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The FEMA camps conspiracy theory is a belief, particularly within the American Patriot movement,[1] that the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is planning to imprison US citizens in concentration camps, following the imposition of martial law in the United States after a major disaster or crisis.[1][2][3][4] In some versions of the theory, only suspected dissidents will be imprisoned. In more extreme versions, large numbers of US citizens will be imprisoned for the purposes of extermination as a New World Order is established. The theory has existed since the late 1970s, but its circulation has increased with the advent of the internet and social media platforms.[2]

The US government imprisoned Japanese-American citizens in internment camps during WWII and developed, but did not implement, the Rex 84 contingency plan for mass internment of US citizens in the 1980s.[2]

About FEMA

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Main article: Federal Emergency Management Agency

FEMA is a United States government agency tasked with the effective management of major emergencies within the country, including ensuring the continuity of government during a large-scale disaster including a nuclear war. It provides federal relief to areas afflicted by natural disasters.[5] The precursor agency to FEMA was the Federal Civil Defense Administration established by President Harry S Truman in 1950 with Executive Order 10186.[6]

FEMA was established in 1979 under Executive Order 12127 by President Jimmy Carter. It was established to coordinate the response to any major disaster that has occurred in the United States that overwhelms local and state authorities.[7] In 2002, it was finally codified into law and made a component of the Department of Homeland Security. As well as providing large-scale emergency-management, FEMA is also the largest flood-insurer in the United States, mainly because most private insurance companies do not offer flood insurance.[8]

Proponents of the conspiracy theory argue FEMA's mission is a cover up for its "real" purpose — to assume control of the United States following a major disaster or threat — and that the organization is "the executive arm of the coming police state".[2]

Variations

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The theory in general states that once a disaster, or threat of one occurs, martial law will be declared and FEMA's emergency powers will come into operation, and it will effectively become the government. [1] The Constitution will be suspended, and citizens will be moved into camps.[2]: 251 

In many versions, "dissidents" or members of the patriot movement will merely be imprisoned.[9] Others argue that they will be sent to these camps to be murdered.[4] Extreme versions state that plans are in place to imprison and kill apolitical American citizens in camps as part of a "population control" plot.[4] In April 2014, Snopes posted a claim that FEMA was marking houses by political affiliation to round people up for these camps. In reality the bright, color coded stickers served varying purposes for newspaper and mail delivery personnel.[10]

Although they do not mention FEMA specifically, the Oath Keepers' list of 10 "Orders We Will Not Obey" includes actions that are feared by many proponents of FEMA conspiracy theories.[11] Proponents often play into racial fear, asserting that FEMA will use "urban gangs" as auxiliaries to ensure order.[9] FEMA conspiracy theories are often woven into larger conspiracy narratives about ushering in a "New World Order", meaning a totalitarian world government.[12]

History

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One of the first known references to FEMA concentration camps comes from a newsletter issued by the Posse Comitatus organization in 1982, with the warning that "hardcore patriots" were to be detained in them.[2] The prevalence of the conspiracy theory increased in line with the rise of the militia movement in the 1990s.[2] The conspiracy was part of the rhetoric of the now largely disbanded Militia of Montana. The self-styled congressional analyst David Fletcher was their spokesman and brought it up in meetings, even pointing out "United Nations Reserves" that the government was building camps for in the Northern Cascades.[13]

A supposed FEMA camp was featured in Linda Thompson's 1994 film America Under Siege; in reality, the "FEMA camp" was an Amtrak repair facility.[14][15] She accused the government of using "black helicopters" against patriots to prevent them from interfering with plans to establish a New World Order.[16][17][18] Following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, the conspiracy theory was discussed by the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Domestic Terrorism.[9] The theory's inclusion in the plot of the 1998 X-Files movie showed its growing reach.[1]

