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China–Poland relations

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For the relations between Poland and the Republic of China, see Poland–Taiwan relations.

China–Polish relations
Map indicating locations of China and Poland

China
Poland
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of China, WarsawEmbassy of Poland, Beijing

Relations between the People's Republic of China and Poland officially began on October 5, 1949.[1][2]

History

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Early contacts and approaches

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17th-century map of China by Polish Jesuit Michał Boym, the first such accurate map of China in Europe's history[3][4]

Contacts between Polish and Chinese people date back several centuries. In the mid-17th century, notable Polish Jesuit missionaries Michał Boym and Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki arrived to China. Boym significantly expanded the knowledge of China in Europe with his works, among which were the pioneering botany book Flora Sinensis[5] and detailed maps of China.[3][4] He also introduced Chinese medicine in Europe, including the analysis of the pulse.[5] Smogulecki taught European mathematics and astronomy in China, and introduced logarithms to China.[6] Both Boym and Smogulecki had contacts with the Imperial Court of China.[4][6] In the 17th century, there were diplomatic approaches between the courts of John III Sobieski and the Kangxi Emperor. In the 1820s and 1830s, Polish physician Józef Wojciechowski was active in Beijing, and became renown for successfully curing a prince from the imperial court deemed incurably ill by local doctors, for which he was honoured with a memorial in Beijing in 1829.[7]

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, when Poland remained partitioned and occupied by neighbouring powers, thousands of Polish emigrants, including engineers, architects, doctors, teachers, many of them political refugees, settled in Manchuria (Northeast China) and greatly contributed to the foundation and development of the Chinese Eastern Railway and the city of Harbin.[8] The founder of the city was Polish engineer Adam Szydłowski, who also was Harbin's first mayor,[9] while the city's layout was planned by Polish engineer Stanisław Jokisz, and other Polish engineers were also responsible for its construction.[8] Poles established a prosperous and influential community in the city, with Polish press, schools, organizations, churches[9] (including the present-day Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral) and sports teams, and peacefully co-existed with the city's other ethnicities including the Chinese.[8] Many Poles were employed at the Chinese Eastern Railway, which was managed at the time by Polish railway engineer Stanisław Kierbedź.[8] Tadeusz Nowkuński was the head physician of the central hospital of the Chinese Eastern Railway, active in fighting the plague and cholera epidemics in Manchuria.[10] Poles introduced sugar beet cultivation to China and established the country's first brewery,[8] now known as the Harbin Brewery. Poles also established the first steam mills, metallurgical plants, and furniture and cigarette factories in Manchuria.[8] Several Polish writers, including Teodor Parnicki, Edward Kajdański[11] and Kazimierz Grochowski, either were born or spent part of their childhood or adulthood in Harbin, before eventually moving to Poland, where they popularized knowledge about China and East Asia.

Modern relations

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See also: Poland–Taiwan relations
Signing of a friendship, trade and navigation treaty between China and Poland in Nanjing in 1929

In 1918 Poland regained independence after the partitions period, and diplomatic relations between China and Poland began in 1919, but the two countries did not develop a strong relationship due to isolation from one another. A friendship, trade and navigation treaty between China and Poland was signed in Nanjing in 1929 to strengthen and evolve the relations.[12] Ludwik Rajchman, Polish physician and bacteriologist, was an advisor of Chiang Kai-shek and T. V. Soong.[13] The Polish community in Harbin remained strong, until many Poles gradually left for Poland in the 1930s, and the remaining Poles were mostly repatriated to Poland by the Polish government in 1949.[8]

Very few Chinese people lived in Poland in the interwar period, including four in Warsaw, and one each in Ciechanów, Brześć and Nieśwież, according to the 1921 Polish census.[14][15][16] During World War II, some 13 ethnic Chinese from Warsaw were deported by the German occupiers to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in 1944.[17]

Relations began on October 5, 1949, following the communist takeovers of their respective states, and diplomatic missions were established shortly after on October 7, 1949. Poland was part of the Communist Bloc and had friendly relations with China and cooperated in international issues such as the Korean War.[2]

During the 1950s due to the Sino-Soviet split, relations between the two countries degraded. But Poland did support the People's Republic of China's case for the United Nations permanent seat to return to the mainland government.[2]

Zhou Enlai the premier in the 1950s made two state visits to Poland. Leaders from Poland such as Bolesław Bierut, Edward Ochab and Józef Cyrankiewicz had visited China at various times during this period.[1]

Poland's Prime Minister Beata Szydło and China's Communist leader Xi Jinping during meeting, 2016

Poland underwent political and social change when the Eastern Bloc collapsed in the late 1980s and Poland became a democratic state. The relationship between the two countries remain steadfast as Poland became more of a western liberal democracy with a capitalist market and China embarking on Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms.[2]

