Jump to content

Jharkhand

Edit links
Coordinates: 23°21′N 85°20′E / 23.35°N 85.33°E / 23.35; 85.33
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Economy of Jharkhand State)

Jharkhand
State
Official emblem of Jharkhand
Emblem of Jharkhand
Etymology: "Forest Land"
Nickname: 
"Land of Forests"
Motto(s): 
Satyameva Jayate
(Truth alone triumphs)
The map of India showing Jharkhand
Location of Jharkhand in India
Coordinates: 23°21′N 85°20′E / 23.35°N 85.33°E / 23.35; 85.33
CountryIndia
RegionEast India
Before wasPart of Bihar
Formation15 November 2000
CapitalRanchi
Largest cityJamshedpur
Districts24 (5 divisions)
Government
 • BodyGovernment of Jharkhand
 • GovernorSantosh Gangwar
 • Chief ministerHemant Soren (JMM)
State LegislatureUnicameral
 • AssemblyJharkhand Legislative Assembly (81 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha6 seats
 • Lok Sabha14 seats
High CourtJharkhand High Court
Area
 • Total
79,716 km2 (30,779 sq mi)
 • Rank15th
Dimensions
 • Length463 km (288 mi)
 • Width380 km (240 mi)
Elevation
277 m (909 ft)
Highest elevation
(Parasnath[1])
1,382 m (4,534 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total
Increase 32,988,134
 • Rank14th
 • Density414/km2 (1,070/sq mi)
 • Urban
24.05%
 • Rural
75.95%
DemonymsJharkhandi
Language
 • OfficialHindi[3]
 • Additional official
 • Official scriptDevanagari script
GDP
 • Total (2024–25)Increase₹4.70 lakh crore (US$56 billion)
 • Rank19th
 • Per capitaDecrease ₹107,436 (US$1,300) (30th)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-JH
Vehicle registrationJH
HDI (2022)Neutral increase 0.592 Medium (32nd)
Literacy (2011)Increase 66.41% (32nd)
Sex ratio (2021)948♀/1000 ♂[6] (26th)
Websitejharkhand.gov.in
Symbols of Jharkhand
Emblem of Jharkhand
BirdKoel
FlowerPalash
MammalIndian elephant[7]
TreeSal
State highway mark
State highway of Jharkhand
JH SH1 - JH SH
List of Indian state symbols

Jharkhand (/ˈdʒɑːrkənd/;[8] Hindi: [d͡ʒʱɑːɾkʰəɳɖ]; lit. 'the land of forests') is a state in eastern India.[9] The state shares its border with the states of West Bengal to the east, Chhattisgarh to the west, Uttar Pradesh to the northwest, Bihar to the north and Odisha to the south. It is the 15th largest state by area, and the 14th largest by population. Hindi is the official language of the state.[3] The city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; Baidyanath Dham, Parasnath, Dewri and Rajrappa are major religious sites.[10][11] Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities as of 2011.[12]

Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a resource curse: it accounts for more than 4% of India's mineral production but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.[13][14][15]

Etymology

The word "Jhar" means 'forest' and "Khand" means 'land' in various Indo-Aryan languages. Thus "Jharkhand" means forest land.[16]

In the ancient period, in the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to location near Kark Rekha, that is, Tropic of Cancer.[17][verification needed] During the Medieval period, the region was known as Jharkhand. According to Bhavishya Purana (1200 CE), Jharkhand was one of the seven Pundra desa. The name is first found on a 13th-century copper plate in Kendrapada, Odisha region from the reign of Narasimha Deva II of Eastern Ganga dynasty. Forest land from Baidhnath dham to Puri was known as Jharkhand. In Akbarnama, from Panchet in the east to Ratanpur to west, Rohtasgarh to the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand.[18][19]

History

Main article: History of Jharkhand

Ancient period

The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings.[20][21][22] Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.[20] There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE).[21] During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complexes are known as the Copper Hoard Culture.[23] In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the Son and North Koel rivers in Palamu district various antiquities and art objects have been found which are from the Neolithic to the medieval period and pot-sherds of Redware, black and red ware, black ware, black slipped ware and NBP ware are from Chalcolithic to the late medieval period.[24] Several iron slags, microliths, and potsherds have been discovered from Singhbhum district that are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age.[22] The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties including Nanda, Maurya and Gupta during ancient period.

In the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer.[17] During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE, Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha and Anga.[25][citation needed] In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states were subdued and were forced to accept the hegemony of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). In the ancient site of Saridkel, burnt brick houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools have been found which belong to the early centuries CE.[26] Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE.[27] Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region (North and South), directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.[28]

Medieval period

In the 7th century, the Chinese traveller Xuanzang passed through the region. He described the kingdom as Karnasuvarna, with Shashanka as its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in the east, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.[29]

During the medieval period, the region was governed by Nagvanshi, Pala, Khayaravala, Ramgarh Raj and Chero rulers.[30][31] A Buddhist monastery has been found in Hazaribagh which was built during the Pala period in the 10th century.[32] Bhim Karn was a Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated the Raksel dynasty of Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry.[33]

Khakparta Temple, a 9th-century Shiva temple in Lohardaga

Modern period

Mughal influence reached Palamu during the reign of Emperor Akbar when it was conquered by Rajput Raja Mansingh in 1574. Several invasions took place during Mughal rule.[34] During the reign of the Nagvanshi King Madhu Singh, Akbar's general invaded Khukhra. Also there was an invasion during the reign of Durjan Shah.[35]

