Examine individual changes

'{{Use British English|date=December 2011}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}} [[File:Festival of Britain.JPG|200px|right|thumb|The Festival of Britain emblem – the [[Festival Star]] – designed by [[Abram Games]], from the cover of the South Bank Exhibition Guide, 1951]] The '''Festival of Britain''' was a national [[Art exhibition|exhibition]] held throughout the [[United Kingdom]] in the summer of 1951. It was organised by the government to give Britons a feeling of recovery in the aftermath of [[Second world war|war]] and to promote the British contribution to science, technology, industrial design, architecture and the arts. The Festival's centrepiece was in London on the [[South Bank]] of the [[River Thames|Thames]]. There were events in [[Poplar, London|Poplar]] (Architecture), [[Battersea Park|Battersea]] (The Festival Pleasure Gardens), [[South Kensington]] (Science) and [[Glasgow]] (Industrial Power). Festival celebrations took place in [[Cardiff]], [[Stratford-upon-Avon]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], [[Bournemouth]], [[York]], [[Aldeburgh]], [[Inverness]], [[Cheltenham]], [[Oxford]] and elsewhere<ref name="Britain 1951">''The Festival of Britain'' (Official Book of the Festival of Britain 1951). HMSO, 1951.</ref> and there were touring exhibitions by land and sea. The Festival became associated with the post-war [[Labour Government 1945–1951|Labour government of Clement Attlee]] and the South Bank Exhibition was rapidly demolished by the incoming [[Conservative Government 1951–1955|Conservative administration of Winston Churchill]]. ==Conception and organisation== [[File:1951 South Bank Exhibition.jpg|thumb|right|A view of the South Bank Exhibition from the north bank of the [[Thames]], showing the [[Skylon (tower)|Skylon]] and the [[Dome of Discovery]].]] The first idea for an exhibition in 1951 came from the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in 1943, which considered that an international exhibition should be held to commemorate the centenary of the 1851 [[Great Exhibition]].<ref name=science>{{cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/events/2007paulingconference/video-s2-3-anderson.html |title="Circa 1951: Presenting Science to the British Public", Robert Anderson, Oregon State University |publisher=Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> In 1945, the government appointed a committee under [[Lord Ramsden]] to consider how exhibitions and fairs could promote exports.<ref name=science/> When the committee reported a year later, it was decided not to continue with the idea of an international exhibition because of its cost at a time when reconstruction was a high priority.<ref name=science/> The government decided instead to hold a series of displays about the arts, architecture, science, technology and industrial design,<ref name=guide>Cox, Ian, ''The South Bank Exhibition: A guide to the story it tells'', H.M.S.O., 1951</ref> under the title "Festival of Britain 1951".<ref name=archives/> At that time, shortly after the end of World War II, much of London was still in ruins and redevelopment was badly needed. The Festival was an attempt to give Britons a feeling of recovery and progress and to promote better-quality design in the rebuilding of British towns and cities.<ref name=V&A>{{cite web|url=http://www.vads.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/festival.html |title=V&A, '&#39;Designing Britain'&#39; |publisher=Vads.ac.uk |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The Festival of Britain described itself as "one united act of national reassessment, and one corporate reaffirmation of faith in the nation's future."<ref name=guide/> [[Gerald Barry (British journalist)|Gerald Barry]], the Festival Director, described it as "a tonic to the nation".<ref name=V&A/> A Festival Council to advise the government was set up under General [[Lord Ismay]].<ref name=guide/> Responsibility for organisation devolved upon the [[Lord President of the Council]], [[Herbert Morrison]], the deputy leader of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who appointed a Great Exhibition Centenary Committee, consisting of civil servants, who were to define the framework of the Festival and to liaise between government departments and the festival organisation. In March 1948, a Festival Headquarters was set up, which was to be the nucleus of the Festival of Britain Office, a government department with its own budget.<ref name=archives/> Festival projects in Northern Ireland were undertaken by the government of Northern Ireland. Associated with the Festival of Britain Office were the [[Arts Council of Great Britain]], the [[Council of Industrial Design]], the [[British Film Institute]] and the National Book League.<ref name=guide/> In addition, a Council for Architecture and a Council for Science and Technology were specially created to advise the Festival Organisation and a Committee of Christian Churches was set up to advise on religion.<ref name=guide/> Government grants were made to the Arts Council, the Council of Industrial Design, the British Film Institute and the [[National Museum of Wales]] for work undertaken as part of the Festival.<ref name=archives/> The arts were displayed in a series of country-wide musical and dramatic performances.<ref name=guide/> Achievements in architecture were to presented in a new neighbourhood, the Lansbury Estate, planned, built and occupied in the Poplar district of London. The Festival's centrepiece<ref name=guide/> was the South Bank Exhibition, in the [[Waterloo, London|Waterloo]] area of London, which demonstrated the contribution made by British advances in science, technology and industrial design, displayed, in their practical and applied form, against a background representing the living, working world of the day.<ref name=guide/> There were other displays elsewhere, each intended to be complete in itself, yet each part of the one single conception.<ref name=guide/> Festival Pleasure Gardens were set up in Battersea, about three miles up river from the South Bank. Heavy engineering was the subject of an Exhibition of Industrial Power in Glasgow. Certain aspects of science, which did not fall within the terms of reference of the South Bank Exhibition, were displayed in South Kensington. Linen technology and science in agriculture were exhibited in "Farm and Factory" in Belfast. A smaller exhibition of the South Bank story was put on in the Festival ship ''[[HMS Campania (D48)|Campania]]'',<ref name="Britain 1951"/> which toured the coast of Britain throughout the summer of 1951, and on land there was a travelling exhibition of industrial design.