In 2016, China's leader and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping visited Poland,[18][19] saying that "Polish companies will benefit hugely" from China's Belt and Road Initiative.[20] Duda and Xi signed a declaration on strategic partnership in which they reiterated that Poland and China viewed each other as long-term strategic partners.[21]

Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the 60th Munich Security Conference in 2024

In January 2019, Huawei employee Wang Weijing was arrested in Poland on charges of spying for China.[22][23] In July 2024, the People's Liberation Army and the Armed Forces of Belarus conducted joint military exercises in the Brest Region a few kilometers from the Belarusian-Polish border.[24][25] The same month, Poland threatened to cut off a Chinese rail export route to the European Union via Poland in order to pressure Belarus.[26]

Economic relations

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During the 1950s to 1990s, the two countries conducted economic activities using accounts on government agreements. The annual trade value nearly US$1 billion in 1986 between the two communist states.[2]

In the 1990s, agreement on trade payments in convertible foreign exchanges were signed. Trade dipped in 1990 from US$0.322 billion to US$0.144 billion in 1991. It was until 1992 bilateral trade began to increase again.[2]

Bilateral trade increased over the successful years. By 2001, the trade between the two countries were valued at US$1.242 billion, up 29.5% than in 2000.[2]

China-Polish economic relations revolves around areas such as environmental protection, finance, agricultural technology, copper industry and coal mining.[27] This also includes new areas like high technology, clean energy, labour, service and infrastructure.[27][28]

In 2008, Poland's exports to China was around US$1 billion.[29] But it imported from China around US$11 billion.[29]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  • Embassy of China in Warsaw
    Embassy of China in Warsaw
  • Consulate-General of China in Gdańsk
    Consulate-General of China in Gdańsk
  • Embassy of Poland in Beijing
    Embassy of Poland in Beijing
  • Consulate-General of Poland in Guangzhou
    Consulate-General of Poland in Guangzhou

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Major events in Sino-Polish relations". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Poland". November 1, 2012. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  3. ^ a b Tomasz Opach. "Wkład Michała Boyma w tworzenie kartograficznego obrazu świata w XVII wieku". Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie (in Polish). Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Adam Robiński. "Michał Boym – pierwszy polski sinolog, ambasador Chin". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Short history of biology after the middle ages". normalesup.org. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Ludwik Grzebień. "Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki h. Grzymała". Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny (in Polish). Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  7. ^ Judycki, Zbigniew Andrzej (2020). Lekarze polskiego pochodzenia w świecie (in Polish). Kielce. p. 111. ISBN 978-83-936896-5-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Andrzej Giza. "Nie zapominajmy o Polakach z Mandżurii". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  9. ^ a b Henryk Suchar. "Dzień Polski w Harbinie". Study in Poland (in Polish). Archived from the original on May 31, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  10. ^ Judycki, p. 81
  11. ^ "Zmarł Edward Kajdański – pisarz i dyplomata, malarz i pasjonat kultury Chin". Instytut Polski w Pekinie (in Polish). Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  12. ^ Traktat przyjaźni, handlowy i nawigacyjny pomiędzy Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Republiką Chińską, podpisany w Nankinie dnia 18 września 1929 r., Dz. U., 1931, vol. 62, No. 499
  13. ^ Judycki, p. 90
  14. ^ Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (in Polish). Vol. I. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1925. pp. 4, 17.
  15. ^ Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom VIII (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1924. p. 3.
  16. ^ Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom VII. Część I (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 1923. p. 37.
  17. ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 716. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
  18. ^ "President Duda hopes Poland will become China's gateway to Europe". President.pl. June 20, 2016.
  19. ^ "President Duda sends sympathy message to President Xi Jinping". Polish Press Agency. February 3, 2020.
  20. ^ "Polish president says Xi Jinping understands central European dynamic". Chinadaily.com.cn. June 19, 2016.
  21. ^ "Xi welcomes Chinese freight train to 'strategic partner' Poland". Reuters. June 20, 2016.
  22. ^ "Poland arrests Huawei employee, Polish man on spying allegations". Reuters. January 11, 2019.
  23. ^ Dotson, John (February 1, 2019). "Arrests in Poland Contribute to the International Controversies Surrounding Huawei". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  24. ^ "China, Belarus start joint military drills near Polish border". Reuters. July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
  25. ^ Karmanau, Yuras (July 9, 2024). "Belarus and China join forces in a military drill near the Polish border". Associated Press. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
  26. ^ "Poland Leverages China's Rail Link in Europe to Rein In Belarus". Bloomberg News. July 24, 2024. Retrieved July 24, 2024.
  27. ^ a b Chinese President Hu Jintao Meets with Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk
  28. ^ "China, Poland Share Mutual Benefit in Economic Cooperation: Chinese Official".
  29. ^ a b "Financial crisis may hamper expected increase in Poland-China trade - People's Daily Online". english.peopledaily.com.cn. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
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