Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox person | image = Nawal_El_Saadawi_02.JPG | image_size = 150px | | name = Nawal El Saadawi<br />نوال السعداوى | caption = Nawal El Saadawi | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1931|10|27|mf=y}} | birth_place = Kafr Tahla, [[Egypt]] | death_date = | death_place = | religion = | occupation = Physician, [[psychiatrist]], [[author]], [[feminist]] | spouse = [[Sherif Hatata]] (1964-present) | children = 2 }} '''Nawal El Saadawi''' ({{lang-ar|نوال السعداوى}}, born October 27, 1931) is an [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] [[feminist]] writer, activist, physician and psychiatrist. She has written many books on the subject of [[women and Islam|women in Islam]], paying particular attention to the practice of [[female genital cutting]] in her society.<ref name="Dialogue Talk">[http://dialoguetalk.org/nawal-el-saadawi/childhood-amnesia/ "Childhood Amnesia"] Dialogue Talk.</ref> She is founder and president of the Arab Women's Solidarity Association <ref>Hitchcock, Peter, Nawal el Saadawi, Sherif Hetata. “Living the Struggle.” ''Transition'' 61 (1993): 170-179.</ref><ref name="awsa">{{cite web|url=http://www.awsa.net/|title=業者を使って良かったことと悪かったこと|publisher=awsa.net|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> and co-founder of the Arab Association for Human Rights.<ref>Nawal El Saadawi. “Presentation by Nawal El Saadawi: President's Forum, M/MLA Annual Convention, November 4, 1999.” The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 33.3-34.1 (Autumn, 2000 - Winter, 2001): 34-39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1315340.</ref> She has been awarded honorary degrees on three continents. In 2004, she won the North-South prize from the Council of Europe. In 2005, the Inana International Prize in Belgium.<ref>"PEN World Voices Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture by Nawal El Saadawi." http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jue04c1_wkY&feature=related</ref> Nawal el Saadawi has held positions of Author for the Supreme Council for Arts and Social Sciences, Cairo; Director General of the Health Education Department, Ministry of Health, Cairo, Secretary General of Medical Association, Cairo, Egypt, and Medical Doctor, University Hospital and Ministry of Health. She is the founder of Health Education Association and the Egyptian Women Writer’s Association; she was Chief Editor of ''Health Magazine'' in Cairo, Egypt and Editor of ''Medical Association Magazine''.<ref name="nawalsaadawi">{{cite web|url=http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47:nawal-el-saadawi&catid=34:biography&Itemid=54|title=Nawal El Saadawi|publisher=nawalsaadawi.net|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref><ref name="webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/saadawi.html|title=Nawal El Saadawi|publisher=webster.edu|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> == Early life == Saadawi was born in the small village of Kafr Tahla, the second eldest of nine children. Her father was dick a government official in the [[Ministry of Education (Egypt)|Ministry of Education]], who had campaigned against the rule of the [[United Kingdom|British]] occupation of Egypt and Sudan during the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1919]]. As a result he was exiled to a small town in the [[Nile Delta]] and the government punished him by not promoting him for 10&nbsp;years. He was relatively progressive and taught her self-respect and to speak her mind. He also encouraged her to study the Arabic language. Both her parents died at a young age leaving Saadawi with the sole burden of providing for a large family.<ref name="bornexile">[http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/oldsite/articlesnawal/bornexile.htm Exile and Resistance]</ref> == Adulthood and career == Saadawi graduated as a medical doctor in 1955 from [[Cairo University]]. Through her medical practice, she observed women's physical and psychological problems and connected them with oppressive cultural practices, patriarchal oppression, class oppression and imperialist oppression.<ref name="women">[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/462/women.htm Feminism in a nationalist century]</ref> While working as a doctor in her birthplace of Kafr Tahla, she observed the hardships and inequalities faced by rural women. After attempting to protect one of her patients from [[domestic violence]], Saadawi was summoned back to [[Cairo]]. She eventually became the Director of [[Public Health]] and met her third husband, [[Sherif Hetata]], while sharing an office in the Ministry of Health. Hetata, also a medical doctor and writer, had been a [[political prisoner]] for 13&nbsp;years. They married in 1964 and have a son and a daughter.