Henry Beaufort

Henry Beaufort
Henry Beaufort
Cardinal, Bishop of Winchester
Church	Roman Catholic Church
Province	Canterbury
Diocese	Winchester
Installed	1404
Term ended	1447
Predecessor	William of Wykeham
Successor	William Waynflete
Other post(s)	Lord Chancellor of England; Cardinal Priest of Sant'Eusebio;
Previous post(s)	Bishop of Lincoln (1398–1404); Chancellor of Oxford University (1397–99); Dean of Wells (1397–98);
Orders
Consecration	14 July 1398
Created cardinal	24 May 1426; by Pope Martin V
Rank	Cardinal Priest
Personal details
Born	c. 1375; Château de Beaufort, Anjou,; Kingdom of France
Died	11 April 1447 (aged 71–72); Wolvesey Castle, Winchester,; Kingdom of England
Buried	Winchester Cathedral
Denomination	Roman Catholic Church
Parents	John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford
Coat of arms

Henry Beaufort (c. 1375 – 11 April 1447) was an English Catholic prelate and statesman who held the offices of Bishop of Lincoln (1398), Bishop of Winchester (1404) and cardinal (1426).^[1] He served three times as Lord Chancellor and played an important role in English politics.

Beaufort was a member of the royal House of Plantagenet,^[2] being the second son of the four legitimised children of John of Gaunt (third son of King Edward III) by his mistress (later wife) Katherine Swynford.

Life

Beaufort is often claimed to have been born at Beaufort, an English domain in France, but England, John of Gaunt specifically, had already lost that land holding, which had come to him through his grandmother Blanche of Artois. He was educated for a career in the Church. After his parents were married in early 1396, Henry, his two brothers and one sister were declared legitimate by Pope Boniface IX and legitimated by Act of Parliament on 9 February 1397, but they were barred from the succession to the throne.^[3]^[4]^[5]

On 27 February 1398, he was nominated Bishop of Lincoln, and on 14 July 1398, he was consecrated.^[6] After Henry of Bolingbroke deposed Richard II and took the throne as Henry IV in 1399, he made Bishop Beaufort Lord Chancellor of England in 1403,^[7] but Beaufort resigned in 1404 when he was appointed Bishop of Winchester on 19 November.^[8]

Between 1411 and 1413, Bishop Beaufort was in political disgrace for siding with his nephew, the Prince of Wales, against the king,^[9] but when King Henry IV died and the prince became King Henry V, he was made Chancellor once again in 1413, but he resigned the position in 1417.^[7] Pope Martin V offered him the rank of Cardinal, but King Henry V would not permit him to accept the offer.

Henry V died in 1422, two years after he had married Catherine of Valois, daughter of King Charles VI, who had disowned his son Charles in favour of Henry in the Treaty of Troyes. Henry and Catherine's infant son Henry VI, the Bishop's great-nephew, succeeded Henry as King of England, and, in accordance with the Treaty, succeeded Charles as King of France. Bishop Beaufort and the child king's other uncles formed the Regency government,^[10] and in 1424, Beaufort became Chancellor once more, but was forced to resign in 1426 because of disputes with the king's other uncles, in particular Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester.^[7]

Pope Martin V finally appointed Beaufort as Cardinal in 1426.^[7] In 1427, he made him the Papal Legate for Germany, Hungary and Bohemia, and directed him to lead the fourth "crusade" against the Hussites heretics in Bohemia. Beaufort's forces were routed by the Hussites at the Battle of Tachov on 4 August 1427.^[11]

After the capture of Joan of Arc in 1431, legend has it that Beaufort was present to observe some of the heresy trial sessions presided over by Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais. However, the full record of the trial, which lists all those who took part in her trial on a daily basis shows that he was not there.^[12] His sole appearance is on the day of her abjuration (26 May 1431). The formal record does not include Beaufort's presence at her execution but legend has it that he wept as he viewed the horrible scene as she was burned at the stake. This legend derives from what is now known as the Rehabilitation Trial of Joan of Arc which culminated in an examination of numerous witnesses in 1455 and 1456 in which one of the 27 Articles of Enquiry was that Joan had died in "such a manner as to draw from all those present, and even from her English enemies, effusions of tears."^[13] A number of witnesses at this re-trial inferred or declared his presence including one of the original trial judges, one Andre Marguerie, Canon of Rouen, who asserted that Beaufort had reprimanded his chaplain for complaining that the Bishop of Beauvais's sermon was too favourable to Joan. However, it is not clear to which sermon Marguerie was referring.^[13]

In a spirit of contrition and reconciliation, in 1922 a statue of Joan of Arc (carved under the supervision of Sir Ninian Comper) was placed beside the entrance to the Lady Chapel in Winchester Cathedral diagonally facing Cardinal Beaufort's tomb and chantry chapel.^[14]