Fears of FEMA declined in the early 2000s as foreign terrorists were perceived as the major threat but the late-2000s recession and the election of Barack Obama renewed opposition among conservatives and libertarians to the federal government. Obama's election also enabled the theory to reach more mainstream right-wing circles whereas it had previously been confined to the fringes. There was a resurgence in the militia movement, and with it a resurgence of the FEMA camps conspiracy theory[9] and a corresponding boom in the "prepper" economy.[19] Reader emails published by the magazine National Review have also promoted the theory.[3]

Congresswoman Michele Bachmann alluded to the theory while in office,[20] as have other Republican Party politicians.[21] In December 2011 Camille Marino of the animal liberation website Negotiation is Over posted an alert on her website titled "Military Now Recruiting Guards for FEMA Domestic Detainment/Internment Camps" containing the usual warnings about the end of civil liberties and the announcement that the U.S. Army is looking for "a Few Good Totalitarians" to herd dissenters into camps.[22]

In 2015, fears of the FEMA roundup beginning surfaced with the announcement of a domestic military training operation called Jade Helm 15. County and state officials in Texas denounced the fears[23] and the exercise was completed with no one being placed into an internment camp.[24] Also in 2015, additional speculation about the theory was stoked by retired general Wesley Clark when he called for World War II-style internment camps to be revived to combat Muslim extremism. He stated, "If these people are radicalized and they do not support the United States and they're disloyal to the United States as a matter of principle, fine, that's their right. It’s our right and our obligation to segregate them from the normal community for the duration of the conflict."[25]

According to the Las Vegas Police Department and witnesses in the weeks leading up to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, gunman Stephen Paddock reportedly espoused right-wing anti-government and conspiratorial views, including FEMA conspiracies. He reportedly told a friend that "sometimes, sacrifices have to be made" in order to encourage the American public to arm themselves.[26][27]

Conspiracy theorists have used the actual internment of Japanese Americans during World War II in specifically constructed camps as evidence that such a scenario has historic precedent.[2] Proponents have cited a contingency plan (Rex 84) drafted in part by U.S. Marine Colonel Oliver North calling for the suspension of the Constitution and the detainment of citizens in the event of a national crisis.[2] This was aimed at left-wing activists, not the libertarians and right-wingers generally associated with FEMA theories.[28] This has been linked to a 1970 document by Louis Giuffrida (who in 1981 became the director of FEMA) calling for the establishment of martial law in the event of an uprising by African American militants and the internment of millions of African Americans.[2]

Alex Jones has promoted conspiracy theories about FEMA on InfoWars. In 2010, Jones produced and directed Police State 4: The Rise of FEMA, a film he claimed "conclusively proves the existence of a secret network of FEMA camps" and that "The military-industrial complex is transforming our once free nation into a giant prison camp." In 2012, Jones linked to a story titled "List of All FEMA Concentration Camps in America Revealed" from the German UFO conspiracy website Disclose.tv.[29]

Media attention

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Popular Mechanics has debunked some of the claims proponents of the theory make.[14] FOX News personality Glenn Beck did a 2009 interview with James Meigs, editor-in-chief of "Popular Mechanics", during which he debunked the existence of one purported camp.[30] "This video," Meigs said, "actually dates from about 1995. But like so many of these conspiracy theories, it gets re-cut and re-edited and circulated around the Internet."[25] Bloggers at the Skeptic Project have posted detailed lists where they claim to debunk many of the FEMA camp locations elsewhere in the U.S.[31]