<ref name="bornexile"/> <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:NawalElSaadawi1940s.jpg|thumb|right|Nawal playing godess [[Isis]] in the 40's.]] --> In 1972 she published ''Al-Mar'a wa Al-Jins'' (''Woman and Sex''), confronting and contextualising various aggressions perpetrated against women's bodies, including female circumcision, which became a foundational text of [[second-wave feminism]]. As a consequence of the book as well as her political activities, Saadawi was dismissed from her position at the Ministry of Health.<ref name="women"/> Similar pressures cost her a later position as chief editor of a health journal and as Assistant General Secretary in the Medical Association in Egypt. From 1973 to 1976 she worked on researching women and [[neurosis]] in the [[Ain Shams University]]'s Faculty of Medicine. From 1979 to 1980 she was the [[United Nations]] Advisor for the Women's Programme in Africa (ECA) and Middle East (ECWA). Long viewed as controversial and dangerous by the Egyptian government, in 1981 Saadawi helped publish a feminist magazine, ''Confrontation'', and was imprisoned in September by [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Anwar al-Sadat]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Uglow|first1=Jennifer S.|last2=Hendry|first2=Maggy|title=The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zlQKDvU1WV0C&dq|year=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn= 9781555534219|pages=189–190}}</ref> She was released later that year, one month after his assassination. Of her experience she wrote: "Danger has been a part of my life ever since I picked up a pen and wrote. Nothing is more perilous than truth in a world that lies."<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20041030002518/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/03/stories/13030786.htm Egypt's face of courage]</ref> Saadawi was one of the women held at Qanatir Women's Prison. Her incarceration formed the basis for her memoir, ''Mudhakkirâtî fî sijn an-nisâʾ'' (''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'', 1983). Her contact with a prisoner at Qanatir served as inspiration for an earlier work, a novel titled ''Imraʾah ʿinda nuqṭat aṣ-ṣifr'' (''A Woman at Point Zero'', 1975). In 1988, when her life was threatened by [[Islamists]] and political persecution, Saadawi was forced to flee Egypt. She accepted an offer to teach at Duke University's Asian and African Languages Department in [[North Carolina]] as well as the [[University of Washington in Seattle]]. She has since held positions at a number of prestigious colleges and universities including Cairo University, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, the Sorbonne, Georgetown, [[Florida State University]], and the University of California, Berkeley. In 1996, she moved back to Egypt.<ref>[http://www.amnesty.org.uk/events_details.asp?ID=496 Nawal El Saadawi in conversation with Yasmin Alibhai-Brown]</ref> Nawal thus speaks fluent [[English language|English]] in addition to her native [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. She has continued her activism and considered running in the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2005|2005 Egyptian presidential election]], before stepping out because of stringent requirements for first-time candidates. She was awarded the 2004 [[North-South Prize]] by the [[Council of Europe]].<ref>[http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/nscentre/winners_nsp_EN.asp The North South Prize of the Council of Europe]</ref> She was among the protesters in [[Tahrir Square]] in 2011.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-feminists-in-the-middle-of-tahrir-square.html The Feminists in the Middle of Tahrir Square] Newsweek, March 6, 2011</ref> She has called for the abolition of religious instruction in the Egyptian schools. == Writing == Saadawi began writing early in her career. Her earliest writings include a selection of [[short story|short stories]] entitled ''I Learned Love'' (1957) and her first novel, ''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'' (1958). She has since written numerous novels and short stories and a personal memoir, ''Memoir from the Women's Prison'' (1986). Saadawi has been published in a number of anthologies, and her work has been translated into over 20 languages. In 1972, she published her first work of [[non-fiction]], ''Women and Sex'', which evoked the antagonism of highly placed political and [[theology|theological]] authorities and led to a dismissal at the Ministry of Health. Other works include ''The Hidden Face of Eve'', ''God Dies by the Nile'', ''The Circling Song'', ''Searching'', ''The Fall of the Imam''<ref>[http://newhumanist.org.uk/2119/the-fall-of-the-imam-by-nawal-el-saadawi The Fall of the Imam by Nawal El Saadawi]</ref> and ''Woman at Point Zero''. Nawal has said that elements of the [[Hajj]], such as kissing the [[Black Stone]], had pre-Islamic pagan roots.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm No compromise]</ref> == Views == ===Advocacy against genital mutilation=== At a young age, Saadawi underwent the process of [[female genital mutilation]].<ref>Nawal el-Saadawi, ''The Hidden Face of Eve'', Part 1: The Mutilated Half.