<ref name=guide/> ==Principal events== ===England=== '''Exhibitions''' *South Bank, London *Science, South Kensington *Architecture, Poplar *Books, South Kensington *1851 Centenary Exhibition, South Kensington *Festival of British Films, London '''Festival Pleasure Gardens''', Battersea Park, London '''London Season of the Arts''' '''Arts Festivals''' ===Wales=== '''Pageant of Wales''', Cardiff '''St Fagan's Folk Festival''', Cardiff '''Welsh Hillside Farm Scheme''', Dolhendre '''Arts Festivals''' ===Scotland=== '''Exhibitions''' *Industrial Power, Glasgow *Contemporary Books, Glasgow *"Living Traditions" – Scottish Architecture and Crafts, Edinburgh *18th Century Books, Edinburgh '''Arts Festivals''' '''Gathering of the Clans''', Edinburgh ===Northern Ireland=== '''Ulster Farm and Factory''', Belfast '''Arts Festival''' ===Travelling Exhibitions=== '''Festival Ship''' ''[[HMS Campania (D48)|Campania]]'',:<ref name="Britain 1951"/> England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland *Southampton *Dundee *Newcastle *Hull *Plymouth ''[[HMS Campania (D48)|Campania]]'',<ref name="Britain 1951"/> at Plymouth Docks *Bristol *Cardiff *Belfast *Birkenhead *Glasgow '''Land Travelling Exhibition''' : England *Manchester *Leeds *Birmingham *Nottingham<ref name=guide/> ==The South Bank Exhibition== Construction of [[the South Bank]] site opened up a new public space, including a riverside walkway, where previously there had been warehouses and working-class housing. The layout of the South Bank site was intended to showcase the principles of [[urban design]] that would feature in the post-war rebuilding of London and the creation of the [[new town]]s. These included multiple levels of buildings, elevated walkways and avoidance of a street grid. Most of the South Bank buildings were [[International Modernism|International Modernist]] in style, little seen in Britain before the war. The architecture and display of the South Bank Exhibition were planned by the Festival Office's Exhibition Presentation Panel, whose members were:<ref name=guide/> *Gerald Barry, ''Director-General, Chairman'' *Cecil Cooke, ''Director, Exhibitions, Deputy Chairman'' *[[Misha Black]] *G.A.Campbell, ''Director, Finances and Establishments'' *[[Hugh Casson]], ''Director, Architecture'' *Ian Cox, ''Director, Science and Technology *A.D.Hippisley Coxe, ''Council of Industrial Design'' *James Gardner *James Holland *M.Hartland Thomas, ''Council of Industrial Design'' *[[Ralph Tubbs]] *Peter Kneebone, ''Secretary'' The theme of the Exhibition was devised by Ian Cox. The Exhibition comprised the Upstream Circuit: "The Land", the Dome of Discovery, the Downstream Circuit: "The People", and other displays.<ref name=guide/> ===Upstream Circuit: "The Land"=== ''Architect'': Misha Black ''Theme'': Ian Cox ''Display Design'': James Holland The exhibits comprised: *'''The Land of Britain'''. (''Architect'': [[H. T. Cadbury-Brown]]. ''Theme Convener'': Kenneth Chapman. ''Display Design'': V.Rotter.) *'''The Natural Scene''' (''Architect'': Brian O'Rorke. ''Theme Convener'': Kenneth Chapman. ''Display Designer'': F.H.K.Henrion) *'''The Country'''. (''Architect'': Brian O'Rorke. ''Theme Conveners'': A.S.Thomas, Peter B. Collins. ''Display Designer'': F.H.K.Henrion.) *'''Minerals of the Island''' (''Architects'': Architects' Co-operative Partnership. ''Theme Convener'': Sonia Withers. ''Display Designer'': Beverley Pick.) *'''Power and Production''' (''Architects'': [[George Grenfell Baines]] and H.J.Reifenberg. ''Theme Convener'': C.J.Whitcombe. ''Display Design'': Warnett Kennedy and Associates *'''Sea and Ships'''. (''Architects'': [[Basil Spence]] and Partners. ''Theme Conveners'': C.Hamilton Ellis and Nigel Clayton. ''Display Designers: James Holland and Basil Spence.) *'''Transport'''. (''Architects and Designers'': Arcon. ''Theme Direction'': George Williams.) ===The Dome of Discovery=== [[File:The Festival of Britain 1951.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Visitors to the South Bank Exhibition with the Dome of Discovery in the background]] ''Architect'': Ralph Tubbs ''Theme'': Ian Cox ''Display'': Design Research Unit The exhibits comprised: *'''The Land'''. (''Theme Convener''. Penrose Angwin. ''Display Designers'': Stefan Buzas and Ronald Sandiford.) *'''The Earth'''. (''Theme Convener'': Sonia Withers. ''Display Designer'': Robert Gutman.) *'''Polar'''. (''Theme Convener'': Quinitin Riley and L.P.Macnair. ''Display Designer'': [[Jock Kinneir]].) *'''Sea'''. (''Theme Conveners'': C.Hamilton Ellis and Nigel Clayton. ''Display Designers'': Austin Frazer and Ellis Miles.) *'''Sky'''. (''Theme Convener'': Arthur Garratt. ''Display Designer'': Ronald Sandiford.) *'''Outer Space'''. (''Theme Convener'': Penrose Angwin. ''Display Designers'': Austin Frazer and Eric Towell.) *'''The Living World'''. (''Theme Convener'': Kenneth Chapman. ''Display Designers'': Austin Frazer and Stirling Craig.) *'''The Physical World'''. (''Theme Conveners'': Arthur Garratt and Jan Read. ''Display Designers'': Ronald Ingles and Clifford Hatts.) ===Downstream Circuit: "The People"=== ''Architect'': Hugh Casson ''Theme'': M.Hartland Thomas ''Display Design'': James Gardner The exhibits comprised: *'''The People of Britain'''. (''Architect'': H.T.Cadbury Brown. ''Theme Convener'': [[Jacquetta Hawkes]]. ''Display Design'': James Gardner.) *'''The Lion and the Unicorn''' (''Architects'': R.D. Russell, Robert Goodden. ''Theme Conveners'': Hubert Phillips and Peter Stucley. ''Display Designers'': Robert Goodden, R.D.Russell and [[Richard Guyatt]]. ''Commentary'': [[Laurie Lee]].) *'''Homes and Gardens'''. (''Architects'': Bronek Katz and Reginald Vaughan. ''Theme Conveners'': A.Hippisley Coxe and S.D.Cooke.) *'''The New Schools'''. (''Architects'': [[Maxwell Fry]] and [[Jane Drew]]. ''Theme Convener'': B.W.Rowe. ''Display Designers'': Nevile Conder and Patience Clifford.) *'''Health'''. (Theme Conveners: Sheldon Dudley and Nigel Clayton. Display Designer: Peter Ray.) *'''Sport'''. (''Architects and Designers'': Gordon Bowyer and Ursula Bowyer. ''Theme Convener'': B.W.Rowe.) *'''Seaside'''. (''Architects and Designers'': Eric Brown and Peter Chamberlain. ''Theme Convener''. A. Hippisley Coxe.) ===Other Downstream Displays=== *'''Television'''. (''Architect and Designer'': [[Wells Coates]]. ''Theme'': Malcolm Baker Smith.) *'''[[Telecinema]]'''. (''Architect'': Wells Coates. ''Programme and Presentation'': J.D.Ralph and R.J.Spottiswoode. *'''The 1851 Centenary Pavilion'''. (''Architect'': Hugh Casson. ''Display Designer'': James Gardner.) *'''[[Shot Tower, Lambeth|Shot Tower]]'''. (''Architecture and Design Treatment'': Hugh Casson and James Gardner.) *'''Design Review'''. (''Display Designers'': Nevile Conder and Patience Clifford.) ===Other features of the South Bank Exhibition=== ====The Skylon==== [[File:In16695.