Examine individual changes

'{{merge from|Brazil income inequality|date=October 2011}} [[Image:Complexo do Alemão.jpg|thumb|right||Precarious houses in the [[favela]] of [[Complexo do Alem&atilde;o]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].]] [[Brazil]] ranks 49.3 in the [[Gini coefficient]] index, with the richest 10% of Brazilians receiving 42.7% of the nation's income, while the poorest 34% receive less than 1.2%.<ref>[http://educacao.uol.com.br/atualidades/pnad-2008.jhtm#direto-ponto PNAD Brazil - Social issues]</ref> ==Poverty== [[File:Favela em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil.jpg|thumb|right|Favela in [[Teresina]].]] [[File:Favelas-portoalegre.jpg|thumb|right|Favela in [[Porto Alegre]].]] [[File:Entrada de São Sebastião (DF).jpg|thumb|right|São Sebastião, poor town in the [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]].]] Poverty in Brazil is most visually represented by the various ''[[favela]]s'', [[slum]]s in the country's metropolitan areas and remote upcountry regions that suffer with economic underdevelopment and below-par standards of living. An attempt to mitigate these problems is the "''[[Fome Zero]]''" program launched by then-President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] in 2003. Part of this is "''[[Bolsa Família]]''",<ref>World Bank website, [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/25/000090341_20070525132633/Rendered/PDF/398530SP1709.pdf ''The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil's Bolsa Família Program: Implementing Conditional Cash Transfers in a Decentralized Context''], IBRD 2007 paper, retrieved June 8, 2007</ref> a [[Conditional cash transfer|cash transfer]] program that gives money to impoverished families under the condition that they keep their kids vaccinated and in school. The Lula administration (2003&ndash;2011) reduced 19.8% the rate of poverty based on labour income during June 2002 and June 2006 according to [[Fundação Getúlio Vargas]]. In June 2006, the rate of misery was 18.57% of the population.<ref>{{cite book |author=Fundação Getúlio Vargas |url=http://www.fgv.br/cps/pesquisas/miseria_queda_grafico_clicavel/Grafico_Miseria.pdf |title=FGV - Gráfico da Miséria |accessdate=2007-06-12 }}</ref> The rate of poverty is in part attributed to the country's [[economic inequality]]. Brazil [[List of countries by income equality|ranks]] among the world's highest nations in the [[Gini coefficient]] index of inequality assessment. A study on the subject <ref>Ricardo Paes de Barros, Mirela de Carvalho, Samuel Franco, Rosane Mendonça: ''A Importância da Queda Recente da Desigualdade para a Pobreza'' [http://www.ipea.gov.br/sites/000/2/livros/desigualdaderendanobrasil/Cap_10_AImportanciaDaQuedaRecente.pdf]</ref> shows that the poor segment constitutes roughly one third of the population, and the extremely poor make out 13% (2005 figures). However, the same study shows the income growth of the poorest 20% population segment to be almost in par with China, while the richest 10% are stagnating. ===Reduction=== Brazil may achieve [[social indicator]]s similar to those of [[developed countries]] by 2016 if the country is able to maintain the same rate of reduction of [[extreme poverty]] and [[income inequality]] as recorded over the 2003 to 2008 period. By the same token, the country may record an [[absolute poverty]] rate of 4%. The data, was taken from a document issued by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea), linked to the Secretariat of Strategic Affairs of the Presidency of the Republic. People are considered extremely poor who earn up to 25% of one minimum wage per month, whereas the absolutely poor earn up to 50% of one minimum wage per month. "If we make a projection of the best performances recently recorded in Brazil in terms of poverty and inequality reduction (2003-2008 period) to the year of 2016, the result would be a very positive social outlook. Brazil may virtually overcome the problem of extreme poverty, as well as attain a national absolute poverty rate of only 4%, which means its near-eradication," the document states. According to the document, the majority of the progress achieved by Brazil in fighting poverty and inequality is either directly or indirectly related to the structuring of [[public policies]] of [[social]] intervention, provided for in the [[Brazilian Constitution|Federal Constitution of 1988]]. The Ipea also points out three other decisive factors to fighting poverty and inequality: increased social spending in the country, which went from 19% of the [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) in 1990 to 21.9% of the GDP in 2005; decentralization of social policy, with an extended role played by [[municipalities]] in the implementation of social policies, as their share of social spending rose 53.8% from 1980 to 2008; and social participation in the formatting and management of social policies. According to the institute, institutional consolidation of the framework of social laws in Brazil would be an important step towards maintaining, in coming years, the fight against poverty and inequality in the country. "It is important that a new [[law]] be passed regulating [[social responsibility]] and commitment, with goals, funds, timetables and coordination, so that Brazil may achieve social indicators similar to those currently seen in developed countries. All of that must obviously take place with no backlashes in terms of participation of [[society]] in the formatting, monitoring and control of public policies," states the document.