</ref> As an adult she has written about and criticized this practice. She responded to the death of a 12-year old girl, Bedour Shaker, during a genital circumcision operation in 2007 by writing: "Bedour, did you have to die for some light to shine in the dark minds? Did you have to pay with your dear life a price ... for doctors and clerics to learn that the right religion doesn't cut children's organs."<ref>[http://www.physorg.com/news102393179.html Egypt Officials Ban Female Circumcision<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> As a doctor and human rights activist, Saadawi is also opposed to male genital mutilation (circumcision). She believes that both male and female children deserve protection from genital mutilation.<ref name="theglobaldispatches">{{cite web|url=http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi|title=Nawal al Saadawi &laquo; The Global Dispatches|publisher=theglobaldispatches.com|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== *2007 Honorary Doctorate, [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]], Belgium *2007 Honorary Doctorate, [[Université Libre de Belgique]], Belgium *2010 Honorary Doctorate, [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]], Mexico *2011 [[Stig Dagerman Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.svd.se/kultur/2012/01/09/motvillig-el-saadawi-far-dagermanpriset/ |title=Motvillig El Saadawi får Dagermanpriset |work=[[SvD]] |author= |language=Swedish |date=January 9, 2012 |accessdate=October 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article14833794.ab |title=Lydnad är ett dödligt gift |work=Kultur |author= |language=Swedish |date=May 15, 2012 |accessdate=October 27, 2012}}</ref> ==Bibliography== Saadawi has written prolifically, placing some of her works online.<ref>[http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/books.htm Works available online at Saadawi's website].</ref> Her works include: *''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'' (1960, 1980; translated by [[Catherine Cobham]], 1989) *''Searching'' (1968; translated by Shirley Eber, 1991) *''The Death of the Only Man in the World'' (1974; translated by [[Sherif Hetata]], 1985) Published in English under the title ''God Dies by the Nile'' *''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' (1975; translated by Sherif Hetata, 1983) *''The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World'' (1977; transl. by Sherif Hetata, 1980) *''The Circling Song'' (1978; transl. by [[Marilyn Booth]], 1989) *''Death of an Ex-Minister'' (1980; transl. by Shirley Eber, 1987) *''She Has No Place in Paradise'' (1979; transl. by Shirley Eber) *''Two Women in One'' (1983; transl. by [[Osman Nusairi]] and Jana Gough, 1985) *''The Fall of the Imam'' (1987; transl. by Sherif Hetata, 1988) *''Memoirs from the Women's Prison'' (1984; transl. by Marilyn Booth, 1994) *''The Innocence of the Devil'' (1994; transl. by Sherif Hetata, 1994) *''North/South: The Nawal El Saadawi Reader'' (1997) *''Love in the Kingdom of Oil'', translated by [[Basil Hatim]] and [[Malcolm William (translator)|Malcolm Williams]] (Saqi Books, 2000) *''The Novel'' (2004; transl. by [[Omnia Amin]] and [[Rick London]], 2009) *''A Daughter of Isis'' *''Dissidenza e scrittura'' (2008) *''L'amore ai tempi del petrolio'', translated by Marika Macco, introduction by [[Luisa Morgantini]], Editrice il Sirente, [[Fagnano Alto]], 2009. ISBN 978-88-87847-16-1 '''PUBLICATION HISTORY''': The following is a complete list of her written works.<ref name="allafrica">{{cite web|url=http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/07PG6rWKbUCoymyg.html|title=allAfrica.com: myAfrica - People|publisher=myafrica.allafrica.com|accessdate=2014-02-12}}</ref> All originals in Arabic. Many have been translated into English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Italian, Dutch, Finnish, Indonesian, Japanese, Iranian, Turkish, Urdu, and other 30 languages. FICTION:<br> NOVELS (in Arabic): *''Memoirs of a Woman Doctor'' (Cairo, 1958) *''The Absent One'' (Cairo, 1969) *''Two Women in One'' (Cairo, 1971) *''Woman at Point Zero'' (Beirut, 1973) *''The Death of the Only Man on Earth'' (Beirut, 1975) *''The Children’s Circling Song'' (Beirut, 1976) *''The Fall of the Imam'' (Cairo, 1987) *''Ganat and the Devil'' (Beirut, 1991) *''Love in the Kingdom of Oil'' (Cairo, 1993) *''The Novel'' (Dar El Hilal Publishers Cairo 2004) *''Zeina, Novel'' (Dar Al Saqi Beirut, 2009) SHORT STORY COLLECTIONS'' (in Arabic): *''I Learnt Love'' (Cairo, 1957) *''A Moment of Truth'' (Cairo, 1959) *''Little Tenderness'' (Cairo, 1960) *''The Thread and the Wall'' (Cairo, 1972) *''Ain El Hayat'' (Beirut, 1976) *''She was the Weaker'' (Beirut, 1977) *''Death of an Ex-minister'' (Beirut, 1978) *''Adab Am Kellet Abad'' (Cairo, 2000) PLAYS (in Arabic): *''Twelve Women in a Cell'' (Cairo, 1984) *''Isis'' (Cairo, 1985) *''God Resigns in the Summit Meeting'' (1996), published by Madbouli, and other four plays included in her ''Collected Works'' (45 books in Arabic) published by Madbouli in Cairo 2007 NON-FICTION: MEMOIRS (in Arabic): *''Memoirs in a Women’s Prison'' (Cairo, 1983) *''My Travels Around the World'' (Cairo, 1986) *''Memoirs of a Child Called Soad'' (Cairo, 1990) *''My Life, Part I, Autobiography'' (Cairo, 1996) *''My Life, Part II, Autobiography'' (Cairo, 1998) *''My Life, Part III,'' (Cairo, 2001) <br> <br> BOOKS (Non Fiction) (in Arabic): *''Women and Sex'' (Cairo, 1969) *''Woman is the Origin'' (Cairo, 1971) *''Men and Sex'' (Cairo, 1973) *''The Naked Face of Arab Women'' (Cairo, 1974) *''Women and Neurosis'' (Cairo, 1975) *''On Women'' (Cairo, 1986) *''A New Battle in Arab Women Liberation'' (Cairo, 1992) *''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 1998) *''Collection of Essays'' (Cairo, 2001) *''Breaking Down Barriers'' (Cairo, 2004) <br> <br> BOOKS TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH: *''The Hidden Face of Eve [Study]'' (London: Zed Books, 1980), re issued 2008 *''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'' [novel] (London: Zed Books, 1982), re issued 2008 *''God Dies by the Nile'' [novel] (London: Zed Books, 1984) reissued 2008 *''Circling Song'' [novel] (London: Zed Books, 1986) reissued 2008 *''The Fall of Imam'' [novel] (London: Methuen, 1987) Saqui Books London 2001 , 2009 *''Searching'' [novel] (London: Zed Books, 1988) reissued 2008 *''Death of an Ex-minister'' [short stories] (London: Methuen, 1987) *''She has no Place in Paradise'' [short stories] (London: Methuen, 1987) *''My Travel Around the World'' [non-fiction] (London: Methuen, 1985) *''Memoirs from the Women’s Prison'' [non-fiction] (London: Women’s Press, 1985) (also: [[University of California Press]], USA, 1995) *''Two Women in One [novel]'' (London: Al-Saqi Books, 1992) *''Memoirs of a Women Doctor'' [novel] (London: Methuen, 1994) (also: City Lights, USA, 1993) *''The Well of Life'' [two novels] (London: Methuen, 1994) *''The Innocence of the Devil'' [novel] (London: Methuen, 1994) (also: University of California Press, 1995) *''Nawal El Saadawi Reader'' [non-fiction essays] (London: Zed Books, 1997) *''Vol 11 Nawal El Saadawi Reader'' (Zed Books 2009) *''Part I A Daughter of Isis'' [autobiography] (London: Zed Books, 1999) reissued 2008 *''Part II Walking Through Fire'' [autobiography] (London: Zed Books, 2002) reissued 2008 *''Love in the Kingdom of oil'' [novel] (London: Alsaqui Books, 2001) *''The Novel'' [novel] (Northampton, Mass: Interlink Books, 2009) == See also == *[[List of Egyptian authors]] == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote|Nawal El Saadawi}} *[http://www.nawalsaadawi.net/ Nawal El Saadawi's website] *[http://www.zedbooks.co.uk/books.asp?catid=4076 Nawal El Saadawi's Zed Books page] *[http://www.iran-bulletin.org/interview/SAADAWI.html Interview by Shiva of Avaye Zan (Women’s Voice)] London, November 1997 *[http://www.fw-magazine.com/content/nawal-al-saadawi-speaks-fw-i-connect-female-circumcision-policies-george-w-bush Nawal El Saadawi speaks to Forward Magazine] August 2007 *[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-7389881/Conversations-with-Nawal-El-Saadawi.html Article Excerpt: Conversations with Nawal el Saadawi ] Published in [[World Literature Today]] by Adele S. Newson-Horst on 1 January 2008 *[http://www.doublex.com/section/arts/islam%E2%80%99s-bluntest-critic An interview with Egypt's dissident writer Nawal El Saadawi] 16 June 2009 *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jue04c1_wkY Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture by Nawal El Saadawi] *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2010/apr/15/nawal-el-saadawi-egyptian-feminist Nawal El Saadawi: Egypt's radical feminist] 15 April 2010 *[http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/31/women_protest_alongside_men_in_egyptian El Saadawi: "Women and Girls are Beside Boys in the Egyptian Streets"] - video interview by ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' *[http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/nawal-al-saadawi Interview with Nawal El Saadawi in www.theglobaldispatches.com] *[http://www.freedomfromtorture.org/news-events/blogs/6286 Interview with Nawal El Saadawi on www.freedomfromtorture.org] {{Female genital mutilation}} {{Authority control|VIAF=84254254}} {{Persondata | NAME = Saadawi, Nawal | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Egyptian dissident | DATE OF BIRTH = October 27, 1931 | PLACE OF BIRTH = Kafr Tahla, [[Egypt]] | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saadawi, Nawal}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Arab feminists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Activists against female genital mutilation]] [[Category:Egyptian dissidents]] [[Category:Egyptian physicians]] [[Category:Egyptian feminists]] [[Category:Egyptian women's rights activists]] [[Category:Egyptian women writers]] [[Category:Feminist writers]] [[Category:Women's rights in Egypt]] [[Category:Cairo University alumni]]'