Newsweek emailed FEMA to inquire about the FEMA camps rumors. Press Secretary Alexa Lopez replied, "We are currently focusing our efforts on providing assistance to disaster survivors, and the ongoing response and recovery efforts in Louisiana. As to your first question, over the years there have been many myths or rumors surrounding FEMA, and I am glad I have the chance to set the record straight with you. There is absolutely no truth to these rumors—they are nothing more than conspiracy theories."[32] One internal FEMA memo advised ex-employees: "Most people know us as the agency that responds to natural disasters. Others believe we have a somewhat sinister role. For the latter, it is not realistic to think that we can convince them otherwise and it is advisable not to enter into debate on the subject."[9]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-1-57607-812-9. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Keller, Larry (20 March 2010). "Fear of FEMA". No. 2010 Spring Issue. Southern Poverty Law Center. Intelligence Report. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b Potok, Mark. "National Review, in E-Mail Blasts, Warns of 'FEMA Camps'". splcenter.org. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  4. ^ a b c Lewis, Jon E. (2012). The Mammoth Book of Conspiracies. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-84901-730-5. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  5. ^ Graff, Garret M. "The Secret History of FEMA". Wired. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  6. ^ Exec. Order No. 10186 (December 1, 1950; in Establishing the Federal Civil Defense Administration in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President). Retrieved on 6 June 2018.
  7. ^ Exec. Order No. 12127 (March 31, 1979; in Federal Emergency Management Agency). Retrieved on 5 June 2018.
  8. ^ "The National Flood Insurance Program". fema.gov. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d e Zaitchik, Alexander (1 August 2010). "'Patriot Paranoia': A Look at the Top Ten Conspiracy Theories". No. 2010 Fall Issue. Southern Poverty Law Center. Intelligence Report. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  10. ^ Mikkelson, David (21 October 2013). "FEMA Marking Mailboxes with Colored Stickers". snopes.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  11. ^ Williams, Jennifer (7 November 2016). "The Oath Keepers, the far-right group answering Trump's call to watch the polls, explained". vox.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  12. ^ Daniel Pipes (1999). Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From. Simon and Schuster. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4391-2404-8. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  13. ^ Neiwert, David. "FEMA Concentration Camps? The Militia Good Times Are Rollin' Again". crooksandliars.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  14. ^ a b "The Evidence: Debunking FEMA Camp Myths". Popular Mechanics. 26 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  15. ^ "Amtrak Beech Grove Shop Tour; 13 April 2007, by Chris Guenzler (TrainWeb)". Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  16. ^ Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (July 2003). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity. NYU Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  17. ^ Vest, Jason (11 May 1995). "The Spooky World of Linda Thompson; Her Videos Inflame the Militias. Is She the Radical Right or Radically Wrong?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  18. ^ David Harry Bennett (1988). The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-1772-8. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  19. ^ Blake, Mariah. "You Too Can Learn How to Escape Obama's FEMA Camps for Just $37". motherjones.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  20. ^ Amato, John. "Michelle Bachmann Warns Of Politically Correct Re-education Camps For Young People". crooksandliars.com. Crooks and Liars. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  21. ^ Montgomery, David (23 April 2014). "Candidate Hubbel wants to keep feds at bay". USA Today. Argus Leader. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  22. ^ Nelson, Leah. "Coming Full Circle: FEMA Camp Theory Gains Traction on Far Left". splcenter.org. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  23. ^ Reinhard, Chelsea. "County Denounces Conspiracy Theories, Approves Jade Helm 15". sanangelolive.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  24. ^ Smith, Morgan (15 July 2015). "In Bastrop, Jade Helm Begins With a Whimper". Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  25. ^ a b Potok, Mark; Terry, Don (13 November 2015). "10 right-wing conspiracy theories that have slowly invaded American politics". salon.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  26. ^ Raymond, Adam. "Witnesses: Stephen Paddock Ranted About a Government Plot to Seize Guns Prior to Las Vegas Shooting". Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  27. ^ Wilson, Jason (19 May 2018). "New documents suggest Las Vegas shooter was conspiracy theorist – what we know". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  28. ^ "The Right-Wing Roots of Sheehan's "Secret Team" Theory". publiceye.org. Political Research Associates. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  29. ^ Potok, Mark; Terry, Don (27 October 2015). "Margins to the Mainstream". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  30. ^ Beck, Glen (25 March 2015). "Debunking Web Myths About FEMA Camps". Fox News. Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  31. ^ Winston, Edward L. "FEMA – List of Camps". skepticproject.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  32. ^ Burleigh, Nina (19 August 2016). "Donald Trump and the FEMA Camps Crowd". newsweek.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
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