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The Skylon tower on the Southbank, Festival of Britain, 1951]] {{Main|Skylon (tower)}} An unusual cigar-shaped aluminium-clad steel tower supported by cables, [[Skylon (tower)|the Skylon]] was the “Vertical Feature” that was an abiding symbol of the Festival of Britain. The base was nearly 15 metres (50&nbsp;feet) from the ground, with the top nearly 90 metres (300&nbsp;feet) high. The frame was clad in aluminium louvres lit from within at night. It was designed by [[Hidalgo Moya]], [[Philip Powell (Architect)|Philip Powell]] and [[Felix Samuely]], and fabricated by [[Painter Brothers]] of [[Hereford]], England, between [[Westminster Bridge]] and [[Hungerford Bridge]]. It had a steel [[latticework]] frame, pointed at both ends and supported on cables slung between three steel beams. The partially constructed Skylon was rigged vertically, then grew taller in situ.<ref name="Grant, construction photo" >{{cite web |title=The Skylon in construction |url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/archive/exhibits/fob/hgrant.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730112543/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/archive/exhibits/fob/hgrant.html |archivedate=July 30, 2013 |author=[[Henry Grant (photographer)|Henry Grant]] |publisher=[[Museum of London]] |format=photo }}</ref> The architects' design was made possible by the engineer Felix Samuely who, at the time, was a lecturer at the [[Architectural Association]] School of Architecture in Bedford Square, Bloomsbury. The Skylon was scrapped in 1952 on the orders of [[Winston Churchill]], who saw it a symbol of the preceding Labour Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=3805 |title=Skyscraper news |publisher=Skyscraper news |date=19 February 2000 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> It was demolished and sold for scrap<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1952/feb/05/skylon-disposal#S5CV0495P0_19520205_CWA_157 |title=Hansard |publisher=Hansard.millbanksystems.com |date=5 February 1952 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> after being toppled into the Thames. ====Royal Festival Hall==== {{Main|Royal Festival Hall}} Designed by [[Leslie Martin]], [[Peter Moro]] and [[Robert Matthew]] from the LCC's Architects' Department and built by [[Holland, Hannen & Cubitts]] for [[London County Council]]. The foundation stone was laid by Clement Attlee, then Prime Minister, in 1949 on the site of the former [[Lion Brewery (London)|Lion Brewery]], built in 1837.<ref>[http://whitstablepier.com/fob/building%20the%20future.htm The Festival of Britain – Building the Future]. Retrieved 1 April 2007</ref> Martin was 39 when he was appointed to lead the design team in late 1948. He designed the structure as an 'egg in a box', a term he used to describe the separation of the curved auditorium space from the surrounding building and the noise and vibration of the adjacent railway viaduct. [[Thomas Beecham|Sir Thomas Beecham]] used similar imagery, calling the building a 'giant chicken coop'.<ref>Jefferson, p. 102</ref> The building was officially opened on 3 May 1951. The original plan was that [[Arturo Toscanini]] would conduct the opening concerts, but he was unwell, and the inaugural concerts were conducted by [[Malcolm Sargent|Sir Malcolm Sargent]] and [[Adrian Boult|Sir Adrian Boult]].<ref>''The Times,'' 21 November 1950, p. 6</ref><ref>''The Times'', 5 5 May 1951, p. 4</ref> In April 1988 it was designated a Grade I [[listed building]], the first post-war building to become so protected. ====Minor features==== * The Festival Administration Building, by [[Maxwell Fry]], [[Jane Drew]] and Edward Mills. ==Festival Pleasure Gardens== [[File:FoB-01.jpg|thumb|420px|The Festival Pleasure Gardens]] The Festival Pleasure Gardens were created as the lighter side of the Festival of Britain. They were put up in Battersea Park, a few miles from the South Bank Exhibition. They included: *an amusement park which would eventually outlast all the other entertainments and later become 'Battersea Fun Fair', only closing in the mid 1970s. *a [[Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Branch Railway|miniature railway]] designed by [[Rowland Emett]] which ran for 500 yards along the south of the gardens with a station near the south east entrance and another (with snack bar at the western end of the line; *"a 'West End' Restaurant with a terrace overlooking the river and facing Cheyne Walk; *'Foaming Fountains' (which have recently been restored); *a wine garden surrounded by miniature pavilions; *a wet weather pavilion with a stage facing two ways so that performances could be done in the open air, with murals by the film set designer Ferdinand Bellan; *an amphitheatre seating 1,250 people, featuring the music hall star [[Lupino Lane]] and his company on its opening, and later used as a circus; Most of the buildings and pavilions on the site were designed by [[John Piper (artist)|John Piper]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/RiversideTheatre.htm |title='&#39;The Riverside Theatre, Festival Pleasure Gardens, Battersea Park, London'&#39; |publisher=Arthurlloyd.co.uk |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> There was also a "Guinness Festival Clock" The Pleasure Gardens received as many visitors as the South Bank Festival. They were managed by a specially-formed private company financed by loans from the Festival Office and the London County Council.<ref name=archives/> As they failed to cover their costs, it was decided to keep them open after the rest of the Festival closed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.treasury.gov.uk/pub/html/thm/gardens.html |title=Treasury Historical Memorandum No.2 |publisher=Archive.treasury.gov.uk |date=8 March 1951 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> ==Aspects of the Festival== ===Architecture=== The Festival architects tried to show by the design and layout of the South Bank Festival what could be achieved by applying modern [[town planning]] ideas.<ref>''A Tonic to the Nation''</ref> The Festival Style, (also called "Contemporary")<ref name=powers>{{cite web|last=Powers |first=Alan |url=http://www.architectural-review.com/essays/history/sixty-years-on-from-the-festival-of-britain-alan-powers/8616772.article |title=Powers, A., "Sixty years on from the Festival of Britain", '&#39;Architectural Review'&#39;, 22 June 2011 |publisher=Architectural-review.com |date=29 June 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> combining [[modernism]] with whimsy and Englishness, influenced architecture, interior design, product design and typography in the 1950s. William Feaver describes the Festival Style as "Braced legs, indoor plants, lily-of-the valley sprays of lightbulbs, aluminium lattices, Costswold-type walling with picture windows, flying staircases, blond wood, the thorn, the spike, the molecule."