Beaufort continued to be active in English politics for years, fighting with the other powerful advisors to the king.^{[citation needed]} He died on 11 April 1447.^[8]

Affair and daughter

When Henry was Bishop of Lincoln, he had an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort, with an unknown woman, sometimes thought to be the daughter of Alice Cherleton, Baroness Cherleton: "Henry fathered an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort, in 1402, who some make Alice's daughter. Both Jane and her husband, Sir Edward Stradling, were named in Cardinal Beaufort's will. Their marriage about 1423 brought Sir Edward into the political orbit of his shrewd and assertive father-in-law, to whom he may have owed his appointment as chamberlain of South Wales in December 1423, a position he held until March 1437".^[15]

Citations

^ Miranda, Salvador. "Henry Beaufort". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Rosenthal, Joel Thomas (1970). "The Training of an Elite Group: English Bishops in the Fifteenth Century". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 60 (5) (New Series ed.): 7. doi:10.2307/1005966. JSTOR 1005966.
^ Cokayne Complete Peerage Volume XII pp. 40–41
^ Schofield, Nicholas; Skinner, Gerald (2007). The English Cardinals. Oxford, UK: Family Publications. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-871217-65-0.
^ Williams, David (1996). British Royalty. London, UK: Cassell. pp. 240–41. ISBN 0-304-34933-X.
^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 256
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 87
^ ^a ^b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 277
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Beaufort, Henry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 586–587.
^ Griffiths 1981, p. 23.
^ Harriss, G. L. (1987). "Henry Beaufort, 'Cardinal of England'". Proceedings of the 1986 Harlaxton Symposium: England in the Fifteenth Century. Woodbridge, UK: Paul Watkins Publishing: 123–24.
^ The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc translated in full by W. P. Barrett,, George Routledge & Sons,1931
^ ^a ^b Pernoud, Regine (1955). The Retrial of Joan of Arc. Translated by J. M. Cohen. Methuen & Co.
^ Bullen, Michael; Crook, John; Hubbuck, Rodney; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2010). Hampshire: Winchester and the North. Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England. Yale University Press. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-300-12084-4.
^ Griffiths, Ralph Alan (1994). Conquerors and Conquered in Medieval Wales. Alan Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-0515-2.

References

Cokayne, George E. (1982). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct, or Dormant. Vol. XII (Microprint ed.). Gloucester, UK: A. Sutton. ISBN 0-904387-82-8.
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Griffiths, Ralph A. (1981). The Reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04372-5.

Political offices
Preceded by Edmund Stafford	Lord Chancellor 1403–1405	Succeeded by Thomas Langley
Preceded by Thomas Arundel	Lord Chancellor 1413–1417	Succeeded by Thomas Langley
Preceded by Thomas Langley	Lord Chancellor 1424–1426	Succeeded by John Kemp
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Thomas Thebaud	Dean of Wells 1397–1398	Succeeded by Nicholas Slake
Preceded by John Bokyngham	Bishop of Lincoln 1398–1404	Succeeded by Philip Repyngdon
Preceded by William of Wykeham	Bishop of Winchester 1404–1447	Succeeded by William Waynflete
Preceded by Alemanno Adimari	Cardinal Priest of S. Eusebio 1426–1447	Succeeded by Richard Olivier de Longueil
Academic offices
Preceded by Philip Repyngdon	Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1397–1399	Succeeded by Thomas Hyndeman

v t e English Lord Chancellors under the House of Lancaster (1399–1461; 1470–1471)
Henry IV (1399–1413)	Thomas Arundel (1399) John Scarle (1399–1401) Edmund Stafford (1401–1403) Henry Beaufort (1403–1405) Thomas Langley (1405–1407) Thomas Arundel (1407–1410) Duke of Exeter (1410–1412) Thomas Arundel (1412–1413)
Henry V (1413–1422)	Henry Beaufort (1413–1417) Thomas Langley (1417–1422)
Henry VI (1422–1461) (1470–1471)	Thomas Langley (1422–1424) Henry Beaufort (1424–1426) John Kemp (1426–1432) John Stafford (1432–1450) John Kemp (1450–1454) 5th Earl of Salisbury (1454–1455) Thomas Bourchier (1455–1456) William Waynflete (1456–1460) George Neville (1460–1461; 1470–1471)