King Ram Shah ruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663. He built the Kapilnath Temple in 1643. He was succeeded by his son Raghunath Shah. Thakur Ani Nath Shahdeo built the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.[36] The King Medini Ray ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu.[37] His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the Nagvanshi Maharaja of Chhotanagpur.[38] Chero rule in the Palamu region lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by the East India Company. Later Palamu estates were sold by the British.[39]

During the 18th century, regions under the Kings of the Chero dynasty, Nagvanshi dynasty, Ramgarh and Kharagdiha became parts of territories of East India Company. Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in the regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates. The Kharagdiha Rajas were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were Koderma, Gadi Palganj and Ledo Gadi.[40] The princely states in the Chota Nagpur Plateau came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of British East India Company as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars and became known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States.[41]

Subjugation, colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. Chuar Rebellion, the first revolt against the British East India Company led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with the Bhumij tribals. The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769–71, led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum. In 1769, Raghunath Mahato also revolted against the British East India Company (EIC).[42]

In 1771, the revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Majhi, a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills. Soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, called the Chuar Rebellion. In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord from Srinagar. The Munda tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. Bakhtar Say and Mundal Singh, two landowners, fought against the British East India Company in 1812.[43]

The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and a Kol revolt occurred in 1832. Also in 1832 the Bhumijs revolted again against the British, this time under the leadership of Ganga Narayan Singh, known as the Bhumij Rebellion. During the 19th century, large numbers of santals from Manbhum, Hazaribagh, Midnapore were settled by British in Damin-i-koh to cultivate the land and generate revenue. But the Santal revolted against tax imposition. The Santhal rebellion broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. Later the British renamed it as Santal Pargana.[44]

Santhal rebellion against tax imposition during British Company Raj in 1855

Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai rebelled against the British East India Company in the 1857 rebellion. In the Battle of Chatra, conflict took place between the rebels and the East India company.[45][46] Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikhari, Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[47] The brothers Nilambar and Pitambar were chiefs of Bhogta clan of the Kharwar tribe who held ancestral jagirs with many Chero Jagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company.[34]

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria,[48] who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.[49] Then Birsa Munda revolt,[50] broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.[51]

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces.

In March 1940, the INC 53rd Session[52][53] occurred under the presidency of Maulana Azad at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh, which is now Ramgarh Cantonment. Mahatma Gandhi,[54] Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj and other great leaders[55] of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.[56] Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.[57]

At that time, under the leadership of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose a conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M. N. Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party.

Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress.

Post Independence

After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of many states chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur after that became part of the state of Madhya Pradesh, but Gangpur and Bonai became part of the state of Orissa and Kharsawan and Saraikela became part of the state of Bihar.[58] In 1928, a separate state was demanded by Unnati Samaj, the political wing of the Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission to constitute a tribal state in eastern India.[18] Prominent leaders like Jaipal Singh Munda and Ram Narayan Singh also demanded a separate state. In 1955, the Jharkhand Party, led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to the States Reorganization Commission for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, tribals were in the minority, Hindustani was the majority language, and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar.[59][60]

Later the Sadan people, the native various caste/non-tribal groups, also joined the movement for a separate state.[59] In 1972, Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren and A. K. Roy founded Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. Nirmal Mahto founded the All Jharkhand Students Union. They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of Ram Dayal Munda, B. P. Keshri, Binod Bihari Mahato, Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988.[61] The Jharkhand co-ordination committee was then led by Congress General Secretary Ram Ratan Ram, who urged Rajiv Gandhi to pay attention to the issue at hand.

Congress General Secretary Mr. Ram Ratan Ram's letter to PM Mr. Rajiv Gandhi on the issue of the state of Jharkhand

In July 1988, the Bharatiya Janata party led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Lal Krishna Advani, and Murli Manohar Joshi decided to demand a separate state, Vanachal, comprising the forest region of South Bihar in Jamshedpur. Inder Singh Namdhari, Samresh Singh, and Rudra Pratap Sarangi were the leaders of the Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state.[62]

The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of Assam. Other tribal areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur and Santal Pargana development boards were constituted under the chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. This failed to achieve the desired result. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it. Due to differences these parties broke away from each other. The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar's legislative assembly in December 1994. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.[31][59]

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo was leading the movement. In 1998, the Union government decided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to the Bihar Legislative Assembly to which Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including the Bharatiya Janata Party, Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, the All Jharkhand Students Union, and the Congress came in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in the Bihar legislature. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters.[63][64]

In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes.[62] After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill. Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha. This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising the Chota Nagpur Division and Santhal Pargana Division of South Bihar.[65] NDA formed the government with Babulal Marandi as chief minister. Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand.[62][66] Babulal Marandi took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the anniversary of the birth of tribal leader Birsa Munda.[31]

Jharkhand statehood

The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of Bihar. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chhattisgarh state, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.[67]

Naxal insurgency

See also: Tritiya Prastuti Committee and People's Liberation Front of India

Jharkhand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police, and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum.[68]

Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area[69] (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkhand is part of the "Red Corridor" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,[69] where the highest concentration of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants fight.[70] Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.[71] The impoverished state provides ample recruits for communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions.[71] As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.[71] In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.[69]

On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament, was shot dead by Naxalite rebels near Kishanpur while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi. His widow, Suman Mahato, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidate, won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.[72]

Geography

Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by West Bengal to the eastern side, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh to the western side, Bihar to the northern part and Odisha to the southern part.

Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of 79,716 square kilometres (30,779 sq mi). Much of Jharkhand lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: Damodar, North Koel, Barakar, South Koel, Sankh and Subarnarekha rivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers.

Physical map of Jharkhand

Climate

Climate of Jharkhand varies from Humid subtropical in the north to tropical wet and dry in the south-east.[73] The main seasons are summer, rainy, autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May, the hottest month, characterised by daily high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) and low temperatures around 25 °C (77 °F). The southwest monsoon, from mid-June to October, brings nearly all the state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about 1,000 mm (40 in) in the west-central part of the state to more than 1,500 mm (60 in) in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August. The winter season lasts from November to February. The temperatures in Ranchi in December usually vary from 10–24 °C (50–75 °F). Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April.[74]

Hills and mountain ranges

  • Parasnath: Parasnath Hill is also called as Sri Sammed Sikharji by Jains and Marang Buru by Santal tribes. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand. It is a chief Jain pilgrimage site and the holy place for Jains. Additionally,for Santal tribes, their supreme deity Marang Buru is prayed and Jug Jaher is the holy enshrine in its valley where Jaher Ayo being worshiped. It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the hill is 1,365 meters.
  • Netarhat: Netarhat is a town in Latehar district. Referred to as the "Queen of Chotanagpur", it is a hill station. Netarhat Residential School is located here. Netarhat Dam is also located in this area.
  • Rajmahal Hills: These hills are located in Sahibganj and Godda districts of Eastern part of Jharkhand. The Rajmahal hills belong to the Jurassic era. These hills like others also have many waterfalls, lakes and greenery.
  • Trikut: Trikut Hill is located ten kilometres away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.
  • Tagore Hill: The Tagore Hill is also recognised as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi, Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.[75]

Main Rivers

Further information: List of rivers of Jharkhand
  • Ganga River: The holy river Ganga passes through the north-eastern district of Sahebganj. Cities on the banks of Ganga river in Jharkhand: Sahebganj, Rajmahal
  • Son River: Origin of Son River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Son River: Sidhi
  • Subarnarekha River: Origin of Subarnarekha River: (Nagdi Ranchi) Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Ranchi, Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur
  • Kharkai River: Origin of Kharkai River: Mayurbhanj District, Odisha; Cities on the Shore of Kharkai River: Rairangpur, Adityapur, and enters the Subarnarekha river in north-western Jamshedpur.
  • Damodar River: Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tori latehar), Cities on the Shore of Damodar River: latehar, lohardaga, Ramgarh, Gridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman
  • North Koel River: Origin of North Koel River: Chota Nagpur plateau, Cities on Shore of North Koel River: Daltonganj
  • South Koel River: Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Nagdi Ranchi), Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River: Manoharpur, Rourkela
  • Lilajan River: Also known as Falgu river. Origin of Lilajan River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau, City on the Shore: Gaya
  • Ajay River: Origin of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Purulia, Chittaranjan, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli
  • Mayurakshi River: Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River: Suri
  • Barakar River: Origin: Padma in Hazaribagh, Barakar Nadi flows through the districts of Koderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh, etc.

For the list of dams built across these revere refer to [2]

Flora and Fauna

Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The national parks and the zoological gardens in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety.

Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,[76] as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

Demographics

See also: Sadan peoples, Nagpuria people, and Tribes of Jharkhand
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 6,068,233—    
1911 6,747,122+11.2%
1921 6,767,770+0.3%
1931 7,908,737+16.9%
1941 8,868,069+12.1%
1951 9,697,254+9.4%
1961 11,606,489+19.7%
1971 14,227,133+22.6%
1981 17,612,069+23.8%
1991 21,844,911+24.0%
2001 26,945,829+23.4%
2011 32,988,134+22.4%
Source: Census of India[77]

According to the 2011 Indian Census, Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females.[78] The sex ratio is 947 females to 1,000 males.[78] The literacy rate of the state was 67.63% with Ranchi district being most educated at 77.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%.[78] In social demographics, Jharkhand's Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes populations are 3,985,644 (12.08%) and 8,646,189 (26.21%), respectively. Nationally, they rank 14th and 6th, comprising 1.98% and 8.29% of the total population within these social groups. They are predominantly concentrated in south-western district Simdega (78.23%), Khunti (77.77%), Gumla (72.11%), Paschim Singhbhum (71.1%), Latehar (66.85%), and in Lohardaga district (60.21%).

