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'__NOTOC__'''Kenneth C. Knowlton''' (born 1931 in [[Springville, New York]]), is a computer graphics pioneer, artist, mosaicist and portraitist, who worked at [[Bell Labs]]. In 1963, Knowlton developed the [[BEFLIX]] (Bell Flicks) programming language for bitmap computer-produced movies, created using an [[IBM 7094]] computer and a [[Stromberg-Carlson]] 4020 microfilm recorder. Each frame contained eight shades of grey and a resolution of 252 x 184. Knowlton worked with artists including [[Stan VanDerBeek]] and [[Lillian Schwartz]]. He and VanDerBeek created the [[Poem Field]] animations. Knowlton also created another programming language named [[EXPLOR]] (EXplicit Patterns, Local Operations and Randomness).<ref name=CAS>{{cite web | url=http://lansdown.mdx.ac.uk/CAS/page/page59.pdf | title=Mosaic Portraits: New Methods and Strategies | author=Ken Knowlton | work=PAGE 59 (Winter 2004/2005) | format=PDF | publisher=[http://www.computer-arts-society.org/ Computer Arts Society]}}</ref><ref>[http://translab.burundi.sk/code/vzx/index.htm#9 Stills from ''Pixillation'' (1963), by Knowlton & Lillian Schwartz, programmed in BEFLIX]</ref><ref>[http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/tree/bell.html A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation: CGI Family Tree: Bell Labs]</ref> In 1966, Knowlton and [[Leon Harmon]] were experimenting with [[photomosaic]], creating large prints from collections of small symbols or images. In ''Studies in Perception I'' they created an image of a reclining nude (the dancer [[Deborah Hay]]), by scanning a photograph with a camera and converting the analog voltages to binary numbers which were assigned typographic symbols based on halftone densities. It was printed in [[The New York Times]] on 11 October 1967, and exhibited at one of the earliest computer art exhibitions, ''The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age'', held [[Museum of Modern Art]] in [[New York City]] from November 25, 1968 through February 9, 1969.<ref name=CAS/><ref>[http://translab.burundi.sk/code/vzx/index.htm#18 ''Studies in Perception I'' (1966), by Knowlton & Leon Harmon]</ref><ref>[http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/lesson4.html#bell A Critical History of Computer Graphics and Animation: Bell Labs]</ref> Knowlton's work had been previously exhibited at ''Cybernetic Serendipity'', an exhibition held at the [[Institute of Contemporary Arts]] in [[London]] from August 2 to October 20, 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/PDFs/cyberserendipity.pdf | format=PDF | title=Cybernetic Serendipity Revisited | author=Brent MacGregor}}</ref> Knowlton is the co-inventor or Ji Ga Zo, U.S. release date March 30, 2011. Ji Ga Zo is a puzzle in which the user assembles a mosaic from 300 shaded pieces to form a digitized image from the user's own photograph. ==References== <references /> ==External links== *[http://www.KenKnowlton.com/ KenKnowlton.com] Dr. Knowlton's Personal site: general information, writings etc. *[http://www.knowltonmosaics.com/ Knowlton Mosaics] Ken Knowlton Artworks *[http://www.asci.org/BellLabs/knowlton.html Ken Knowlton bio], "Bell Labs & the Origins of the Multimedia Artist", 1998 *[http://www.digitalartguild.com/content/view/26/26/ ''Portrait of the Artist as a Young Scientist'', by Ken Knowlton], Digital Art Guild, 2004 *[http://translab.burundi.sk/code/vzx/index.htm#14 Still from ''Poem Fields'' (1964), by Knowlton & Stan Vanderbeek] *[http://pratt.edu/~llaurola/cg550/cg.htm Images of ''Studies in Perception 1'' and ''Studies in Perception: Gargoyle''; image of frame from ''Poem Field''] *[http://accad.osu.edu/~waynec/history/tree/images/pages/bell_jpg.htm Images created with patterns from a printer, by Michael Noll and Ken Knowlton of Bell Labs in New Jersey] *[http://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/knowlton-ken/41516/ List of works held by the Victoria and Albert Museum] ==Further reading== * Reichardt, Jasia. ''Cybernetic Serendipity: the Computer and the Arts''. London: Studio international, 1968. New York: Praeger, 1969. {{OCLC|13140}} * Hultén, K.G. Pontus. ''The Machine as Seen at the End of Mechanical Age''. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1968. {{OCLC|166480}} {{OCLC|5561448}} * Anderson, S.E., and John Halas. ''Computer Animation''. New York: Hastings House, 1974. {{OCLC|447407}} {{Persondata | NAME = Knowlton, Ken | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Computer graphics professional | DATE OF BIRTH = 1931 | PLACE OF BIRTH = | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Knowlton, Ken}} [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Scientists at Bell Labs]] [[Category:Computer graphics professionals]]'