v t e Deans of Wells
High Medieval	Ivo Richard de Spakeston Alexander Leonius Ralph of Lechlade Peter of Chichester William of Merton John Saracenus Giles of Bridport Edward of Cnoll Thomas Bytton William Burnell Walter Haselshaw
Late Medieval	Henry Husee John Godelee Richard de Bury Wibert of Littleton Walter of London Thomas Fastolf John of Carleton Stephen Penpel John Fordham Thomas Thebaud Henry Beaufort Nicholas Slake Thomas Tuttebury Richard Courtenay Walter Medeford John Stafford John Forest Nicholas Carent William Witham John Gunthorpe
Early modern	William Cosyn Thomas Wynter Richard Woleman Thomas Cromwell William Fitzwilliam John Goodman William Turner Robert Weston Valentine Dale John Herbert Benjamin Heydon Richard Meredith Ralph Barlow George Warburton Walter Raleigh Robert Creighton Ralph Bathurst William Grahme Matthew Brailsford Isaac Maddox John Harris Samuel Creswicke Lord Francis Seymour
Late modern	George Lukin Hon. Henry Ryder Edmund Goodenough Richard Jenkyns George Johnson Edward Plumptre Thomas Jex-Blake Armitage Robinson Richard Malden Frederic Harton Christopher Woodforde Irven Edwards Patrick Mitchell Richard Lewis John Clarke Andrew Featherstone (Acting) John Davies Toby Wright

v t e Bishops of Winchester
Early Medieval 634–1006	Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester Agilbert, Bishop of Dorchester Wine Leuthere Hædde Daniel Hunfrith Cyneheard Æthelheard Ecgbald Dudd Cyneberht Ealhmund Wigthegn Herefrith (disputed) Eadmund (disputed) Eadhun Helmstan Swithun Ealhferth Tunbeorht Denewulf Frithestan Beornstan/Byrnstan Ælfheah I Ælfsige I Beorhthelm Æthelwold I Ælfheah II	Arms of the Bishop of Winchester
High Medieval 1006–1304	Cenwulf Æthelwold II Ælfsige II Ælfwine Stigand Walkelin William Giffard Henry of Blois Richard of Ilchester Godfrey de Luci Richard Poore Peter des Roches Ralph Neville William de Raley Aymer de Valence Andrew of London William de Taunton John Gervais Nicholas of Ely Robert Burnell Richard de la More John of Pontoise
Late Medieval 1305–1501	Henry Woodlock John Sandale Rigaud of Assier John de Stratford Adam Orleton William Edington William of Wykeham Henry Beaufort William Waynflete Peter Courtenay Thomas Langton
Early Modern 1501–1820	Richard Foxe Thomas Wolsey Stephen Gardiner John Ponet Stephen Gardiner John White Robert Horne John Watson Thomas Cooper William Wickham William Day Thomas Bilson James Montague Lancelot Andrewes Richard Neile Walter Curle Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Brian Duppa George Morley Peter Mews Jonathan Trelawny Charles Trimnell Richard Willis Benjamin Hoadly John Thomas Brownlow North
Late Modern 1820–current	George Pretyman Tomline Charles Sumner Samuel Wilberforce Harold Browne Anthony Thorold Randall Davidson Herbert Ryle Edward Talbot Theodore Woods Cyril Garbett Mervyn Haigh Alwyn Williams Falkner Allison John Taylor Colin James Michael Scott-Joynt Tim Dakin Philip Mounstephen

v t e Bishops of Lincoln
Leicester	Cuthwine Wilfrid Headda Aldwine Torhthelm Eadbeorht Unwona Wernbeorht Hræthhun Ealdred Ceobred see removed to Dorchester
Dorchester	Harlardus Wigmund Coenwulf Wynsige Æthelwold Oscytel united see: Leofwine Alnothus Æscwig Ælfhelm Eadnoth (I) Æthelric Eadnoth (II) Ulfus Normanus Wulfwig Remigius de Fécamp
High Medieval	Remigius de Fécamp Robert Bloet Alexander Robert de Chesney Geoffrey Plantagenet Walter de Coutances Hugh of Avalon William de Blois Hugh of Wells Robert Grosseteste Henry of Lexington Richard of Gravesend Oliver Sutton
Late Medieval	John Dalderby Anthony Bek Henry Burghersh Thomas Bek John Gynwell John Bokyngham Henry Beaufort Philip Repyngdon Richard Fleming William Grey William Alnwick Marmaduke Lumley John Chadworth Thomas Rotherham John Russell
Early modern	William Smyth Thomas Wolsey William Atwater John Longland Henry Holbeach John Taylor John White Thomas Watson Nicholas Bullingham Thomas Cooper William Wickham William Chaderton William Barlow Richard Neile George Montaigne John Williams Thomas Winniffe Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Robert Sanderson Benjamin Lany William Fuller Thomas Barlow Thomas Tenison James Gardiner William Wake Edmund Gibson Richard Reynolds John Thomas John Green Thomas Thurlow
Late modern	George Pretyman (later Pretyman Tomline) George Pelham John Kaye John Jackson Christopher Wordsworth Edward King Edward Hicks William Swayne Nugent Hicks Aylmer Skelton Leslie Owen Maurice Harland Kenneth Riches Simon Phipps Bob Hardy John Saxbee Christopher Lowson Stephen Conway, Bishop of Ely (acting) David Court (acting) Stephen Conway

Life

Affair and daughter

Citations

References

Further reading