<ref name=Feaver>William Feaver, "Festival Star", in Mary Banham and Bevis Hillier, ''A Tonic to the Nation: The Festival of Britain 1951'', London, Thames and Hudson, 1976 ISBN 0-500-01165-6, p. 54</ref> The influence of the Festival Style was felt in the [[New Towns in the United Kingdom|New Towns]], [http://vads.ahds.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/coffeebars.html coffee bars] and office blocks of the fifties. [[Harlow]] new town and the rebuilding of [[Coventry]] city centre are said to show the influence of the Festival Style "in their light structures, picturesque layout and incorporation of works of art",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/News.aspx?id=NewsItem32 |title=English Heritage, '&#39;Pastscape'&#39;, "The Festival of Britain: 60th anniversary" |publisher=Pastscape.org.uk |date=3 May 1951 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> and [[Coventry Cathedral]] (1962), designed by Basil Spence, one of the Festival architects, was dubbed "The Festival of Britain at Prayer".<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3312287/Making-the-grade-Coventry-Cathedral.html] Miller, Keith, "Making the grade: Coventry Cathedral", ''Daily Telegraph'', 5 April 2003</ref> There was an exhibition about building research, town planning and architecture, the "Live architecture" exhibit of buildings, open spaces and streets in the [[Lansbury Estate]], [[Poplar, London|Poplar]] (named after the former Labour Party leader [[George Lansbury]]. Plans for social housing in the area had commenced in 1943. By the end of the war nearly a quarter of the buildings in the area had been destroyed or badly damaged. In 1948, the [[Architecture Council]] decided that the Poplar site would make a good exhibition partly because it was near to the other Festival exhibitions. Despite funding problems, work began in December 1949 and by May 1950 was well advanced. The wet winter of 1950–51 delayed work, but the first houses were completed and occupied by February 1951.<ref name="poplar">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46490|title=The Lansbury Estate| publisher = University of London & History of Parliament Trust|accessdate=1 September 2009}}</ref> The exhibition opened on 3 May 1951 along with the other Festival exhibitions. Visitors first went to the Building Research Pavilion, which displayed housing problems and their solutions, then to the Town Planning Pavilion, a large, red-and-white striped tent. The Town Planning Pavilion demonstrated the principles of town planning and the urgent need for new towns, including a mock up of an imaginary town called "Avoncaster".<ref name="poplar" /> Visitors then saw the buildings of the Lansbury Estate. Attendance was disappointing, only 86,426 people visiting, compared to 8 million who visited the South Bank exhibition.<ref name="poplar"/> Reaction to the development by industry professionals was lukewarm, some criticising its small scale<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Authority Housing|author=A.W.Cleeve Barr|page=175|asin=B0007J4J5Q=}}</ref> Subsequent local authorities concentrated on high rise, high density social housing rather than the Lansbury estate model. The estate remains popular with residents.<ref name="poplar"/> Among the remaining 1951 buildings are [[Trinity Independent Chapel]], and The Festival Inn and Festive Briton (now Callaghans) pubs. Misha Black, one of the Festival architects, said that the Festival created a wide audience for architectural modernism but that it was common currency among professional architects that the design of the Festival was not innovative. The design writer [[Reyner Banham]] has questioned the originality and the Englishness of the Festival Style and indeed the extent of its influence.<ref name=Banham>Reyner Banham, "The Style: 'Flimsy ... Effeminate'?" in Mary Banham and Bevis Hillier, ''A Tonic to the Nation: The Festival of Britain 1951'', London, Thames and Hudson, 1976 ISBN 0-500-01165-6</ref> Young architects in 1951 are said to have despised the Festival of Britain for its architecture. "It was equated with the ‘Contemporary Style’, and an editorial on New Brutalism in ''Architectural Design'' in 1955 carried the epigraph, ‘When I hear the word “Contemporary” I reach for my revolver.’"<ref name=powers/> ===Design=== [[File:Royal Festival Hall (1951), London - geograph.org.uk - 1752283.jpg|thumb|250px|The Royal Festival Hall, showing the lettering designed for the South Bank Exhibition by the Festival typography panel.]] The South Bank Exhibition included a Design Review, that presented "an illustrated record of contemporary achievement in British industry", showing "the high standard of design and craftsmanship that has been reached in a wide range of British products."<ref name=guide/> The exhibits were based on the stock list of the Council of Industrial Design (CoID), chosen for appearance, finish, workmanship, technical efficiency, fitness for purpose and economy of production.<ref name=guide/> The Festival was an influential advocate of the concept of "Good Design", a rational approach to product design in accordance with the principles of the Modern Movement. Its advocacy had grown partly out of the standards of [[utility furniture]] created during the war ([[Sydney Gordon Russell|Gordon Russell]], the Director of the CoID, had been Chairman of the Utility Furniture Design Panel) and partly out of the CoID's [[Britain Can Make It]] exhibition of 1946. The CoiD's stock list was retained and inherited by its successor, the [[Design Council]]. Design, science and industry came together in the Festival Pattern Group, which commissioned textiles, wallpaper, domestic objects and Festival exhibits based on [[x-ray crystallography]].<ref>Jackson, L., ''From Atoms to Patterns'', Richard Dennis, 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wellcomecollection.org/whats-on/exhibitions/from-atoms-to-patterns/festival-pattern-group.aspx |title=The Wellcome Collection |publisher=The Wellcome Collection |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The idea of using the molecular patterns revealed in x-ray crystallography in surface patterns was first suggested by Dr Helen Megaw, a leading Cambridge University crystallographer. After hearing a presentation by [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] to the [[Society of Industrial Artists]], Mark Hartland Thomas, chief industrial officer of the CoID, took up the idea and formed the Festival Pattern Group. Hartland Thomas was a member of the Festival of Britain Presentation Panel and was co-ordinating the CoID's stock list. He secured the Regatta Restaurant, one of the temporary restaurants on the South Bank, for an experiment in pattern design with crystal structure furnishings as the theme of the décor. Designs were based on the crystal structure of [[haemoglobin]], [[insulin]], wareite, [[china clay]], [[mica]] and other molecules. The work of the Festival Pattern Group fitted in well with displays in the Dome of Discovery about the structure of matter. Lettering and type design featured prominently in the graphic style of the Festival and was overseen by a typography panel including the lettering historian [[Nicolete Gray]].