Examine individual changes

'{{stack begin}} {{Infobox NRHP | name =Lincoln Memorial | nrhp_type = nmem | image =Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - east side EDIT.jpeg | image_size = 325px | caption = Aerial View (2010) | location= West End of National Mall, [[Washington, DC]] | lat_degrees = 38 | lat_minutes = 53 | lat_seconds = 21.48 | lat_direction = N | long_degrees = 77 | long_minutes = 3 | long_seconds = 0.40 | long_direction = W | locmapin = United States Washington, D.C. central | area = | built = 1914–1922 | architect= [[Henry Bacon]] (architect)<br>[[Daniel Chester French]] (sculptor) | architecture= [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] | visitation_num = 3,639,000 | visitation_year = 2005 | area = {{convert|27336|ft2|m2}} | added = October 15, 1966 | governing_body = [[National Park Service]] | refnum=66000030<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref> }} [[File:Lincoln Memorial Dedication with President Harding.jpg|thumb|328px|[[President of the United States|President]] [[Warren G. Harding]] speaks at the dedication of the Memorial in 1922]] {{stack end}} The '''Lincoln Memorial''' is an American national monument built to honor the 16th [[President of the United States]], [[Abraham Lincoln]]. It is located on the [[National Mall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] across from the [[Washington Monument]]. The architect was [[Henry Bacon]], the sculptor of the primary statue – ''[[Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)|Abraham Lincoln]]'', 1920 – was [[Daniel Chester French]], and the painter of the interior murals was [[Jules Guerin]]. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several [[Presidential memorials in the United States|monuments built to honor an American president]]. The building is in the form of a Greek [[Doric order|Doric]] temple and contains a large seated sculpture of Abraham Lincoln and inscriptions of two well-known speeches by Lincoln, ''[[The Gettysburg Address]]'' and his [[Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address|''Second Inaugural Address'']]. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches, including [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech, delivered on August 28, 1963 during the rally at the end of the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]]. Like other monuments on the National Mall – including the nearby [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]], [[Korean War Veterans Memorial]], and [[National World War II Memorial]] – the memorial is administered by the [[National Park Service]] under its [[National Mall and Memorial Parks]] group. It has been listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] since October 15, 1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day. In 2007, it was ranked seventh on the ''[[List of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA|List of America's Favorite Architecture]]'' by the [[American Institute of Architects]]. ==History== The first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington D.C. was a statue by [[Lot Flannery]] erected in front of the [[District of Columbia City Hall]] in 1868, three years after Lincoln's assassination.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse|url=http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|publisher=DC Court of Appeals|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref> Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, [[United State Congress|Congress]] passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, [[Clark Mills (sculptor)|Clark Mills]], was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time, and called for a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.<ref name=nrhp4>N.R.H.P Nomination, p. 4</ref> The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Shelby M. Cullom]] of [[Illinois]], six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joe Cannon]]. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[William H. Taft]] was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued at a steady pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commission's choice of design and location. [[File:West Potomac Park c1912 prior to construction of the Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Site of the Lincoln Memorial and the Reflecting Pool as it appeared prior to beginning their construction]] The commission's plan was questioned. Many thought that architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in [[West Potomac Park]] was seen by many to be either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]], were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the [[Washington Monument]]-[[United States Capitol|Capitol]] axis, overlooking the [[Potomac River]] and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the [[McMillan Plan]] of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.<ref name=nrhp4/><ref>Thomas, 2002</ref> With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, a dedication ceremony was conducted and following month the actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be {{convert|10|ft|m}} tall, was enlarged to {{convert|19|ft|m}} to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922 and presented it to President [[Warren G. Harding]], who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln's only surviving son, 79-year-old [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], was in attendance.<ref name=nrhp5>NRHP Nomination, p. 5</ref> The Memorial was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on October 15, 1966.