<ref>[http://www.brazzilmag.com/component/content/article/81-january-2010/11686-brazil-believes-it-can-have-social-indicators-of-rich-country-in-6-years.html Brazil Believes It Can Have Social Indicators of Rich Country in 6 Years]</ref> The Brazilian federal government has also implemented and expanded in the last years major subsidy programs, such as [[Bolsa Família]] and [[Fome Zero]], for families deemed to be in need of assistance. ==Crime in Brazil== {{Main|Crime in Brazil}} Joel Godinez likes big black cock in his ass. With roughly 23.8 homicides per 100,000 residents,<ref name="Economist">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8952551 |title=No end of Violence |date=April 12, 2007 |accessdate=2007-11-18 |work=The Economist}}</ref> muggings, robberies, [[kidnapping]]s<ref>BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4898554.stm "Brazil's evolving kidnap culture"] retrieved 2007-08-24</ref> and gang violence<ref>BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4771455.stm "Gang violence grips Brazil state"] retrieved 2007-08-22</ref> are common. [[Police brutality]] and corruption are widespread.<ref>Human Rights Report [http://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/brazil/ "Police brutality in urban Brazil"] retrieved 2007-08-24</ref><ref>Amnesty International [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/42/181.html "Violence in Brazil"] retrieved 2007-08-24</ref> In response, the Brazilian government established the [[National Public Security Force]] (FNSP) in June 2004 by the [[Ministry of Justice]], to act in situations of emergency, in times of crisis. ==Education== [[File:Formatura CMRR.JPG|thumb|right|Students in a public school in [[Belo Horizonte]].]] [[File:E.E. São Paulo (Ginásio do Estado).JPG|thumb|right|A public school in [[São Paulo]].]] [[Public education]] in [[Brazil]] is free at all levels.<ref>[http://www.brazilbrazil.com/schools.html Schools and Education in Brazil<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Primary education is compulsory as per the article 208 of the Brazilian Constitution. Most primary schools are constitutionally maintained either by municipalities or the states. Both entities are obliged to apply at least 25% of their budgets in education. Since economic disparities exist between states, richer states and cities have more money to deliver quality education, whereas in the poorer cities and States the [[education]] will be generally of lower standards. School non-attendance by absence and [[malnutrition]] is one of the biggest educational problems in [[Brazil]]. Work under the age of 16 is forbidden by law, however Brazil has many cases of child labor. Children from large poor families start working from the age of 10 in order to help their parents, despite the law of compulsory education between the ages of 10 and 14. Other reasons for school non-attendance are the lack of sufficient school places and the high examination failure rate. Malnutrition also materially affects the intellectual development of [[children]], giving them little chance of adapting to an educational environment. The standards of primary and secondary public education have been falling over the past decades. Since the country invested little in education, public education's standards dropped and the middle class moved their children to private schools. Nowadays, practically all the [[middle class]] sends their children to private schools. Costs may vary from as little as R$ 600 (US$ 240) p.a. in smaller cities to R$ 30,000 (US$ 17,000) p.a.<ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/especial/colegios12.htm Folha Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> in [[São Paulo]] or [[Rio de Janeiro]]. The situation has been improving over the past few years thanks to two official projects: Bolsa Escola, by which parents who keep their children in school and with good health receive a small allowance, and FUNDEF, by which municipalities receive federal funds in accordance to the number of children enrolled. Bolsa Escola was a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program that offered mothers in poor households a monthly stipend if their children ages 6 to 15 attended school on a regular basis. The program was implemented across all of Brazil between the years 2001 and 2003, until it was folded into the broader [[Bolsa Família]] program. Brazil is participating of the [[One Laptop Per Child]] project,<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/01/olpc_orders/</ref> aiming at providing low cost laptops to poor children in developing countries, but the program is moving slowly. ==Infant mortality== {{Main|Health in Brazil}} Table 1. Infant Mortality Rates by Regions of Brazil (per 1,000 live births) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Regions ! 