<ref name=kinross>{{cite web|author=http://www.ae-pro.com |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature.php?id=151&fid=645 |title=Kinross, R., "The Royal Festival hall has regained the thoroughly English lettering of its origins in the Festival of Britain – on one side only", '&#39;Eye'&#39;, No.65 |publisher=Eyemagazine.com |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> A typeface for the Festival, Festival Titling,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fonts.com/findfonts/detail.htm?productid=166684 |title=Monotype Imaging |publisher=Fonts.com |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> was specially commissioned and designed by Philip Boydell. It was based on condensed [[sans-serif]] capitals and had a three-dimensional form making it suitable for use in exhibition display [[typography]].<ref>Berry, W.T., Johnson, A.F., and Jaspert, W.P., ''The Encyclopaedia of Type Faces'', London: Blandford Press, 1963</ref> It has been said to bear "a vague resemblance to bunting".<ref>{{cite web|author=Name (required) |url=https://wharferj.wordpress.com/2011/06/08/typography-at-the-festival-of-britain/ |title=Typography at the Festival of Britain |publisher=Wharferj.wordpress.com |date=8 June 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The lettering on the Royal Festival Hall and the temporary Festival building on the South Bank was a bold, sloping [[slab serif]] letter form, determined by Gray and her colleagues, including Charles Hasler and [[Gordon Cullen]],<ref name=kinross/> illustrated in Gray’s ''Lettering on Buildings'' (1960).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyphenpress.co.uk/journal/2007/12/10/signs_royal_festival_hall |title=Kinross, R., '&#39;Signs at the Royal Festival Hall'&#39; |publisher=Hyphenpress.co.uk |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> It has been described as a "turn to a jauntier and more decorative visual language" that was "part of a wider move towards the appreciation of vernacular arts and the peculiarities of English culture".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arts.brighton.ac.uk/collections/design-archives/news/design-archives-material-featured-at-festival-hall |title=University of Brighton Faculty of Arts, '&#39;Design Archives material at Festival Hall'&#39; |publisher=Arts.brighton.ac.uk |date=18 April 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The lettering in the Lion and Unicorn Pavilion was designed by John Brinkley.<ref>Alex Seago, ''Burning the Box of Beautiful Things: The Development of Post-Modern Sensibility'', Oxford University Press, 1995</ref><ref>John Lewis and John Brinkley, ''Graphic Design'', Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954</ref> The graphic designer for the Festival was [[Abram Games]], who created its emblem, the [[Festival Star]]. ===The arts=== The South Bank Exhibition showed the work of contemporary artists such as [[William Scott (artist)|William Scott]], including [[mural]]s by [[Victor Pasmore]], [[John Tunnard]], [[Feliks Topolski]] and [[John Piper (artist)|John Piper]] and sculptures by [[Barbara Hepworth]], [[Henry Moore]], [[Lynn Chadwick]], [[Jacob Epstein]] and [[Reg Butler]].<ref name=guide/> Arts festivals were held throughout the summer as part of the Festival of Britain:<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8EsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=festival+of+britain+%2Bmusic&hl=en&ei=LJngTv3rE8OQ8gPWoe35BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=festival%20of%20britain%20%2Bmusic&f=false |title='&#39;Life'&#39;, Vol.30 No.4, January 22, 1951 |publisher=Google Books |date=22 January 1951 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=sculpture>{{cite web|url=http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/event.php?id=msib4_1276175838 |title=The Festival of Britain, 1951', Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851–1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII, online database 2011 |publisher=Sculpture.gla.ac.uk |date=31 December 1949 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> *Aberdeen Festival ''30 July – 13 August'' *[[Aldeburgh Festival]] of Music and the Arts – "8–17 June'' *Bath Assembly ''20 May – 2 June'' *Belfast Festival of the Arts ''7 May – 30 June'' *Bournemouth and Wessex Festival ''13–17 June'' *Brighton Regency Festival ''16 July – 25 August'' *Cambridge Festival ''30 July – 18 August'' *Canterbury Festival ''18 July – 10 August'' *[[Cheltenham Festival]] of British Contemporary Music ''18 July – 10 August'' *Dumfries Festival of the Arts ''24–30 June'' *Inverness 1951 Highland Festival ''17–30 June'' *Liverpool Festival ''22 July – 12 August'' *[[Llangollen International Eisteddfod]]) ''3–8 July'' *Llanwrst (Royal [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]]) ''6–11 August'' *Norwich Festival ''18–30 June'' *Oxford Festival ''2–16 July'' *Perth Arts Festival ''27 May – 16 June'' *Stratford-upon-Avon (Shakespeare Festival) ''April – October'' *St David's Festival (Music and Worship) ''10–13 July'' *Swansea Festival of Music ''16–29 September'' *Worcester ([[Three Choirs Festival]]) ''2–7 September'' *York Festival (including a revival of the [[York Mystery Plays]])<ref name=YMP>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkmysteryplays.org/ |title=York Mystery Plays site |publisher=Yorkmysteryplays.org |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The London Season of the Arts comprised exhibitions specially arranged for the Festival of Britain. They included: *"An Exhibition of Sixty Large Paintings commissioned for the Festival of Britain" ("60 Paintings for '51"), Suffolk Galleries, organised by the Arts Council, prize awarded to [[William Gear]];<ref>[[Frances Spalding]], ''British Art Since 1900'', Thames and Hudson, 1996</ref> *Exhibitions of the works of Hogarth and Henry Moore, Tate Gallery; *Open-air International Exhibition of Sculpture, Battersea Park; *"Modern British Painting", New Burlington Gallery; *"An Exhibition of Exhibitions", Royal Society of the Arts.