Languages

Languages of Jharkhand (2011)[79]

  Khortha (23.46%)
  Hindi (21.40%)
  Bengali (9.74%)
  Santali (8.77%)
  Nagpuri (7.23%)
  Urdu (5.96%)
  Magahi (4.14%)
  Ho (3.01%)
  Mundari (2.92%)
  Kurukh (2.88%)
  'Other' Hindi[a] (2.32%)
  Bhojpuri (2.29%)
  Kurmali (1.82%)
  Odia (1.61%)
  Others (2.45%)

Jharkhand is linguistically diverse, with speakers of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic languages. Hindi is the official language and is spoken as the link language by the people of the state,[3] although different regional languages exist.[79] Some of which, including Nagpuri, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi and Bhojpuri are categorised as 'Hindi languages' in the Indian census 2011.[79] Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status to Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Bhumij, Ho, Kharia, Kurukh, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali and Urdu.[4][80][3]

Linguistic map of Jharkhand, showing the most spoken language by district.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Jharkhand
Sun Temple at Ranchi; Hinduism is the largest religion in the state

Religion in Jharkhand (2011)[81]

  Hinduism (67.83%)
  Islam (14.53%)
  Other religions and persuasions (12.84%)
  Christianity (4.3%)
  Sikhism (0.22%)
  Buddhism (0.03%)
  Jainism (0.05%)
  Not stated (0.21%)

The other religions and persuasions mostly consists of adherents of Sarnaism.[b]

As per the 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the state at 67.8%, followed by Islam at 14.5% and Christianity at 4.3%.[81] Other religions, primarily Sarnaism, claim to be 12.8% of the population.[84]

Hindus form majority in 19 out of 24 districts of the Jharkhand. Christianity forms majority in Simdega district (51.04%).[85] Sarna forms majority in Lohardaga (51.01%), West Singhbhum (62.29%) and plurality in Gumla (44.62%) and Khunti (45.37%).[86] Muslims have highest presence in Pakur district and Sahebganj district of Jharkhand forming 35% and 34% of the population.[87]

Government and administration

Main article: Government of Jharkhand

The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the governor, who is appointed by the president of India. The real executive power rests with the chief minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the chief secretary. Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service and different wings of the state civil services.

The judiciary is headed by the chief justice. Jharkhand has a High Court which has been functioning since 2000. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi.

Administrative districts

Main articles: Administrative divisions of Jharkhand and Districts of Jharkhand

The state was formed with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Pakur, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. One interesting thing about Jharkhand is that all its districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighbouring state.[88]

Divisions and districts

Major cities

Largest Cities in Jharkhand
(2011 Census of India estimate)[89]

Rank City District Population Rank City District Population
Jamshedpur
Bokaro
01 Jamshedpur East Singbhum 1,339,438 06 Phusro Bokaro 186,139
02 Dhanbad Dhanbad 1,196,214 07 Hazaribagh Hazaribagh 153,595
03 Ranchi Ranchi 1,126,741 08 Giridih Giridih 143,630
04 Bokaro Steel City Bokaro 564,319 09 Ramgarh Ramgarh 132,441
05 Deoghar Deoghar 203,123 10 Medininagar Palamu 120,325

Economy

The gross domestic product of Jharkhand is estimated at ₹3.83 lakh crore (US$46 billion) in 2020–21. The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2018-19 was ₹82,430 (US$990).[90]

Open-cast Coal Mining in Dhanbad

Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1%.[91] Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (4th), coal (3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even gold (Rakha Mines) (6th) and silver and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry, in centres like Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Ranchi. Tata Steel, a NSE NIFTY 500 conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.[92] It reported a gross income of ₹. 204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 18 billion.[93]

In February 2006, the government of Jharkhand established the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft) which promotes local sericulture and weaving and the wider marketing of these products.[94][95]

Agriculture is another major economic sector. Farmers in Jharkhand produce several crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potatoes, and vegetables such as tomato, carrots, cabbage, brinjal, pumpkin, and papaya. Other important industries include the cottage industry and IT.[96]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Jharkhand

Cuisine

See also: Cuisine of Jharkhand
A Jharkhand Rice Plate

Staple foods of Jharkhand are rice, dal, roti, vegetables, and tubers. Spices are sparingly used in cuisine. Famous dishes include Chhilka Roti, Malpua, Pitha, Dhooska, Arsa roti, Dudhauri, and Panipuri (Gupchup).[97][98] Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy months. It has a hardened, white, edible shell and a softer dark coloured centre. Bamboo shoot are a versatile ingredient used in many culinary traditions, particularly in Jharkhand cuisine. They can be boiled, steamed, stir-fried, or pickled, making them a popular addition to dishes such as soups, curries, and salads. Bamboo shoots are known for their ability to absorb the flavours of the ingredients they are cooked with, enhancing the overall taste of the dishes.[99] The leaves of Munga (Moringa oleifera) and Koinar (Bauhinia variegata) trees are used as a leafy vegetable or Saag.[100]

Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Handi or Handia, named after the vessel, handi (earthen pot), used to make it. Handia is culturally associated with natives, i.e., Sadans and Tribals; this drink is consumed by both men and women on social occasions like marriage and festivals.[101][102] Another common liquor is called Mahua daru, made from flowers of the Mahua tree (Madhuca longifolia).[103]

Folk music and dance

See also: Folk dances of Jharkhand
Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village

There are several folk dances in Jharkhand such as: Jhumair, Mardani Jhumar, Janani Jhumar, Domkach, Vinsariya, Jhumta, Fagua, Angnai, Paiki, Chhau, Firkal, Mundari, and Santali dance.[104]

Festivals

Major festivals of Jharkhand are Sarhul, Baha Parab, Karam Parab, Mage Parab, Sohrai, Bandna, Tusu festival, Makar Sankranti, Nawakhani, Durga Puja, Jitiya, Manasa Puja, Rath Yatra, Saraswati Puja, Diwali, Holi, Phagua and the Sendra festival.[105]