<ref name=nrhp6>NRHP Nomination, p. 6</ref> ===Vandalism=== In September 1962, vandals painted the words "[[Nigger-lover|nigger lover]]" in foot-high pink letters on the rear wall.<ref>http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19620927&id=toFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FAUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3682,4996827</ref> On the morning of July 26, 2013, the memorial was shut down after the statue's base and legs were splashed with green paint.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lincoln-memorial-vandalized-with-green-paint/2013/07/26/b48a3e32-f5da-11e2-a2f1-a7acf9bd5d3a_story.html|title=Lincoln Memorial is shut down after vandals splash paint on it|author1=Maggie Fazeli Fard|author2=Michael E. Ruane|date=July 26, 2013|accessdate=July 26, 2013}}</ref> It reopened later that day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/26/politics/lincoln-memorial-vandalized/index.html|title=Vandals splatter Lincoln Memorial with green paint|publisher=CNN|date=July 26, 2013|accessdate=July 26, 2013}}</ref> Jiamei Tian, 58, the Chinese national responsible for the vandalism, was admitted to St. Elizabeth's Hospital, a psychiatric facility, and declared incompetent to stand trial. [[File:USA - Lincoln Memorial.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Lincoln Memorial & Reflecting Pool]] [[File:Lincoln Memorial Friezes.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Detail of the Memorial's [[frieze]]s]] ==Exterior== The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic [[Greek temple]] and features [[Yule marble]] from Colorado. The structure measures {{convert|189.7|by|118.5|ft|m}} and is {{convert|99|ft|m}} tall. It is surrounded by a [[peristyle]] of 36 [[Classical order|fluted]] [[Doric column]]s, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns [[Anta (architecture)|in-antis]] at the entrance behind the [[colonnade]]. The columns stand {{convert|44|ft|m}} tall with a base diameter of {{convert|7.5|ft|m}}. Each column is built from 12 drums including the [[Capital (architecture)|capital]]. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of [[Ancient Greek architecture]].<ref name=nrhp2>NRHP Nomination, p. 2</ref> Above the colonnade, inscribed on the [[frieze]], are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death and the dates in which they entered the Union. Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in [[bas-relief]]. The [[cornice]] is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial's dedication. A bit higher is a [[garland]] joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by Ernest C. Bairstow.<ref name=nrhp2/> The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, {{convert|44|to|66|ft|m}} in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a {{convert|187|by|257|ft|m|adj=on}} rectangular granite [[retaining wall]] measuring {{convert|14|ft|m}} in height.<ref name=nrhp2/> Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the [[Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool|Reflecting Pool]], the steps rise to the Lincoln Memorial Circle roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an {{convert|11|ft|m|adj=on}} tall tripod carved from pink [[Tennessee marble]]<ref name=nrhp2/> by the Piccirilli Brothers.<ref>Concklin, Edward F. 'The Lincoln Memorial, Washington', 1927</ref> ==Interior== [[File:Second Inauguration mistake in Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|The word "FUTURE" was mistakenly carved with a first letter E.]] [[File:Lincoln Memorial (south wall interior).jpg|thumb|View of the south chamber and [[Gettysburg Address]] inscription]] The area where the statue stands is 60 feet wide, 74 feet long, and 60 feet high.<ref>U. S. Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks. [http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/u-s-office-of-public-buildings-and-public-parks/the-lincoln-memorial-fos/page-8-the-lincoln-memorial-fos.shtml ''The Lincoln Memorial''] p.8</ref> The interior of the Memorial is divided into three chambers by two rows of [[Ionic column]]s. These columns, four in each row, are {{convert|50|ft|m}} tall and {{convert|5.5|ft|m}} in diameter at their base. The north and south side chambers contain carved inscriptions of Lincoln's [[Lincoln's second inaugural address|second inaugural address]] and his [[Gettysburg Address]].<ref>There was an error in the engraving of the second inaugural address. In the line, "With high hope for the future," the "F" of the word future was originally carved as an "E". To cover the mistake, the bottom line of the E is not painted in.</ref> Bordering these inscriptions are [[pilaster]]s ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation were done by [[Evelyn Beatrice Longman]].<ref name=nrhp2/> The Memorial is filled with symbolism: the 36 columns represent the states in the union at the time of Lincoln's death, the 48 stone festoons on the attic above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Above each of the inscriptions is a {{convert|60|by|12|ft|m|adj=on}} mural painted by [[Jules Guerin]] graphically portraying governing principles evident in Lincoln's life. On the south wall mural, Freedom, Liberty, Immortality, Justice, and the Law are pictured, while the north wall portrays Unity, Fraternity, and Charity. Both scenes contain a background of cypress trees, the emblem of Eternity. The murals were crafted with a special mixture of paint which included elements of kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture conditions.