Reader. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814715536. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  58. ^ Mitchell, Travis (2021-02-16). "7. Gender, sexuality and religion". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  59. ^ Buttaro, A. Jr.; Battle, J. (2012). "More Than Meets the Eye: An Ecological Perspective on Homophobia within the Black America". Black Women, Gender + Families. 6 (1): 1–22. doi:10.5406/blacwomegendfami.6.1.0001. S2CID 37805786.
  60. ^ Bridges, S.K.; Selvidge, M.M.D.; Matthews, C.R. (2003). "Lesbian women of color: Therapeutic issues and challenges". Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 31 (2): 113–130. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2003.tb00537.x.
  61. ^ a b c d e f Lee, Jess (2021-07-03). "Race, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Politics of Respectability among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Racial Minorities". The Sociological Quarterly. 62 (3): 464–487. doi:10.1080/00380253.2020.1773349. ISSN 0038-0253. S2CID 225575310.
  62. ^ Ledet, Richard (2017-05-12). "Competing Claims: Religious Affiliation and African Americans' Intolerance of Homosexuals". Journal of Homosexuality. 64 (6): 786–803. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1236580. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 27633096. S2CID 46015495.
  63. ^ a b Walker, Ja'Nina J.; Longmire-Avital, Buffie (2013). "The impact of religious faith and internalized homonegativity on resiliency for black lesbian, gay, and bisexual emerging adults". Developmental Psychology. 49 (9): 1723–1731. doi:10.1037/a0031059. ISSN 1939-0599. PMID 23244404.
  64. ^ Harris, A. C. (2010). Sex, Stigma, and the Holy Ghost: The Black Church and the Construction of AIDS in New York City. Journal of African American Studies, 14(1), 21–43.
  65. ^ Lewis, Gregory B. (2003). "Black-White Differences in Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights". Public Opinion Quarterly. 67 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1086/346009.
  66. ^ Harwood, Matthew (28 March 2008). "Obama Takes On The Black Community's Homophobia". Huffington Post. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  67. ^ Garcia, Marcelo (2018-01-28). "From Eminem to Offset, an analysis of hip-hop's history of homophobia". Highlander. Archived from the original on 2019-05-07. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  68. ^ a b Kennedy, Gerrick D. (July 31, 2019). "Lil Nas X came out, but has hip-hop? A macho culture faces a crossroads". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-08-01. ...d one would be hard pressed to not find a gay slur embedded in the lyrics of any of the genre's most famous architects. In fact, an entire lexicon dedicated to pointing out discomfort with gay men has permeated rap lyrics. Slang such as "sus" and "No homo" and "Pause" that use queerness as a punchline have been thrown around casually for years.
  69. ^ "Lil Nas X Wants 'Montero' to Help 'Normalize' Same-Sex Lust in Music". Billboard. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  70. ^ "Households and Families: 2010" (PDF). CB. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  71. ^ a b c d e "LGBT Families of Color: Facts at a Glance" (PDF). National Black Justice Coalition. January 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  72. ^ Dang, Alain; Frazer, Somjen (December 2005). "Black Same-Sex Households in the United States" (PDF). National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute National Black Justice Coalition. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  73. ^ a b Moore, Mignon (2008). "Gendered Power Relations among Women". American Sociological Review. 73 (2): 335–356. doi:10.1177/000312240807300208. S2CID 143591010. ProQuest 218828367 – via ProQuest.
  74. ^ a b c Moore, Mignon R. (2006). "Lipstick or Timberlands? Meanings of Gender Presentation in Black Lesbian Communities". Signs. 32 (1): 113–139. doi:10.1086/505269. JSTOR 10.1086/505269. S2CID 146712513.
  75. ^ Lewis, Cristopher S. (2012). "Cultivating Black Lesbian Shamelessness: Alice Walker's 'The Color Purple'". Rocky Mountain Review. 66 (2): 158–175. doi:10.1353/rmr.2012.0027. JSTOR 41763555. S2CID 145014258.
  76. ^ Bowleg, Lisa (2008). "When Black + Lesbian + Woman [Not Equal To] Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research". Sex Roles. 59 (5–6): 312–325. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z. S2CID 49303030. ProQuest 225362720 – via ProQuest.
  77. ^ Burns, Crosby (July 19, 2011). "Gay and Transgender Discrimination Outside the Workplace". Center for American Progress. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
  78. ^ "CDC: 1 in 2 black gay men will be diagnosed with HIV". USA Today.