Paintings

Sohrai wall painting jharkhand

Sohrai and Khovar painting is a mural art form practised by women. Sohrai painting is traditionally done at the Sohrai harvest festival, while Khovar painting is done at weddings.[105]

Tattoo

The tattoo making tradition of Godna is an essential part of local tradition.[105]

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Jharkhand

Jharkhand produces many films in regional and Tribal languages including Nagpuri, Khortha, Santali, Ho, and Kurukh.[106] The film industry in the state of Jharkhand is known as Jhollywood.[107][108]

Media

There are some television channels, newspapers, and radio stations which operate in Jharkhand. DD Jharkhand is an important channel in Jharkhand. All India Radio operates from Ranchi.[109]

Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, Sokal Sokal, Prabhat Khabar, and Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers and The Hindu, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Navbharat Times, The Pioneer, and The Telegraph are some English newspapers in Jharkhand.

Transport

Airways

Roadways

Jharkhand has extensive network of National Highways and State Highways.[113] There is 2,661.83 km (1,653 mi 1,733 yd) of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.[113] The National highways present in the state are numbered 18, 19, 20, 22, 33, 39, 43, 114A, 118, 133, 133A, 133B, 139, 143, 143A, 143AG, 143D, 143H, 218, 220, 320, 320D, 320G, 333, 333A, 343, 419 and 522.[113] The Golden Quadrilateral network of Delhi – Kolkata route runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.[114][115]

Ports

Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways.[116] A multi-modal port has been planned at Sahebganj where river Ganges flows.[117] The project is estimated to cost ₹65,000 million and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.[118]

Railways

See also: Railway stations in Jharkhand

Jharkhand is very well connected by railways. The state has numerous railway stations and railway junctions.[119] Dhanbad Junction is the largest railway station in the state which is connected to almost all big cities of India. Hilly regions of state are equipped with tunnels that form essential organ of railways.

Education

As per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 66.41% (male: 76.84%; female: 55.42%) with nine districts above the average literacy rate:[120][121]

  • Ranchi: 76.06% (male: 84.26%; female: 67.44%)
  • East Singhbhum: 75.49% (male: 83.75%; female: 66.81%)
  • Dhanbad: 74.52% (male: 83.81%; Female: 64.29%)
  • Ramgarh: 73.17% (male: 82.44%; female: 63.09%)
  • Bokaro: 72.01% (male: 82.51%; female: 60.63%)
  • Hazaribagh: 69.75% (male: 80.01%; female: 58.95%)
  • Simdega: 67.99% (male: 76.08%; female: 59.92%)
  • Saraikela Khasawan: 67.70% (male: 79.03%; female: 55.88%)
  • Lohardaga: 67.61% (male: 77.21%; female: 57.69%)
  • Koderma: 66.84% (male: 79.78%; female: 53.23%)

Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.[122] Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.[citation needed]

Schools

The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi/English with English/Hindi/Sanskrit/Bengali/Odia as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join two years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce. This is followed by three years of degree courses (graduation) or four years of Engineering/Agriculture/Medicine degree.

The school system comprises various private and public schools. The government schools are abundant. Few notable schools are: St. Thomas School, Ranchi, Sainik School Tilaiya, Loyola School, Jamshedpur, Delhi Public School, Bokaro, Delhi Public School, Ranchi, Bishop Westcott Boys' School, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar, De Nobili School and St. Xavier's School, Hazaribagh.

In 2009 Franz Gastler established Yuwa School a NGO in Hutup village in Ranchi district with helps of friends to use football as a platform to combat child marriage, illiteracy and human trafficking in rural India.[123] In 2019, It won the Laureus Sport for Good Award.[124]

Universities and colleges

See also: List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand

Autonomous

Agriculture

Engineering

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi

Management

Medical colleges

Psychiatry

Public Health

Because of its mild climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged.[125]

European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively. In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB). In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as drug-resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,[126] is rendering pioneering work. In the same way, Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment of cancer and heart-related problems with the capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.[citation needed]

Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals.

Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines.[127] Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis, prevalent bone fractures, and skeletal fluorosis, an irreversible disabling condition.[128] Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.[129] Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.[130][131]

Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.[132]

Sports

JRD TATA Sports Complex, Jamshedpur hosts football matches of Indian Super League and is the home of ISL based football club Jamshedpur FC. Cricket, hockey, and football are common games in Jharkhand. Players like Jaipal Singh, a former Indian hockey captain and Olympian and Manohar Topno currently play for the Indian Hockey team. Jaipal Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Mahendra Singh Dhoni who was the captain of Indian cricket team and led the Indian cricket team to ICC Cricket World Cup glory on 2 April 2011, ending a 28-year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captain Kapil Dev in 1983 at Lord's, England is from here.[133]

Other notable cricketers from Jharkhand are Varun Aaron, Shahbaz Nadeem, and Saurabh Tiwary. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia. Other sportspeople include Deepika Kumari, a young archer who won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event. Nikki Pradhan currently a member of the national hockey team. Pradhan was the first female hockey player from Jharkhand to represent India in the Olympics.