<ref name=nrhp3>NRHP Nomination, p. 3</ref> The ceiling of the Memorial, {{convert|60|ft|m}} above the floor, is composed of bronze girders, ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between the girders are panels of [[Sylacauga marble|Alabama marble]], saturated with [[Mineral oil|paraffin]] to increase their translucency. Despite the increased light from this device, Bacon and French felt the statue required even more light. They decided upon an artificial lighting system in which a louvered lighting panel would be set in the ceiling with metal slats to conceal the great floodlights. Custodians could adjust the lights from a control room, varying them according to the outside light. Funds for this expensive system were appropriated by Congress in 1926, and in 1929, seven years after the dedication, the statue was properly lighted. Since that time, only one major alteration has taken place in the Memorial's design. This was the addition of an elevator within the structure to aid handicapped visitors, which was installed in the mid-1970s.<ref name=nrhp3/> ==Statue== {{Main|Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)}} {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:22em; max-width:40%" cellspacing="5" | align="left"|<center> IN THIS TEMPLE<br> AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE<br> FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION<br> THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br> IS ENSHRINED FOREVER </center> |- | align="left"| Epitaph above ''[[Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)|Abraham Lincoln]]'' |} [[File:Lincoln memorial.jpg|thumb|[[Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)|Abraham Lincoln Statue]]]] [[File:Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|''[[Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)|Abraham Lincoln]]'', by [[Daniel Chester French]]]] [[Image:Robert E Lee Memorial.JPG|right|thumb|General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s profile is purportedly hidden in Lincoln's hair; the [[National Park Service|NPS]] claims it to be an [[urban legend]].]] Lying between the north and south chambers is the central hall containing the solitary figure of Lincoln sitting in contemplation. The statue was carved by the [[Piccirilli Brothers]] under the supervision of the sculptor, [[Daniel Chester French]], and took four years to complete. The statue, originally intended to be only {{convert|10|ft|m}} tall, was, on further consideration, enlarged so that it finally stood {{convert|19|ft|m}} tall from head to foot, the scale being such that if Lincoln were standing, he would be {{convert|28|ft|m}} tall. The extreme width of the statue is the same as its height. The Georgia white marble sculpture weighs {{convert|175|ST|MT|lk=on}} and had to be shipped in 28 separate pieces.<ref name=nrhp3/> The statue rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble {{convert|10|ft|m}} high, {{convert|16|ft|m}} wide, and {{convert|17|ft|m}} deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about {{convert|34.5|ft|m}} long, {{convert|28|ft|m}} wide, and {{convert|6.5|in|m}} high. Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman [[fasces]], a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall.<ref>See [[Edmund Buchner|E. Buchner]] (1976). "''Solarium Augusti'' und Ara Pacis", Römische Mitteilungen 83: 319–375; E. Buchner (1988). ''Die Sonnenuhr des Augustus: Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik'' (Berlin); P. Zanker [http://www.uark.edu/ua/metis2/zanker/zanker_txt2.html The Augustan Program of Cultural Renewal] for a full discussion of the [[Solarium Augusti|Augustan solarium]] and its architectural features.</ref> The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters and above Lincoln's head stands the engraved epitaph,<ref name=nrhp3/> composed by [[Royal Cortissoz]], shown in the box to the left.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln Memorial Design Individuals |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://www.nps.gov/linc/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-design-individuals.htm |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> ===Sculptural features=== The sculpture has been at the center of two [[urban legend]]s. Some have claimed that the face of General [[Robert E. Lee]] was carved onto the back of Lincoln's head,<ref name=npsfaq /> and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|Arlington House]], now within the bounds of [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. Another popular legend is that Lincoln is shown using [[sign language]] to represent his initials, with his left hand shaped to form an "A" and his right hand to form an "L", the president's initials. The National Park Service denies both legends.<ref name=npsfaq>[http://www.nps.gov/linc/faqs.htm National Park Service – Lincoln Memorial – Frequently Asked Questions]</ref> However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it, because he was familiar with [[American Sign Language]], and he would have had a reason to do so, that is, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving [[Gallaudet University]], a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees.<ref>Did Lincoln Own Slaves? And Other Frequently Asked Questions About Abraham Lincoln. Written by Gerald J. Prokopowicz. ISBN 978-0-375-42541-7 (0-375-42541-1)</ref> The [[National Geographic Society]]'s publication, "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language.<ref>Evelyn, Douglas E. and Paul A. Dickson. ''On this Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C.'' (National Geographic Society, 1999). ISBN 0-7922-7499-7</ref><ref>[http://library.gallaudet.edu/Library/Deaf_Research_Help/Frequently_Asked_Questions_(FAQs)/OtherMiscellaneous/Lincoln_Memorial_Statue.html Library.gallaudet.edu]</ref> Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."