<ref name=sculpture/> *Two exhibitions at the [[Whitechapel Art Gallery]]: "Black Eyes and Lemonade" and "East End 1851".<ref>''East End 1851: a Festival of Britain exhibition by arrangement with the Arts Council'', 1951, Whitechapel Art Gallery.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IozE44HGLOYC&pg=PA51#v=onepage&q=Trowell&f=false |title=Featherstone, S., '&#39;Englishness: Twentieth Century Popular Culture and the Forming of English Identity'&#39;, 2009, Edinburgh University Press |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> [[Barbara Jones (artist)|Barbara Jones]] and Tom Ingram organised "Black Eyes and Lemonade", an exhibition of British popular and traditional art, in association with the Society for Education in Art and the Arts Council. In the same year she surveyed the popular arts in her influential book, ''The Unsophisticated Arts'', which included taxidermy, fairgrounds, canal boats, seaside, riverside, tattooing, the decoration of food, waxworks, toys, rustic work, shops, festivals and funerals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashrare.com/barbara_jones.html |title=Ash Rare Books |publisher=Ashrare.com |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> She said of the popular arts," some of it is made for themselves by people without professional training in the arts or in the appreciation of them, and some of it has been made for those people by professionals who work to their taste."<ref>Jones, B., "Introduction", ''Black Eyes and Lemonade'', Whitechapel Art Gallery, 1951</ref> The Festival was the occasion of the first performance of [[steelpan]] music in Britain by the [[TASPO (Steelband)|Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Panqueen |url=//www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=-Y3jgxz-mYA |title=TASPO – Sterling Betancourt – The 1951 Festival of Britain |work=Youtube |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> ===Film=== [[Image:The National Archives UK - WORK 25-208.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Audience wearing special glasses watch a [[3D film|3D "stereoscopic film"]] at the Telekinema on the South Bank in London during the Festival of Britain]] The [[British Film Institute]] was asked by Herbert Morrison in 1948 to consider the contribution that film could make to the Festival.<ref name=easen>{{cite web|url=http://bufvc.ac.uk/publications/articles |title=Sarah Easen, Film and the Festival of Britain 1951, British Universities and Video Council |publisher=Bufvc.ac.uk |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> It set up a panel including [[Michael Balcon]], Antony Asquith, [[John Grierson]], Harry Watt and Arthur Elston, which became a committee of sponsorship and distribution. Over a dozen sponsored documentary films were made for the Festival, including, *''Air Parade'', sponsored by the Shell Film Unit *''Family Portrait'', made by [[Humphrey Jennings]]<ref>{{cite AV media| title =Family Portrait - A Film on the Theme of the Festival of Britain 1951| publisher =Wessex Film| year =1950| url = http://archive.org/details/family_portrait_festival_of_britain_1951_humphrey_jennings}}</ref> *''David'', made by Wide Pictures and the Welsh Committee *''Water of Time'', made by International Realist films and sponsored by the [[Port of London Authority]] *''Forward a Century'', sponsored by the Petroleum Films Bureau. Several feature films were planned, but only one was completed in time, [[The Magic Box]], a biographical film about cinema pioneer [[William Friese-Greene]], made by Festival Film Productions. There was a purpose-built film theatre on the South Bank, the Telecinema (sometimes called the "Telekinema"), designed by [[Wells Coates]], which showed documentary and experimental film exploiting [[stereophony]] and [[stereoscopy]] and the new invention of television. It was one of the most popular attractions of the Festival, with 458,693 visitors.<ref name=easen/> When the Festival ended, the Telecinema was handed over to the BFI for use as a members-only repertory cinema club, re-opening in 1952 as the [[National Film Theatre]].<ref name=easen/> Film was integral to the South Bank Exhibition, used to explain manufacturing, science and technology. The Dome of Discovery, the Exhibition of Science in South Kensington and the travelling Festival Exhibition made extensive use of educational and explanatory film. Film festivals, including those at [[Edinburgh Film Festival]], Bath and Glasgow participated in the Festival of Britain, and local authorities put on film festivals, helped by a BFI pamphlet, ''How to put on a Film Show''. Commercial cinema chains and independent cinemas also joined in, the [[Gaumont British|Gaumont]] and [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon]] chains programming seasons of British films. "And finally, if the Festival visitor had not tired of the medium, they could purchase colour 16mm film of Britain’s historic buildings and pageantry and filmstrips of the Festival of Britain and London as souvenirs."<ref name=easen/> ===Science=== A new wing was built for the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]] to hold the [http://www.GoodeveCA.net/science1951 ''Exhibition of Science'']. The first part of the exhibition showed the physical and chemical nature of matter and the behaviour of elements and molecules. The second part, "The Structure of Living Things", dealt with plants and animals. The third part, "Stop Press", showed some of the latest topics of research in science and their emergence from the ideas illustrated in the earlier sections of the exhibition. They included "the penetrating rays which reach us from outer space, what goes on in space and in the stars, and a range of subjects from the electronic brain to the processes and structures on which life is based."<ref>''1951 Exhibition of Science, South Kensington, HMSO, 1951''</ref> ==Other Festival events== [[File:fobstamps.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Postage stamps commemorating the Festival of Britain, with the Festival Star on the 4d issue]] There were hundreds of events associated with the Festival,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/archive/exhibits/festival/list_objects.asp?ob=&ob_s=any&pr=&pr_s=any&de=&de_s=any&num=10&firstob=141&sortby=1 |title=The Museum of London |publisher=The Museum of London |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> some of which were: *The selection of [[Trowell]], a [[Nottinghamshire]] village in the middle of England, as the Festival Village.