Examine individual changes

'{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}} {|align=right |[[Image:ArlingtonTODimage3.jpg|thumb|center|300px| Aerial view of [[Rosslyn-Ballston corridor]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]]. High density, mixed use development is concentrated within ¼–½ mile from the [[Rosslyn (Washington Metro)|Rosslyn]], [[Court House (Washington Metro)|Court House]] and [[Clarendon (Washington Metro)|Clarendon]] [[Washington Metro]] stations (shown in red), with limited density outside that area. This photograph is taken from the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] [http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/arlington.htm] website describing Arlington's award for overall excellence in [[smart growth]] in 2002 — the first ever granted by the agency.]] |- |[[Image:Ballston TOD.jpg|thumb|center|300px| Street-level view of the area around the [[Ballston–MU (Washington Metro)|Ballston Metro Station]] — also in Arlington, Virginia. Note the mixed-use development (from left to right: ground floor [[retail]] under apartment building, office buildings, shopping mall (at the end of the street), apartment building, office building with ground floor retail), [[pedestrian]] oriented facilities including wide sidewalk, and [[bus stop]] facility in the center distance. [[Parking]] in this location is limited, relatively expensive, and located underground.]] |} [[Image:Ørestad Karen Blixen Parc.jpg|thumb|left|Karen Blixen Park, [[Ørestad]] (Copenhagen), Denmark]]A '''transit-oriented development''' ('''TOD''') is a [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] residential or commercial area designed to maximize access to [[public transport]], and often incorporates features to encourage transit ridership. A TOD neighborhood typically has a center with a [[train station]], [[metro station]], [[tram stop]], or [[bus stop]], surrounded by relatively high-density development with progressively lower-density development spreading outwards from the center. TODs generally are located within a radius of one-quarter to one-half mile (400 to 800 m) from a transit stop, as this is considered to be an appropriate scale for [[pedestrian]]s. Many of the [[new town]]s created after [[World War II]] in [[Japan]], [[Sweden]], and [[France]] have many of the characteristics of TOD communities. In a sense, nearly all communities built on reclaimed land in [[the Netherlands]] or as exurban developments in [[Denmark]] have had the local equivalent of TOD principles integrated in their planning. Transit-oriented development is sometimes distinguished by some planning officials from "[[transit-proximate development]]" (see, e.g. comments made during a Congressional hearing [http://edf.org/documents/2698_Testimony03_03.pdf]) because it contains specific features that are designed to encourage public transport use and differentiate the development from [[urban sprawl]]. Examples of these features include mixed-use development that will use transit at all times of day, excellent pedestrian facilities such as high quality [[pedestrian crossings]], narrow streets, and tapering of buildings as they become more distant from the public transport node. Another key feature of transit-oriented development that differentiates it from "transit-proximate development" is reduced amounts of [[parking]] for personal vehicles. {{tocleft}} <br clear=all/> ==TOD in cities== Many cities in the USA and Canada are developing TOD policy. Portland, Denver, San Francisco, and Calgary have developed, and continue to write policies and strategic plans which aim to reduce automobile dependency and increase the use of public transit. [[Image:Rua-XV.jpg|right|thumb|[[Rua XV de Novembro|November 15 Street]], a major street in Curitiba, made pedestrian-exclusive in 1972.]] == Portland == Portland is known for being the major hub for transit oriented development in America. Through the use of an urban growth boundary, and massive light rail transit expansion, Portland has created several transit oriented development sites that are internationally acclaimed. Orenco Station, a planned community situated on the West Side Max Line is considered to be one of the great TOD success stories. [[File:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OrencoStationBrownstone.JPG|right|thumb]] ===Curitiba=== One of the earliest, and most successful examples of TOD is [[Curitiba]], in [[Brazil]]. <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ippuc.org.br/pensando_a_cidade/index_zoneamento_ingles.htm | title = Citizine Information, Zoning and Land Use in Curitiba (Ingles) | format = HTML | year = 2006 | month = January | accessyear = 2008 }}</ref> Curitiba was organized into transport corridors very early in its history. Over the years, it has integrated its zoning and transportation to place high density development next to high capacity transportation. Since the failure of its first, rather grandiose, city plan due to lack of funding, Curitiba has focused on working with economical forms of infrastructure, so it has arranged unique adaptations, such as bus routes (inexpensive infrastructure) with routing systems, limited access and speeds similar to subway systems. The source of innovation in Curitiba has been a unique form of participatory city planning that emphasizes public education, discussion and agreement. <br clear=right/> [[Image:Yonge-Churchill.jpg|right|thumb|Vicinity of [[Finch (TTC)|Finch subway station]], Toronto]] ===Toronto=== Toronto has a longstanding policy of encouraging new construction along the route of its primary [[Yonge-University-Spadina (TTC)|Yonge Street subway line]]. Most notable are the development of the [[Yonge and Eglinton]] area in the 1960s and 1970s; and the [[North York Centre|present development]] of the 2&nbsp;km of the Yonge Street corridor north of Sheppard Avenue, which began in the late 1980s. In the period since 1997 alone the latter stretch has seen the appearance of a major new [[Empress Walk|shopping centre]] and the building and occupation of over twenty thousand new units of condominium housing. Since the opening of the [[Sheppard (TTC)|Sheppard subway line]] in 2002, there is a condominium construction boom along the route on Sheppard Avenue East between Yonge Street and Don Mills Road. <br clear=right/> ===Calgary=== [[Image:Bridgeland.JPG|right|thumb|Bridgeland, Calgary]] Calgary is home to a very successful TOD community called The Bridges, located in the community of [[Bridgeland, Calgary|Bridgeland]]. The Bridges is home to a diverse range of condos, shops, services, and parks. The City continues to create TOD policy for other Calgary communities. Calgary City Council has allocated funding for the creation of six Station Area Plans around the city, to guide increasing development pressure around some of the light rail transit stations. On June 9 2008, Calgary City Council approved the first station area plan in Calgary's history. <br clear=right/> ===Hong Kong=== In mid-20th century, railway is not built until an area is well developed. However, in recent decades, Hong Kong started to have some TOD developments, where railway is built simultaneously with residential development above or nearby. Examples include: *[[LOHAS Park]] *[[Olympian City]] *[[Tung Chung]] ===Melbourne=== {{main|Melbourne 2030}} [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]], has seen sporadic efforts at various levels of government to implement transit-oriented development principles, particularly since the turn of the century. Commitment to funding public transport infrastructure and amending zoning laws however, have dramatically slowed progress towards [[Sustainability|sustainable development]] for the city, which is the fastest growing settlement in Australia, expected to reach a population of 5million by 2030, the overwhelming majority of its residents relying on private automobiles. ==See also== * [[Americas Energy and Climate Symposium]] * [[New Urbanism]] * [[Principles of Intelligent Urbanism]] * [[Smart Growth]] * [[Streetcar suburb]] * [[Transit-proximate development]] * [[Transit village]] * [[Urban consolidation]] * [[Value capture]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.transitorienteddevelopment.org/index.html Transit Oriented Development] * [http://www.calgary.ca/todplanning Transit Oriented Development in Calgary, Alberta, Canada] * [http://www.kaleva.fi/plus/index.cfm?j=698874 Transit oriented development growing in USA] (in Finnish) {{DEFAULTSORT:Transit-oriented development}} [[Category:Urban studies and planning]] [[Category:Urban design]] [[Category:Sustainable development]] [[Category:Sustainable transport]] [[Category:Transit-oriented developments| ]] [[Category:Public transport]] [[Category:Housing]] [[it:Transit-oriented development]] [[he:פיתוח מוטה תחבורה ציבורית]] [[nl:Transit-oriented development]] [[ja:公共交通指向型開発]]'