Dwarf cassowary
| Dwarf cassowary | |
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| At Avilon Zoo | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Infraclass: | Palaeognathae |
| Order: | Casuariiformes |
| Family: | Casuariidae |
| Genus: | Casuarius |
| Species: | C. bennetti
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| Binomial name | |
| Casuarius bennetti | |
| Subspecies | |
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| Distribution of the dwarf cassowary | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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List
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The dwarf cassowary (Casuarius bennetti), also known as Bennett's cassowary, little cassowary, mountain cassowary[2] or muruk, is the smallest of the three extant species of cassowaries.
Taxonomy
[edit]
The scientific name commemorates the Australian naturalist George Bennett.[4] He was the first scientist to examine these birds after a few were brought to Australia aboard a ship. Recognising them as a new species of cassowary, he sent specimens back to England, where other taxonomists confirmed his perception. On the west side of Cenderawasih Bay, western Papua, there is a distinctive form that may merit a split. C. papuanus is the tentative name. There are two recognized subspecies
- C. b. bennetti - found throughout New Guinea except the Vogelkop Peninsula, as well as Yapen Island and New Britain
- C. b. westermanni - found on the Vogelkop Peninsula
A third subspecies, Casuarius bennetti papuanus, may exist based on a specimen collected in 1875 of unknown origin.[5] This name is sometimes applied to C. b. westermanni subspecies, and may represent a distinct species, but the taxonomy is still unresolved.
The Karam or Kalam people[6] of the New Guinea Highlands classify bats and flying birds as one group, yaket, and the cassowaries, very large, wingless, flightless birds as another, kobtiy. Yaket are bony with wings and fly in the air, while kobtiy are bony without wings and are terrestrial and of the forest. They distinguish kobtiy from other bony, wingless animals because kobtiy are not quadrupedal like dogs and lizards and are not limbless like snakes.[7] (See Kalam languages.)
John Gould first identified the dwarf cassowary from a specimen from New Britain, in 1857.[2]
Description
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The dwarf cassowary is a large bird but is smaller than other living cassowaries (the southern cassowary and northern cassowary). It is between 99 and 150 cm (3 ft 3 in and 4 ft 11 in) long and weighs between 17.6 and 26 kg (39 and 57 lb).[2] It is a flightless bird with hard and stiff black plumage, a low triangular casque, pink cheek and red patches of skin on its blue neck.[2] Compared to other cassowaries, the dwarf cassowary is shorter, with a tarsi length of 24.5 cm (9.6 in), with a slightly smaller bill, at 11 to 12.2 cm (4.3 to 4.8 in).[2] The feet are large and powerful, equipped with dagger-like claws on the inner toe. Both sexes are similar. Females have longer casques, brighter bare skin colour and are larger in size.
Range and habitat
[edit]The dwarf cassowary is endemic to the montane cloud forests and tropical rainforests of the island of New Guinea (divided between the countries of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea). Though the birds are primarily found on the island of New Guinea proper, they are also known from the Bismarck Archipelago (part of Papua New Guinea's Islands Region), including the islands of New Britain and New Ireland,[8] as well as Yapen Island[9] (part of Indonesia's Papua Province), at elevations of around 3,300 m (10,800 ft) above sea level. In areas where dwarf cassowaries do not encounter the northern cassowary (Casuarius unappendiculatus) nor the southern (Casuarius casuarius) species—i.e., avoiding interspecific competition—they will naturally become more confident and forage in lowland or open forest areas.[2] The dwarf cassowary's total population is distributed over an area of approximately 258,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).[10]
Ecology
[edit]The species feeds mainly on fallen fruits or fruits that they pluck from shrubs,[11] and small animals and insects. Dwarf cassowaries use the crest on their head to sort through leaf litter and reveal many sources of food, such as fungi, insects, plant tissue, and small vertebrates, including lizards and frogs.[11] A solitary bird, it pairs only during breeding season.[2] It possibly undertakes seasonal migrations in part of its range.[1]
Conservation
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The dwarf cassowary has been classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN from 2004 to 2013 due to pressure by habitat loss, habitat degradation, being hunted for food, and often being kept in captivity. However, the species was downgraded to Least Concern in 2015, as current populations appear to be stable (although population trends remain generally unknown) and there is substantially less hunting pressure than in the past.[1][10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Casuarius bennetti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22678111A92755192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678111A92755192.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Cassowaries". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Group. pp. 75–80. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- ^ Peron, Richard. "Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
- ^ Gotch, A.F. (1995) [1979]. "Cassowaries". Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. London: Facts on File. pp. 178–179. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- ^ Perron, Richard M. (19 February 2011). "The taxonomic status of Casuarius bennetti papuanus and C. b. westermanni". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 131 (1): 57.
- ^ "Dialects of Papua New Guinea: Kalam". Retrieved 2014-01-08.
- ^ Bulmer, Ralph (1967). "Why is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy Among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands". Man. 2 (1): 5–25. doi:10.2307/2798651. JSTOR 2798651.
- ^ "Observations • iNaturalist". iNaturalist.org. 27 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2008). "Dwarf Cassowary - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 6 Feb 2009.
- ^ a b "Casuarius bennetti (Dwarf cassowary)". Animal Diversity Web.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cassowary". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 463.
Further reading
[edit]- Bennett, George (1860), Gatherings of a naturalist in Australasia, John Van Voorst, London