<ref>Percoco, James A., speech given on April 17, 2008 in the Jefferson Room of the National Archives and Records Administration as part of the National Archive's "Noontime Programs" lecture series. [http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2008/nr08-66.html Broadcast on the C-Span cable television network on April 4 and April 5, 2009.] [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/204737-1 c-spanvideo.org]</ref> ==Sacred space== [[File:View of Crowd at 1963 March on Washington.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] in 1963 brought 250,000 people to the [[National Mall]] and is famous for [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]'s ''[[I Have a Dream]]'' speech.]] As Sandage, (1993) demonstrates, the Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue especially for the Civil Rights movement. In 1939, the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] refused to allow the African-American [[Alto (voice)|contralto]] [[Marian Anderson]] to perform before an integrated audience at the organization's [[Constitution Hall]]. At the suggestion of [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], the wife of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harold L. Ickes]], the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 70,000, and a nationwide radio audience. On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], which proved to be a high point of the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|American Civil Rights Movement]]. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], deliver his historic speech, "[[I Have a Dream]]", before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] 100 years earlier. The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.<ref>Jennings, Peter; Brewster, Todd. ''The Century.'' Doubleday, 1998</ref> Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. The "I Have a Dream" speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event. This engraving can be easy to miss unless one walks up the very center of the steps. The engraving is not large and the letters have not been painted in to make them more readable. [[Image:i-have-a-dream-site crop.jpg|thumb|250px|The location on the steps where King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription]] At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President [[Richard Nixon]] had a [[Student Strike of 1970#Nixon Administration reaction|middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters]] who, just days after the [[Kent State shootings]], were preparing to [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|march against the Vietnam War]]. ==The Memorial today== Approximately 6 million people visit the memorial annually.<ref>http://www.nature.nps.gov/stats/viewReport.cfm Annual Park Visitation Report for Lincoln Memorial data for 2010</ref> In 2007, the Memorial was ranked seventh in the ''[[America's Favorite Architecture|List of America's Favorite Architecture]]'' by the [[American Institute of Architects]].<ref>{{cite web |title=America's Favorite Architecture |publisher=[[American Institute of Architects]] |year=2007 |url=http://favoritearchitecture.org/afa150.php |accessdate=2009-11-03}}</ref> The Memorial is open to the public 24 hours a day and is free to visit. ==Depictions on U.S. currency== {{multiple image | align =left | direction = horizontal | footer = Reverse of a 2003 [[United States five-dollar bill|five-dollar note]] and 2006 [[Lincoln cent]] | footer_align = left/right/center | image1 = US $5 series 2003 reverse.jpg | width1 = 207 | image2 = 2005 Penny Rev Unc D.png | width2 = 90 }} From 1959 to 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the [[Lincoln cent|United States one cent]] coin, which bears Lincoln's portrait bust on the front. The [[Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)|statue of Lincoln]] can be seen in the monument. This was done to mark the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. The memorial also appears on the back of the [[United States five-dollar bill|U.S. five dollar bill]], the front of which bears Lincoln's portrait.{{clear left}} ==In popular culture== [[File:Lincoln Memorial at Sunrise.jpg|thumb|275px|at sunrise.]] [[File:Lincoln Memorial (8).jpg|thumb|275px||at dusk]] *In a key scene in the 1939 [[Frank Capra]] film ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'', the statue and its inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by [[James Stewart]]. *In the 1951 science fiction classic ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]'', Klaatu/Mr. Carpenter and Billy visit the Lincoln Memorial, provoking Klaatu, a visitor from the stars, to say: "Those are great words, he must have been a great man?" *In the 1976 science fiction film ''[[Logan's Run (film)|Logan's Run]]'', the statue of Lincoln reveals to the characters the look of old age. *In the 1978 [[Clive Cussler]] novel ''[[Vixen 03]]'', the memorial is destroyed by a shell fired from the ''[[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS Iowa]]''. *The 1985 music video by [[Starship (band)|Starship]] "[[We Built This City|We Built This City (On Rock and Roll)]]" features a still shot of the memorial interior. A view has the group and onlookers singing the refrain upwards to Lincoln's statue. The view then switches to the statue coming to life-literally moved by their conviction-standing up, and sings along. *In the ''[[Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Mr. Lisa Goes to Washington]]" (1991), [[Lisa Simpson]] goes to the Memorial hoping to be inspired by the spirit of Lincoln. She arrives to find a crush of tourists ahead of her, and detours to the [[Jefferson Memorial]]. The spirit of [[Thomas Jefferson]] speaks to her there, but is annoyed that she came to him only as a second choice. *In the 1993 ''[[Ren & Stimpy Show]]'' episode ''An Abe Divided'', Ren and Stimpy get jobs working at the Lincoln Memorial where Ren overhears about treasure inside the memorial's head. Ren and Stimpy then saw off Lincoln's head only to find caramel corn inside, but are left with a headless-Lincoln. They spend the episode trying to fix their mess with disastrous results. *In a memorable scene in the film ''[[Nixon (film)|Nixon]]'', President [[Richard Nixon]] (played by [[Anthony Hopkins]]) pays an impromptu, late-night visit to the Memorial, which is being occupied by [[Vietnam War]] protestors. The scene was based on a real-life incident when Nixon and his [[White House]] butler paid a visit to the Memorial in the early morning hours of May 9, 1970. *In the 1996 science fiction movie ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'', the Lincoln Memorial can be seen as a massive alien spacecraft enters the sky around Washington, D.C. *In the 2000 video game ''[[Command and Conquer: Red Alert 2]]'', the Lincoln Memorial can be seen in missions that take place in Washington, D.C. In the Allied Campaign Lincolns head was replaced by a head of Stalin before America was liberated. In the Soviet Campaign, it was destroyed for a cash bounty. *In the 2001 science fiction film ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet Of The Apes]]'' the Lincoln Memorial is shown in an alternate timeline as being a memorial to one of the ape generals. *In the 2004 episode "[[The Stormy Present]]" of the TV series ''[[The West Wing]]'', President [[Josiah Bartlet]] ([[Martin Sheen]]) visits the Lincoln Memorial after being prompted by a letter to "Go see Lincoln and listen." *In the 2008 video game ''[[Fallout 3]]'', 200 years after a nuclear war set in 2077, the Lincoln Memorial has been badly damaged, including Lincoln's head having gone missing from the statue. The head is later found in the possession of several escaped slaves who want to return it to the memorial and restore it to its original condition. *In the 2009 comedy movie ''[[Night at the Museum 2: Battle of the Smithsonian]]'', the statue of Lincoln comes to life (voiced by [[Hank Azaria]]) and has a short conversation with the characters of Ben Stiller and Amy Adams and helps them defeat the Horus warriors. *In the 2011 super hero movie, ''[[X-Men: First Class]]'', Charles Xavier and Erik Lensherr are seen playing chess and talking on the steps of the memorial. *In the 2011 science fiction movie, ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]'', [[Megatron#Films|Megatron]] destroys the statue of Lincoln and then sits on the chair. This is a callback to "[[List of The Transformers episodes#Season 2 (1985)|Atlantis, Arise!]]", a [[The Transformers (TV series)#Season 2|season 2]] episode of the original ''[[The Transformers (TV series)|The Transformers]]'' series where [[Transformers: Generation One|G1]] [[Megatron#Animated series|Megatron]] did the same. *In the 2013 movie, ''[[White House Down]]'', the President (played by [[Jamie Foxx]]) requests a fly-by of the Lincoln Memorial, at both the beginning and the end of the movie to pay homage to his hero. ==See also== {{Portal|Washington, D.C.|NRHP}} *[[List of areas in the United States National Park System]] *[[National Register of Historic Places listings in the District of Columbia]] ==References== '''Notes''' {{Reflist}} '''Bibliography''' *Hufbauer, Benjamin. ''Presidential Temples: How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory'' (2006) * Sandage, Scott A. "A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963," ''Journal of American History'' Vol. 80, No. 1 (Jun., 1993), pp.&nbsp;135–167 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2079700 in JSTOR] * Thomas, Christopher A. ''The Lincoln Memorial and American Life'' (2002) *NRHP Nomination: {{cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form: Lincoln Memorial |last=Pfanz |first=Donald C. |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=/Text/NRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu&style=nps/FOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item(SUMMARY,COPYRIGHT) |date=1981-03-24 |accessdate=2009-11-03}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Lincoln Memorial}} *[http://www.nps.gov/linc/index.htm Lincoln Memorial homepage (NPS)] *[http://www.terrain360.com/trails/lincoln-memoral Lincoln Memorial Panoramic Tour] * {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-lincoln.php |title=Trust for the National Mall: Lincoln Memorial|publisher=Trust for the National Mall}} * {{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/bulletin/b2162/b2162.pdf|title=Colorado Yule Marble – Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial; |publisher=US Geological Survey – Bulletin 2162; 1999}} * {{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&fileName=dc/dc0400/dc0472/sheet/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Lincoln%20Memorial,%20West%20Potomac%20Park,%20Washington,%20District%20of%20Columbia,%20DC&displayType=1&maxCols=2&itemLink=r?ammem/hh:@field(DOCID+@lit(DC0472))|title=Lincoln Memorial Drawings |publisher=National Park Service |year=1993}} <!--spacing--> {{Washington DC landmarks}} {{Lincoln memorials}} {{Abraham Lincoln}} [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Abraham Lincoln]] [[Category:National Memorials of the United States]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1922]] [[Category:Greek Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:National Mall]] [[Category:Buildings and monuments honoring American Presidents]] [[Category:Marble buildings]]'