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13168016 |title=BBC News – 'Festival village' Trowell marks 60th anniversary |publisher=BBC |date=22 April 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> *The re-design of [[Parliament Square]] by [[George Grey Wornum]] in preparation for the Festival of Britain year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=WST078 |title=London Garden Online |publisher=Londongardensonline.org.uk |date=29 August 2007 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> *A commemorative [[Crown (British coin)|crown]] coin,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://24carat.co.uk/frame.php?url=crownsstoryframe.html |title=Crown Story |publisher=24carat.co.uk |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> commemorative postage stamps and many souvenirs, official<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/archive/exhibits/festival/list_details.asp?key=111113&rtn=ob%3D%26ob_s%3Dany%26pr%3D%26pr_s%3Dany%26de%3D%26de_s%3Dany%26num%3D10%26firstob%3D21%26sortby%3D1 |title=The Festival of Britain |publisher=Museum of London |date=31 August 2001 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> and unofficial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldcopper.org/Festival%20of%20Britain.htm |title=Festival of Britain |publisher=Oldcopper.org |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> *The first performance of [[Robert McLellan]]'s play ''Mary Stewart'' at the [[Glasgow Citizens Theatre]].<ref>Ian Campbell and Ronald Jack (eds), ''Jamie the Saxt'', London, Calder and Boyars, 1970, p.154.</ref> *An exhibition about [[Sherlock Holmes]] (part of which is now owned by Westminster Libraries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminsteronline.org/holmes1951 |title=Westminster Online |publisher=Westminster Online |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> and part by the Sherlock Holmes pub<ref>[http://www.sherlockholmespub.com/history.php]</ref>). ==Attendance figures== There were over ten million paid admissions to the six main exhibitions over a period of five months:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.packer34.freeserve.co.uk |title=Festival of Britain |publisher=Packer34.freeserve.co.uk |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The most popular event was the South Bank Exhibition with almost 8.5 million visitors, over half of them from outside London. The Festival Pleasure Gardens had over 8 million visitors, three-quarters of them from London. The Festival Ship Campania, which docked in ten cities, was visited by almost 900,000 people. The Travelling Land Exhibition, which went to four English cities, attracted under half a million. The most specialised events, in terms of attracting few visitors, were the architecture exhibition in Poplar, with 87,000 visitors and the exhibition of books in South Kensington, with 63,000. {| class="wikitable" |- || Architecture Exhibition, Lansbury, Poplar (London) || 86,646 |- || Industrial Power Exhibition, Glasgow || 282,039 |- || Science Exhibition, South Kensington (London) || 213,744 |- || South Bank Exhibition, Waterloo (London) || 8,455,863 |- || – ''Visitors from London'' || ''36.5%'' |- || – ''Outside London'' || ''56%'' |- ||– ''Overseas'' || ''7.5%'' |- ||– ''USA'' || ''15%'' |- || – ''Commonwealth'' || ''32%'' |- ||– ''Europe'' || ''46%'' |- || – ''Elsewhere'' || ''7%'' |- || Land Travelling Exhibition || 462,289 |- ||– '' Manchester'' || ''114,183'' |- || – ''Leeds'' || ''144,844'' |- || – ''Birmingham'' || ''76,357'' |- || – ''Nottingham'' || ''106,615'' |- ||Festival Ship "Campania" || 889,792 |- || – ''Southampton'' || ''78,683'' |- || – ''Dundee'' || ''51,422'' |- || – ''Newcastle'' || ''169,511'' |- || – ''Hull'' || ''87,840'' |- || – ''Plymouth'' || ''50,120'' |- || – ''Bristol (Avonmouth)'' || ''78,219'' |- || – ''Cardiff'' || ''104,391'' |- || – ''Belfast'' || ''86,756'' |- || – ''Birkenhead'' || ''90,311'' |- || – ''Glasgow'' || ''93,539'' |- || Festival Pleasure Gardens, Battersea (London) || 8,031,000 |- || – ''Visitors from London'' || ''76%'', |- || – ''Outside London'' || ''22%'' |- || – ''Overseas'' || ''2%'' |- ||Ulster Farm & Factory Exhibition, Belfast || 156,760 |- || Living Traditions Exhibition, Edinburgh || 135,000 |- || Exhibition of Books, South Kensington (London) || 63,162 |} ==Political responses== The idea of holding the Festival became a party political issue.<ref name=science/> Although Herbert Morrison said that he did not want the Festival to be seen as a political venture,<ref name=conekin>Conekin, Becky, ''The Autobiography of a Nation: the 1951 Festival of Britain'', 2003 Manchester University Press</ref> it became associated with the Labour Party, which had won the [[United Kingdom general election, 1951|1945 general election]], and it was opposed by the Conservative Party.<ref name=science/> Hugh Casson said that, "Churchill, like the rest of the Tory Party, was against the Festival which they (quite rightly) believed was the advanced guard of socialism."<ref name = conekin/> Churchill referred to the forthcoming Festival of Britain as "three-dimensional Socialist propaganda."<ref name=science/> In an essay on the Festival, [[Michael Frayn]] characterised it as an enterprise of "the radical middle-classes, the do-gooders; the readers of the News Chronicle, [[the Guardian]], and [[the Observer]]; the signers of petitions; the backbone of the B.B.C.," whom he called "Herbivores". In Frayn's view, "The Festival was the last, and virtually the posthumous, work of the Herbivore Britain of the BBC News, the [[Crown Film Unit]], the sweet ration, the [[Ealing comedies]], [[Uncle Mac]], [[Sylvia Peters]]." In making the Festival the Herbivores "earned the contempt of the Carnivores – the readers of the [[Daily Express]]; the [[Evelyn Waugh]]s; the cast of the Directory of Directors".<ref name=frayn/> Some prominent members of the Labour government considered the Festival to be a Labour undertaking which would contribute to their future electoral success, and [[Clement Attlee]], the Labour Leader, wrote to Morrison saying that an election in autumn 1951 would enable the Labour Party to benefit from its popularity. In the event, Labour lost the autumn election. Churchill's contempt for the Festival led him to make his first act as [[Winston Churchill#Second term as prime minister|Prime Minister]] in October 1951 an instruction to clear the South Bank site. ==Legacy== The ''Guide Book'' to the Festival described its legacy in these words: "It will leave behind not just a record of what we have thought of ourselves in the year 1951 but, in a fair community founded where once there was a slum, in an avenue of trees or in some work of art, a reminder of what we have done to write this single, adventurous year into our national and local history."<ref name=guide/> As the Festival was conceived, the government and the London County Council were at the same time developing plans for the redevelopment of the South Bank, which was to include "a number of great buildings, which will form part of a co-ordinated design."