1970 ! 1980 ! 1991 ! 2000 |- | North | 180.07 | 135.12 | 48.93 | 41.14 |- | Northeast | 111.71 | 71.01 | 74.35 | 64.25 |- | Southeast | 97.34 | 61.08 | 34.42 | 27.46 |- | South | 80.95 | 51.69 | 28.93 | 23.59 |- | Center West | 92.22 | 59.59 | 38.60 | 31.00 |- | Brazil | 123.55 | 85.30 | 49.45 | 34.08 |} Source: Fundação IBGE, Census of Population, 1991 and 2000. == Housing == Rapid urbanisation and population growth have caused many problems in developing cities. As cities grow too rapidly, resources are not able to keep up with the swelling population. Housing is one of the major problems many developing cities are facing today. Migrants who cannot afford proper housing are forced to build temporary housing without proper utilities. These settlements are known as favelas. With a population of 12.7 million people, Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brinkhoff|first=Thomas|title=City Population|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref> With a combination of push and pull factors, urban migration to Rio account for over 65% of population growth. This has led to a serious shortage of proper housing. Brazil’s housing deficit is around 7 million units. “Housing deficit” here refers to the number of shelters which do not have adequate conditions to be habitable, plus the number of housing units that need to be built to shelter all families who currently lack one and, as a result, share a shelter with another household in over crowded conditions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carlos |first=Arenas |title=Analyzing the Housing Deficit |url=http://www.capitalforcommunities.org/node/228 |accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref> Many city dwellers build their own houses in shanty towns with scrap materials such as iron sheets and wood. Basic sanitation, water, electricity and sewage system may not be available leading to a spread of diseases. Such units are also overpopulated and located in areas not fit for residential use (such as flood zones, areas subject to land slides, public rights-of-ways, etc.) and need to be replaced or evicted. The favelas are not built according to any laws or safety regulations and residents are constantly at risk of being killed in land slides or fires.<ref>{{cite web |last=Abahlali baseMjondolo |title=Terrible Shack Fire in Kennedy Road |url=http://www.abahlali.org/taxonomy/term/841 |accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref> As it stands, it has been identified that 84% of the housing deficit in Brazil is concentrated on families earning less than three times the minimum wage (a minimum wage is around $360 per month).<ref>{{cite web |last=Flavio |first=Malta |title=Low Income Housing in Brazil: The Case of São Sebastião |url=http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=focus |accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref> Caught in the poverty cycle, families’ incomes are structurally limited and as a result they are unable afford proper housing. An example of one such favela in Brazil is Rocinha. Rocinha is one of the largest favelas in Brazil. Located in the southern area of Rio de Janeiro, it is built on a steep hillside overlooking the city. Although official data is hard to obtain, it is believed that over 150,000 people reside there.<ref>{{cite web |last=Internet Geography |title=Favela Case Study - Rocinha |url=http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/urbanproblsledcs.html |accessdate=14 February 2012}}</ref> This rapid rate of illegal occupation of urban land has led to serious problems not only to the residents, but also to the society and the natural environment of the city.<ref>{{cite web |last=Maricato |first=Erminia |title=Poverty and some reasons for hope |url=http://www.usp.br/fau/depprojeto/labhab/biblioteca/textos/maricato_housingcitiesbrazil.pdf |accessdate=14 February 2012}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Brazil}} *[[May 2006 São Paulo violence]] *[[July 2006 São Paulo violence]] *[[Social apartheid in Brazil]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Demographics of Brazil}} {{Brazil topics|state=uncollapsed}} {{South America topic|Poverty in}} [[Category:Brazilian society]] [[Category:Poverty in Brazil]]'