  79. ^ "HIV & AIDS Trends and U.S. Statistics Overview". HIV.gov. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  80. ^ Oster, A.; et al. (2010). "Understanding disparities in HIV infection between black and white men who have sex with men in the United States: data from the national HIV behavioral surveillance system". International Aids Society. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  81. ^ Luthra, Shefali (April 15, 2021). "CDC: 4 in 10 transgender women tested positive for HIV in major cities". The 19th.
  82. ^ "HIV and African American Gay and Bisexual Men: What CDC is Doing". 14 September 2022.
  83. ^ "Black AIDS Institute". Black AIDS Institute.
  84. ^ a b c d e Moore, Kiara L.; Lopez, Lucy; Camacho, David; Munson, Michelle R. (2020-06-01). "A Qualitative Investigation of Engagement in Mental Health Services Among Black and Hispanic LGB Young Adults". Psychiatric Services. 71 (6): 555–561. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900399. ISSN 1075-2730. PMC 7364786. PMID 31960774.
  85. ^ a b c d e Mereish, Ethan H.; Sheskier, Mikela; Hawthorne, David J.; Goldbach, Jeremy T. (2019-09-02). "Sexual orientation disparities in mental health and substance use among Black American young people in the USA: effects of cyber and bias-based victimisation". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 21 (9): 985–998. doi:10.1080/13691058.2018.1532113. ISSN 1369-1058. PMC 6602804. PMID 30601086.
  86. ^ a b c d Garrett-Walker, Ja'nina J.; Longmire-Avital, Buffie (2018). "Resilience and Depression: The Roles of Racial Identity, Sexual Identity, and Social Support on Well-Being for Black LGB Emerging Adults". Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships. 4 (4): 1–15. doi:10.1353/bsr.2018.0008. ISSN 2376-7510. S2CID 149869570.
  87. ^ Gilbert, Sophie. "The Symbolism of Water in Barry Jenkins's 'Moonlight'". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
  88. ^ "'Queen Sugar' actor Brian Michael Smith comes out as transgender". NBC News. 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  89. ^ Quin, Kevin C. (March 2019). ""To Stamp Out the Oppression of All Black People": Ron Grayson and the Association of Black Gays, 1975–1979". The Journal of African American History. 104 (2): 227–249. doi:10.1086/702439. ISSN 1548-1867. S2CID 155623942.
  90. ^ Obejas, Achy (13 September 1993). "Between Two Communities". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  91. ^ Mathewes, Francesca (14 October 2020). "'If they cannot hear you when you whisper, watch when you say a cuss word'". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  92. ^ "Event Calendar | City of Palm Springs". www.palmspringsca.gov. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
  93. ^ "Brother to Brother records". oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
  94. ^ Fraser, Adriana (2019-01-10). "COLOURS' community comeback". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  95. ^ Nash, Suzi (2022-06-22). "Michael Hinson, Jr: A Life of Activism". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
  96. ^ "Get to Know the Non-Profit Making Atlanta's Black Gay Community Heard". PAPER. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  97. ^ "About Deviant". Deviant Events. 2023-04-01. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28.
  98. ^ "About".
  99. ^ "DERRICK ALLEN HICKS – Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame". Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  100. ^ "HBGC to Honor Radical Organizing by and for LGBTQ People of Color at 7th Annual Gala". The Rainbow Times. Boston. 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  101. ^ "Ladies at Play". Ladies at Play.
  102. ^ "Meet Your Neighbor: Lighthouse Foundation". Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  103. ^ "Facing homophobia and dwindling venue spaces, Boston's QTPoC are seeking inclusive nightlife". The Scope. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  104. ^ "Mobilizing Our Brothers Initiative: Empowering Black Gay Men to Tackle Trump's America". The Root. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  105. ^ Herbst, Jeffrey H.; Painter, Thomas M.; Tomlinson, Hank L.; Alvarez, Maria E. (2014-04-18). "Evidence-Based HIV/STD Prevention Intervention for Black Men Who Have Sex with Men". MMWR Supplements. 63 (1): 21–27. ISSN 2380-8950. PMC 4680977. PMID 24743663.
  106. ^ Jones, Chad (2012-10-15). "Pomo Afro Homos: 'Fierce' force returns". SFGATE. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
  107. ^ "Houston Splash Marks 30 Years of Black LGBTQ Pride – OutSmart Magazine". www.outsmartmagazine.com. May 2, 2018.
  108. ^ "Houston Splash". www.houstonlgbthistory.org.
  109. ^ "United Black Ellument". United Black Ellument.
  110. ^ Zipkin, Michele (2020-10-27). "Racism runs deep in Philadelphia Gayborhood". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  111. ^ Chibbaro, Lou Jr. (2019-02-27). "Us Helping Us wins $600,000 grant". Washington Blade. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=African-American_LGBTQ_community&oldid=1266146014#Black_transgender_people"