Gorontalo language
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| Gorontalo | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Hulontalo | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Gorontalo North Sulawesi Central Sulawesi |
| Ethnicity | Gorontalo people |
Native speakers | 1 million (2000 census)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | gor |
| ISO 639-3 | gor |
| Glottolog | goro1259 |
The Gorontalo language (also called Hulontalo) is a language spoken in Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia by the Gorontalo people.[2] With around one million speakers (2000 census), it is a major language of northern Sulawesi.[3]
Considerable lexical influence comes from Malay, Arabic, Portuguese, Dutch,[4] and the North Halmahera languages.[4][5] The Gorontalo region used to be controlled by the Sultanate of Ternate.[4] Manado Malay and Indonesian are also spoken in the area.[4][6] Despite its relatively large number of speakers, Gorontalo is under much pressure from Malay varieties, especially in urban settings.[3]
Sizable Gorontalo communities can be found in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi, as well as Jakarta.[4]
Dialects
[edit]Musa Kasim et al. (1981) give five main dialects of Gorontalo: east Gorontalo, Limboto, Gorontolo City, west Gorontalo, and Tilamuta.
Phonology
[edit]Gorontalo is characterized by several highly unusual sound changes, including PMP *s → Gorontalo t; *n → l; *k → ʔ; *mb, *nd → m, n; *bu → hu. Also, there are also vowel changes, such as *a turning into o (/ *b_) or e (/ {*d, *g}_); prosthesis of original initial vowels with w- or y- (before *i; and epenthesis of final consonants with -o (*anak → wala'o "child").[7]
Consonants
[edit]| labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| plosive | voiceless | p | t | d̠ | c | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| sonorant | plain | w | r | j | h | ||
| lateral | l | ||||||
Consonant sequences include NC (homorganic nasal–plosive), where C may be /b d t d̠ ɟ ɡ k/. Elsewhere, /b d/ are relatively rare and only occur before high vowels. /d̠/, written ⟨ḓ⟩ in linguistic materials, but not distinguished from ⟨d⟩ elsewhere, is a laminal post-alveolar coronal stop that is indeterminate as to voicing. The phonemic status of [ʔ] is unclear; if [VʔV] is interpreted as vowel sequences /VV/, then this contrasts with long vowels (where the two V's are the same) and vowel sequences separated by linking glides (where the two V's are different).
Vowels
[edit]Gorontalo has five vowels.[8]
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| high | i | u | |
| mid | e | o | |
| low | a |
Stress
[edit]Gorontalo words are stressed on the penultimate syllable, regardless of structure: momikiirangi "think", momikiirangipo "think before (doing something)".[8]
Notes
[edit]
- ^ Gorontalo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "The Gorontalo Language". The linguist list. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ a b Mead, David, "Gorontalo", Sulawesi Language Alliance, retrieved 2024-09-19
- ^ a b c d e Little (1995), p. 521
- ^ Henley (1996), p. 28
- ^ Zakariya, Ulfa; Lustyantie, Ninuk; Emzir (2021). "The Gorontalo Language in Professional Communication: its Maintenance and Native Speakers' Attitudes". Professional Discourse & Communication. 3 (3): 39–51. doi:10.24833/2687-0126-2021-3-3-39-51. ISSN 2687-0126.
- ^ Noorduyn, J. (1982). "Sound Changes in the Gorontalo Language". In Halim, A.; Carrington, L.; Wurm, S.A. (eds.). Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers. Pacific Linguistics, C-75. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 241–261. doi:10.15144/PL-C75.241. hdl:1885/145067. ISBN 978-0-85883-275-6.
- ^ a b Little (1995), p. 523
References
[edit]- Steinhauer, H. (1991). "Problems of Gorontalese Phonology". In Poeze, H. A.; Schoorl, P. (eds.). Excursies in Celebes: Een Bundel Bijdragen bij het Afscheid van J. Noorduyn als Directeur-Secretaris van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkendkunde. KITLV Uitgeverij. pp. 325–338.
- Little, John A. Jr. (1995). "Gorontalo". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Vol. 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 521–527. doi:10.1515/9783110884012.1.521. ISBN 978-3-11-088401-2. OCLC 868970232.
- Kasim, M. Musa; Wahidji, Habu; Pateda, Mansoer; Junus, Husain; Hasan, Kartin; Koem, A. P. (1981). Geografi Dialek Bahasa Gorontalo (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.
- Joest, Wilhelm (1883). Das Holontalo: Glossar und grammatische Skizze (in German). Berlin: A. Asher & Company – via archive.org.
- Henley, David (1996). Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies. Leiden: KITLV Press. doi:10.1163/9789004486928. ISBN 9789067180801. OCLC 35113123.
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