<ref name=guide/> The first of these was the Royal Festival Hall. The Festival hastened the reclamation of four and a half acres of land from the river, which "transformed the familiar patchwork of rubble and half-derelict buildings which had for so long monopolised the propect from the North Bank".<ref name=guide/> The Festival site was, over the following thirty years, developed into the [[South Bank Centre]], an arts complex comprising the Royal Festival Hall, the National Film Theatre, the [[Queen Elizabeth Hall]], the [[Purcell Room]] and the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]]. A 1951 office building at 219 Oxford Street, London, designed by Ronald Ward and Partners (now a Grade II* [[Listed buildings|listed building]]), incorporates images of the Festival on its facade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=1541497 |title='&#39;Pastscape'&#39;, English Heritage |publisher=Pastscape.org |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The Festival cost about £10.5 million, (apart from the loans for the Festival Gardens<ref name=frayn>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2001/may/03/britishidentity.features11 |author=Michael Frayn|title=Festival Spirit |date=3 May 2001 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref>) with revenues of about £2.5m.<ref>Government White Paper, Cmd.8872, published 29 July 1953</ref> The £8 million net cost is about £35 million at 2010 prices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/data-selector.html?cdid=CDSI&dataset=mm23&table-id=3.6 |title=Office for National Statistics, Consumer Price Indices – Composite Price Index and annual change 1800 to 2010 |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=15 November 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> In 1953 the Festival of Britain Office was abolished and its records were taken over by the [[Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Works]].<ref name=archives>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/DisplayCatalogueDetails.asp?CATID=427&CATLN=2&FullDetails=True&j=1 |title=The National Archives |publisher=The National Archives |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> As well as the material legacy, the Festival gave rise to new traditions, in particular the performances of medieval mystery plays in [[York Mystery Plays|York]] and [[Chester Mystery Plays|Chester]]. There was an explosion of interest<ref name=butc>{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/theatrecollection/projects.html |title=Bristol University Theatre Collection |publisher=Bristol.ac.uk |date=21 July 2010 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> in these plays, regular performance of which have continued in those cities ever since. ==Images of the Festival of Britain== Several images of the South Bank Exhibition can be found on the internet, including many released by The [[National Archives (UK)|National Archives]] on the 60th anniversary of the festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/imagelibrary/festival-of-britain-showcase.htm |title=Festival of Britain Showcase |publisher=The National Archives |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> A filmed retrospective of the South Bank Exhibition, ''Brief City'' (1952), with special reference to design and architecture, was made by [[Richard Massingham]] for ''[[The Observer]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/details/brief_city_TNA |title='&#39;Brief City'&#39; |publisher=Archive.org |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> A film comedy, ''[[The Happy Family (1952 film)|The Happy Family]]'', was made about working-class resistance to the demolition that the festival required. The Festival is featured in the early portion in the film ''[[Prick up your Ears]]'' ==Other references== *Archive of the Festival of Britain held by the [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/archives-held-by-the-archive-of-art-and-design/ Archives of Art and Design], Victoria and Albert Museum, London *Banham, Mary and [[Bevis Hillier|Hillier, Bevis]], ''A Tonic to the Nation: The Festival of Britain 1951'', London: Thames & Hudson, 1976 ISBN 0-500-27079-1 *Conekin, Becky, ''The Autobiography of a Nation: the 1951 Festival of Britain'', 2003 Manchester University Press *Rennie, Paul, ''Festival of Britain 1951'', London: Antique Collectors Club, Ltd., 2007 ISBN 978-1-85149-533-7 ISBN 1851495339 ==See also== * [[The Great Exhibition]] * [[World's fair]] * [[List of world's fairs]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Festival of Britain}} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2001/apr/15/features.magazine47 George Simner, "Festival of Britain", ''The Observer''] * [http://vads.ac.uk/learning/designingbritain/html/festival.html Festival of Britain], e-learning module by the Design Council Archives * [http://www.packer34.freeserve.co.uk/ The Festival of Britain] * [http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/archive/exhibits/festival/index.htm The Festival of Britain] exhibit from the [[Museum of London]] * [http://whitstablepier.com/fob/ The Festival of Britain Society] * [http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.238 The Festival of Britain – Exploring 20th century London] * [http://www.flickr.com/groups/southbankcentre/ http://www.flickr.com/groups/southbankcentre/] (A Flickr group dedicated to pictures of the Southbank Centre) * [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/events/2007paulingconference/video-s2-3-anderson.html Video] of a talk by Robert Anderson on the development of the Exhibition of Science as part of the Festival of Britain * [[Internet Archive]] Films: ** [http://www.archive.org/details/festival_in_london_TNA Festival In London (1951)] ** [http://www.archive.org/details/brief_city_TNA Brief City (1952)] * [http://www.hughpearman.com/2007/08.html History of the Royal Festival Hall] * [http://www.randomwalk.me.uk/Battersea/1951_Festival/index.htm Contemporary photos of the Festival Pleasure Gardens, Battersea] * [http://ornamentalpassions.blogspot.com/2010/10/219-oxford-street-w1.html 219 Oxford Street, with images of the Festival] {{London history}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Festival Of Britain}} [[Category:Design]] [[Category:1951 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Festivals in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:1951 in London]] [[Category:World's Fairs in London]] [[Category:History of Lambeth]] [[Category:British design exhibitions]] [[Category:Arts festivals in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Festival of Britain| ]]'