Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{Cleanup|date=July 2009}}', 1 => '[[Image:Nicoderm.JPG||thumb|right|A 21 mg dose [[Nicoderm]] CQ patch applied to the left arm]]', 2 => 'A '''nicotine patch''' is a [[transdermal patch]] that releases [[nicotine]] into the body through the skin. It is used as an aid in [[nicotine replacement therapy]] (NRT), a process for [[smoking cessation]]. The first study of the pharmacokinetics of a transdermal nicotine patch in humans was published in 1984<ref>{{cite pmid | 6734425 }}</ref> by Jed E. Rose, Ph.D., Murray E. Jarvik, M.D., Ph.D. and K. Daniel Rose, and was followed by publication by Rose et al. (1985) of results of a study of smokers showing that a transdermal nicotine patch reduced craving for cigarettes.<ref>{{cite pmid | 4042528 }}</ref> Frank Etscorn filed a patent in the [[United States]] on January the 23rd 1985 and was issued the patent on July 1, 1986.<ref>{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 4597961 | status = | title = | pubdate = | gdate = | fdate = | pridate = | inventor =Etscorn, FT | invent1 = | invent2 = | assign1 = | assign2 = | class = }}</ref> The University of California filed a competing patent application nearly 3 years after Etscorn's filing on February the 19th, 1988, which was granted on May 1, 1990.<ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 4920989 }}</ref> Subsequently, the U.S. Patent Office declared an interference action and, after a thorough review of conception, reduction to practice and patent filing dates, issued on September 29, 1993 a priority decision in favor of the Rose et al. patent.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adverse Decisions in Interference|url=http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/1995/week08/patadve.htm|accessdate=25 November 2013|date=21 February 1995|publisher= Board of Patent Appeals & Interferences|author=OLIVIA M. DUVALL}}</ref> Eventually New Mexico Tech and Etscorn won discovery.', 3 => false, 4 => '==Issues==', 5 => false, 6 => '===Efficacy===', 7 => 'Dozens of clinical trials have shown that the patch approximately doubles success rates over placebo treatment. Placebo tests show a 5.9% success rate, in comparison to the 7.2% blind active tests, and the 10.8% open tests.<ref>{{cite web|last=Renshaw|first=Amy|title=The Real Story Behind the Nicotine Patch and Smoking Cessation|url=http://healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu/health-patch.htm|work=vanderbilt.edu|publisher=Vanderbilt University|accessdate=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. April 2009</ref>', 8 => false, 9 => '===Toxicity===', 10 => 'Analysis of nicotine patches has shown that they contain [[tobacco-specific nitrosamines]] (TSNAs), known cancer-causing agents, in quantities of up to 173&nbsp;ng per patch.<ref>UCSF Library, 3 Feb 1995, [http://www.legacy.library.ucsf.edu/documentStore/n/y/a/nya24e00/Snya24e00.pdf Tobacco-Specific N-Nitrosamines in Nicotine Patches], retrieved 11 Aug 2013.</ref>', 11 => false, 12 => '==Alternate uses==', 13 => 'Nicotine patches are under study to help relieve the symptoms of [[post-surgical pain]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patch Decreases Post Surgical Pain|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/85508.php|publisher=MediLexicon International Ltd, Bexhill-on-Sea, UK|accessdate=25 November 2013|date=15 October 2007}}</ref> and treat early [[dementia]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=Nicotine Patches Up Early Memory Loss In Study|url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/09/144906236/nicotine-patches-up-early-memory-loss-in-study|accessdate=3 February 2014|date=9 January 2013}}</ref>', 14 => false, 15 => 'Studies are being conducted about the use of transdermal nicotine patches to treat anxiety, depression, and inattentiveness in subjects with [[ADHD]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cocores,|first=James A.|title=Transdermal Nicotine in Adult ADHD With Depression and Anxiety|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2446482/|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=25 November 2013|year=2008}}</ref> {{vs|date=August 2013}}', 16 => false, 17 => 'Transdermal nicotine patches can be used to relieve [[ulcerative colitis]] symptoms. However, this is not the case with [[Crohn's disease]], a similar health condition, where smoking and nicotine intake in general worsen the disease's effects.', 18 => false, 19 => '==See also==', 20 => '* [[Murray Jarvik]]', 21 => '* [[Smoking cessation]]', 22 => '* [[Nicotine replacement therapy]]', 23 => '* [[Nicotine lozenge]]', 24 => '* [[Nicotine gum]]', 25 => '* [[Transdermal patch]]', 26 => '* [[Nicoderm CQ]]', 27 => false, 28 => '==References==', 29 => '<references />', 30 => false, 31 => '{{Dosage forms|state=show}}', 32 => '{{Routes of administration}}', 33 => false, 34 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicotine Patch}}', 35 => '[[Category:Smoking cessation]]', 36 => '[[Category:Transdermal patches]]' ]