An International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium and a practice ground has been constructed. This international stadium has hosted an International match between India and England on 19 January 2013.[134] Apart from that, this stadium has hosted two IPL 6 matches for KKR and qualifier 2 of IPL 8 between CSK and RCB and Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A tennis academy, which was inaugurated by Sania Mirza and Shoaib Malik, also runs besides the cricket stadium.[135] Ranchi is among six cities in Hockey India League to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named Ranchi Rhinos which is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and named as Ranchi Rays.[136]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Jharkhand

Jharkhand is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.[137][10] Parasnath, Baidyanath Dham, Maa Dewri Temple and Chhinnamasta Temple are major religious places.[138][139]

Tattapani Hot Water Spring is located 8 km from Latehar. The hot spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed. Rich in sulphur, the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin.[140]

Itkhori is a holy place for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is believed to be the place from where Gautama Buddha started his journey for Bodh Gaya. Many sculptures of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art styles were found in 2018.[141][142] Rankini Temple of Jadugora is famous in Jharkhand, as well as in Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.[143][144] There are several waterfalls in the state including Jonha Falls, Hundru Falls, Dassam Falls, Perwaghagh Falls and Panchghagh Falls.[145][146][147] Netarhat is a hill station in the state.[148][149][150]

There are several attractions and wildlife sanctuaries in Jharkhand including Betla National Park and Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, which are major attraction for tourists.[151][152][153][154]

State Museum Hotwar and Tribal Research Institute and Museum showcase various cultural heritage and tribal culture of Jharkhand.[155][156]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Other languages clubbed within the Hindi group of languages by the Indian census
  2. ^ According to the 2011 census of India, Jharkhand has 42,35,786 individuals who follow "Other religions and persuasions".[81] The major religion is Sarna, with 41,31,282 adherents. The Oraon tribe has the highest number of followers at 10,00,016, followed by the Santal at 9,76,742, Ho at 8,68,133, Munda at 6,00,910, Lohar at 84,019, and Bhumij at 77,319.[82] Similarly religion Addi Bassi has 42,422 adherents, primarily among the Oraon tribe (35,452).[82] Other religious denominations among the Scheduled Tribes include Bidin (29,187), Adi (9,135), Gond (2,419) and Birsa (2,392). The remaining "Other religions and persuasions" are Munda, Ho, Oraon, Achinthar, Kharwar, Paharia, Sarvdharm, Krupa, Dupub, Malla, Tana Bhagat, Marangboro, Saranath, Kuir, Loco Bohra, and Nature worship practised by various tribes. In summary, Sarna ranks as the third-largest religion with 12.4997%, while Addi Bassi, Bidin, Adi, Gond and Birsa hold the sixth, seventh, tenth, eleventh and twelfth positions, respectively, with percentages of 0.1286%, 0.0885%, 0.0277%, 0.0073% and 0.0073% of the state's population.[83]

