Eastern Indo-Aryan languages

Eastern Indo-Aryan
Eastern Indo-Aryan
Magadhan
Geographic; distribution	Eastern India, Bangladesh, southern Nepal
Linguistic classification	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Indo-Aryan; ; ;
Early forms	Prakrit Magadhi Prakrit ;
Subdivisions	Bengali–Assamese; Bihari; Halbic; Odia;
Language codes
Glottolog	indo1323 (Indo-Aryan Eastern zone); biha1245 (Bihari)

The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Māgadhan languages, are spoken throughout the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent, which includes Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bengal region, Tripura, Assam, and Odisha; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. Bengali is official language of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak valley of Assam while Assamese and Odia are the official languages of Assam and Odisha, respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Abahattha, which descends from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa^[1] and ultimately from Magadhi Prakrit.^[2]^[3]^[1]

Classification

The exact scope of the Eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. All scholars agree about a kernel that includes the Odia cluster and the Bengali–Assamese languages, while many also include the Bihari languages. The widest scope was proposed by Suniti Kumar Chatterji who included the Eastern Hindi varieties, but this has not been widely accepted.^[4]

When the Bihari languages are included, the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages fall into four language groups in two broader categories:^{[citation needed]}

Western Magadhan

Bihari
- Bhojpuri
  - Caribbean Hindustani
  - Nagpuri
- Magahi
  - Khortha
- Maithili
  - Bajjika (Western Maithili)
  - Angika (Southern Maithili)
  - Central Maithili
  - Eastern Maithili
  - Thēthi
  - Jolaha
  - Kisan
- Sadanic
  - Kurmali (Panchpargania)
- Unclassified Bihari
  - Tharuic
    - Chitwania Tharu
    - Dangaura Tharu
      - Dangaha
    - Sonha
    - Kathariya Tharu
    - Kochila Tharu
      - Western Kochila
      - Central Kochila (Saptariya Tharu)
      - Eastern Kochila (Morangiya, Khawas Tharu)
    - Rana Tharu
    - Buksa
    - Musasa
  - Majhi
  - Kumhali
  - Kuswaric
    - Danwar
      - Dewas Done Danuwar
        Dewas Rai
        
        Done Danuwar
      - Kochariya-East Danuwar
        East Danuwar
        
        Kochariya
    - Bote-Darai
      - Bote
      - Darai

Eastern Magadhan

Bengali–Assamese:
- Gauda-Banga
  - Bengali
    - Bangali (Eastern Bengali)
    - Manbhumi (Western Bengali)
    - Rarhi (South-Central Bengali)
    - Varendri (North-Central Bengali)
  - Bishnupriya Manipuri
  - Chakma
  - Chittagonian
  - Noakhailla
  - Rohingya
  - Sylheti
  - Tanchangya
- Kamarupic:
  - Eastern Kamarupi
    - Assamese
      - Eastern
      - Central
      - Kamrupi (Western Assamese)
      - Goalpariya (Western Assamese)
  - Western Kamarupi
    - KRNB lects
      - Kamtapuri
      - Rangpuri
      - Surjapuri
      - Rajbanshi
    - Hajong
Odia languages
- Odia Family
  - Baleswari (Northern Odia)
  - Singhbhumi(Southern Jharkhand)
  - Kataki (Central Odia)
  - Sambalpuri (Western Odia)
  - Sundargadi (Northwestern Odia)
  - Kalahandia (Southwestern Odia)
  - Desia (Koraputia Odia)
  - Ganjami (Southern Odia)
- Bodo Parja
- Bhatri
- Reli
- Kupia
Halbic:
- Halbi, Kamar, Bhunjia, Nahari

Features

Grammatical features of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages:^[5]

Case	Bengali	Assamese	Odia	Rajbangshi	Surjapuri	Maithili	Bhojpuri	Tharu	Sylheti
Instrumental	-t̪e, -ke d̪ie	-e, -er-e, di, -e-di	-e, -re, -d̪ei	-d̪i	sɛ	-e,e˜, sə˜, d̪ea		le, leka	-re, di
Dative	-ke, -[e]re	-k, -ɒk	-ku	-k, -ɔk	-k, -ɔk	-ke˜	-ke	-hənə	-gu, -gur
Ablative	-t̪ʰeke	-pɒra	-u, -ru, -ʈʰaru, -ʈʰiru	-hat̪ɛ, t̪ʰaki	-sɛ	-sə˜, -k -karəne		se	-lagi, -tône
Genitive	-r, -er	-r, -ɒr	-rɔ	-r, -ɛr	-r, -ɛr	-ker (-k)	-kæ	-ək	-r, -ôr
Locative	-e, -t̪e	-t, -ɒt	-re	-t̪, -ɔt̪	-t̪, -ɔt̪	e, me, -hi, -tə		-mə	-t, -ô

Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. It is suggested that "pre-Munda" ("proto-" in regular terminology) languages may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.^[6]^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b Ray, Tapas S. (2007). "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.
^ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), "The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge language family series, London: Routledge, pp. 46–66, ISBN 0-7007-1130-9
^ South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 446–462.
^ (Toulmin 2006:148)
^ Peterson, John (2017). "The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia Archived 11 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.
^ Ivani, Jessica K.; Paudyal, Netra; Peterson, John (2020-09-01). "Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 287–326. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2029. ISSN 2196-078X.

External links

A Comparative dictionary of the Bihārī language, Volume 1 By August Friedrich Rudolf Hoernle, Sir George Abraham Grierson (1885)
Toulmin, Mathew W S (2006). Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan (PhD). The Australian National University.

[Ray2007-1] Ray, Tapas S. (2007). "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9.

[2] Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), "The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge language family series, London: Routledge, pp. 46–66, ISBN 0-7007-1130-9

[Claus2003-3] South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203

[4] Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 446–462.

[5] (Toulmin 2006:148)

[6] Peterson, John (2017). "The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia Archived 11 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.

[7] Ivani, Jessica K.; Paudyal, Netra; Peterson, John (2020-09-01). "Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 287–326. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2029. ISSN 2196-078X.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]