Sources

  1. ^ "Important Tourist attraction of Giridih". 18 October 2005. Archived from the original on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  2. ^ "Jharkhand Profile 2011 Census" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 43–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili". The Avenue Mail. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language". The Avenue Mail. 5 January 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)". Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  7. ^ "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  8. ^ "Jharkhand". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  9. ^ "Jharkhand – At a Glance". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Adventure capital of the east, Jharkhand will drive you crazy". nyoooz.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  12. ^ Jharkhand Profile (2011). "Census India" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  13. ^ "Resource Curse and Jharkhand" (PDF). Economic & Political Weekly. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  14. ^ "Jharkhand: Here is why India's richest mineral state is not even close to development". Daily Bhaskar. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  15. ^ "UNDP- Jharkhand: Economic and Human Development Indicators" (PDF). www.in.undp.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  16. ^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 839. ISBN 0313316171. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  17. ^ a b "Nagpuri Shist Sahitya". Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  18. ^ a b Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–44. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  19. ^ Ram Chandra Prasad (1983). Bihar. National Book Trust, India. p. 69. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  20. ^ a b India – Pre-historic and Proto-historic periods. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. 2016. p. 14. ISBN 9788123023458.
  21. ^ a b "Cave paintings lie in neglect". The Telegraph. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  22. ^ a b Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 220. ISBN 9788131711200. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  23. ^ Yule, Paul (8 January 2019). "Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"". Man in Environment. 26: 117–120. doi:10.11588/xarep.00000510. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021 – via crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de.
  24. ^ "KABRA – KALA". www.asiranchi.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  25. ^ "Jharkhand's Historical References in the Mahabharata". riseranchi.in. 22 July 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023..
  26. ^ "Asura Site Saridkhel". asiranchicircle. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  27. ^ Lalit Aditya (October 2018). "Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study". Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  28. ^ Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions. Concept Publishing Company. p. 258.
  29. ^ Kiro, Santosh (15 September 2020). The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789352669431. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  30. ^ Roma Niyogi 1959, p. 119.
  31. ^ a b c Sinha, Anuj Kumar (January 2017). Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789352660001. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  32. ^ Dey, Sanjoy (23 February 2021). "10th century Buddha Vihar discovered in Jharkhand's Hazaribag". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  33. ^ "Archaeologists uncover remains of ancient empire in Jharkhand". oneindia. 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  34. ^ a b "History | Latehar, Government of Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  35. ^ "The Nagbanshis and the Cheros". archive.org. 1969.
  36. ^ "Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis". livehistoryindia. 27 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  37. ^ Lahiry 2014, p. 24.
  38. ^ "Palamufort". Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
  39. ^ "history". latehar.nic.in. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  40. ^ Hazaribagh District Gazetteer. The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta. 1905.
  41. ^ "Gazetteer - Chota Nagpur Tributary States Gazetteer. Statistics, 1901-02 - South Asia Archive". Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  42. ^ "चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक, क्रांतिवीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती". Prabhat Khabar (in Hindi). 21 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  43. ^ Yadav, Anumeha (12 April 2014). "A parallel conversation: Martyrs, rebels, and peasants". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  44. ^ Jha, Amar Nath (2009). "Locating the Ancient History of Santal Parganas". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 70: 185–196. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147668.
  45. ^ Mathur Das Ustad (1997). "The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 58: 493–500. JSTOR 44143953.
  46. ^ "Raghubar pays tributes to Thakur Vishwnanth Sahdeo on his birth anniversary". Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  47. ^ "JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari". news.webindia123.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  48. ^ Kaul, Chandrika. "From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947". Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  49. ^ "Historical Background, Latehar District, Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  50. ^ Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh. Oxford University Press, 1983
  51. ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford
  52. ^ "All India Congress Committee - AICC". Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  53. ^ Danik jagran Ranchi Page No.14, 2 October 2011
  54. ^ "Error". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  55. ^ "Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  56. ^ "RAMGARH SESSION-1940". Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  57. ^ "Chronology 1940". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  58. ^ Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States, 1936
  59. ^ a b c Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1998). Small States Syndrome in India. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 115–118. ISBN 9788170226918. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  60. ^ Aaku Srivastava (2022). Sensex Of Regional Parties. Prabhat Prakashan. p. 251. ISBN 978-9355212368. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  61. ^ Vinay Kumar Srivastava (2020). India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities. SAGE Publishing India. p. 212. ISBN 978-9353886608. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  62. ^ a b c "वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम". jagran. 17 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  63. ^ "Tributes pour in for Justice Shahdeo". 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  64. ^ "Remembering Justice LPN Shahdeo on his 7th death anniversary". 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  65. ^ gigisoftsolutions. "History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History". traveljharkhand.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  66. ^ "Uttaranchal, Vananchal and Chhattisgarh celebrate their statehood". indiatoday. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  67. ^ "About : Official Website of Government of Jharkhand". www.jharkhand.gov.in. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  68. ^ Bhaumik, Subir (5 February 2009). "Cell phones to fight India rebels". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  69. ^ a b c "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India". Global Politician. 15 January 2007. Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  70. ^ Maoists who menace India Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, 17 April 2006
  71. ^ a b c "Hidden civil war drains India's energy". Asia Times Online. 9 August 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  72. ^ Thaker, Jayesh (12 April 2014). "Ex-MPs add she might to LS fight". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  73. ^ "Climate: Jharkhand". Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  74. ^ "Jharkhand: Climate". 16 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  75. ^ "Tagore Hill". ranchi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  76. ^ "Birds and animals found in the forest of the Palamau district". Official website of the Palamau district. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  77. ^ "Census Population" (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
  78. ^ a b c "Jharkhand Provisional Result-Census 2011-Data Sheet" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  79. ^ a b c "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  80. ^ "Bedlam & bill rush in Assembly". The Telegraph. 21 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  81. ^ a b c "Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand". census.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  82. ^ a b "ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  83. ^ "C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  84. ^ "In Jharkhand's Singhbhum, religion census deepens divide among tribals". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  85. ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  86. ^ Ashraf, Ajaz (22 September 2017). "Census data shows the outcry against Christian missionaries by Hindutva groups is propaganda". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  87. ^ "'Treated as Mere Vote Bank,' Say Muslims Left Out of Jharkhand's Grand Alliance". thewire.in. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  88. ^ "Districts of Jharkhand". www.jharkhand.gov.in. Government of Jharkhan. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  89. ^ "Jharkhand". Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. 18 March 2007. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  90. ^ "Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2023-24". PRSIndia. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  91. ^ "Jharkhand" (PDF). India Brand Equity Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  92. ^ "Tata Steel > Listing Details > Steel – Large > Listing Details of Tata Steel – BSE: 500470, NSE: TATASTEEL". Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  93. ^ "NTPC eyes 20K crore thermal plant in MP". business.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  94. ^ Dasgupta, Ranjan (10 February 2006). "Craft hub on the cards". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  95. ^ Sahuliyar, Arti (2 June 2015). "Jharcraft platform for ethnic Inc". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  96. ^ "Jharkhand Economy". Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  97. ^ "10 Dishes of Cuisine of Jharkhand you must try at least once in Life". Great Indian Food. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  98. ^ "Jharkhand Tourism::Cusines". www.jharkhandtourism.in. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  99. ^ Mishra, Prerna (13 July 2020). "Traditional savory food of Jharkhand". www.buddymantra.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  100. ^ "Tribal Food of Chota Nagpur". 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  101. ^ "Hadia is a popular beverage of Jharkhand | Rice Knowledge Management Portal – Rice, Paddy, Dhan, Chawal, Rice Research Domain, Rice Extension Domain, Rice Farmers Domain, Rice General Domain, Rice Service Domain, RKMP, Rice in India, Rice Government Schemes, Rice ITKs, Rice FLDs, Rice Package of Practices". www.rkmp.co.in. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  102. ^ "The Telegraph – Calcutta : Jharkhand". www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  103. ^ "High time to make most of mahua – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  104. ^ "Welcome :: Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd". Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  105. ^ a b c Khanna, C. L. (September 2010). Jharkhand General Knowledge. Upkar Prakashan. ISBN 9788174822468. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  106. ^ "Jharkhand govt gives approval for production of 20 films". 3 November 2017. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  107. ^ "Here comes Jollywood". India today. 11 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  108. ^ "Jollywood gets moving forward in regional film industry". Jharkhandstatenews. 22 February 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  109. ^ "Jharkhand Media". mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  110. ^ "Ranchi Airport crosses one million mark of passengers. PASSENGERS". Pioneer. www.dailypioneer.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  111. ^ "Construction work at Jharkhand's Deoghar airport to be completed soon: AAI". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  112. ^ "Dhanbad, Dumka on chartered flight path". The Telegraph. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  113. ^ a b c "National highways in Jharkhand". pib.nic.in. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  114. ^ "Golden Quadrilateral Highway Network". roadtraffic-technology.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  115. ^ "NHAI". www.nhai.org. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Government of India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  116. ^ "Multi-model port to come up at Sahibganj: Gadkari". The Pioneer. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  117. ^ "Sahibganj to be exim hub with a multimodal plan: Nitin Gadkari". Business Standard. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  118. ^ Arora, Rajat (19 October 2016). "L&T to construct Sahibganj Multi modal transportation terminal". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  119. ^ Rail funds up this time Archived 30 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Telegraph 7 February 2018
  120. ^ Arun C. Mehta. "District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001". Educationforallinindia.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  121. ^ "National Family Health Survey, 1998–99: Fact Sheet, Jharkhand, Section: Basic Socio-Demographic Features of Jharkhand" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
  122. ^ Pandey, Sanjay (16 October 2007). "The poor state of girl child education in Jharkhand State". MyNews.in.[permanent dead link‍]
  123. ^ Sarkar, Monica (23 January 2013). "How football is changing lives of Indian slum girls". BBC. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  124. ^ "And the Laureus World Sports Awards 2019 Winners are..." Laureus. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  125. ^ "Introduction to Cip, Ranchi". Archived from the original on 4 April 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2005. The British established this hospital on 17th May 1918 with the name of Ranchi European Lunatic Asylum.
  126. ^ "Welcome to Tata Memorial Centre". Tatamemorialcentre.com. 1 January 2004. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  127. ^ "Fluoride alert for groundwater". The Telegraph. Calcutta. 11 January 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  128. ^ Khandare, AL; Harikumar, R; Sivakumar, B (2005). "Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar-India". Calcified Tissue International. 76 (6): 412–8. doi:10.1007/s00223-005-0233-2. PMID 15895280. S2CID 21536934.
  129. ^ "Fluoride Toxicity in Jharkhand State of India". Disability News India. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  130. ^ "Fluoride alert for groundwater," The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008.[1] Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  131. ^ MacDonald, L. "Water and Health:An effective, sustainable treatment strategy to halt the fluorosis endemic in rural villages of Jharkhand State, India" Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  132. ^ Pandey, Geeta (1 August 2009). "Jharkhand farmers despair at drought". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  133. ^ "Dhoni's world cup bat sold for Rs. 72 lakhs". Ndtv.com. 19 July 2011. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  134. ^ "Ranchi's new stadium set to host maiden One-Day International on January 19". The Times of India. 19 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  135. ^ "Tennis takes Sania-Shoaib to Ranchi". Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  136. ^ "Ranchi franchise becomes third team in Hockey India League". The Times of India. 14 September 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  137. ^ "Places to Visit in Jharkhand". Maps of India. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  138. ^ "Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  139. ^ Srivastava, Priya (12 August 2018). "Worshipping 'headless deity' at Chinnamasta Temple in Jharkhand". The Times of India Travel. Archived from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  140. ^ "Tattapani". latehar.nic.in. Government of Jharkhand. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  141. ^ Jaipuriar, Vishvendu (21 November 2017). "Cop picket plan for temple". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  142. ^ Ravi, S. (11 May 2018). "Deciphering the past". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  143. ^ Ranjan, Rakesh (26 April 202). "Lockdown: आंशिक लॉकडाउन का जादूगोड़ा रंकिनी मंदिर पर पड़ा जबर्दस्त असर, कपाट खुले, भक्त नदारद". Jagran (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  144. ^ "मां रंकिणी का पाषाण और जागृत रूप, जानिए मां की महिमा". ETV Bharat News. 24 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  145. ^ "Jharkhand steps up plastic policing at picnic spots". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  146. ^ "'Emerging' tourist destinations vie for attention at IITM". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  147. ^ "Adventure tourism extravaganza kick-starts today". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  148. ^ "Autumn of thrill at hill station of Netarhat". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  149. ^ "Netarhat: Jharkhand's Secret Hill Station". Outlook. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  150. ^ "Netarhat is Home to Innumerable Waterfalls And Unlimited Peace". India.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  151. ^ "BETLA NATIONAL PARK & TIGER RESERVE". WebIndia123. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  152. ^ "You Can Walk Amid Wildlife at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand". India.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  153. ^ "Winter holiday rush at Betla, Netarhat". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  154. ^ "Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary bursts at the seams of autumn season". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  155. ^ "Heritage meet at Hotwar museum". telegraphindia. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  156. ^ Roy, Saurav (13 October 2020). "What holds back tribal students in an urban milieu?". the Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.

Works cited

Government

General information

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jharkhand&oldid=1259824969#Economy"