Examine individual changes

'{{Taxobox | name = Reston virus (RESTV) | image = Ebola Virus TEM PHIL 1832 lores.jpg | image_width = 200px |caption=An [[electron microscope|electron micrograph]] of Reston virus | virus_group = v | ordo = ''[[Mononegavirales]]'' | familia = ''[[Filoviridae]]'' | genus = ''[[Ebolavirus]]'' | species = ''[[Reston ebolavirus]]'' }} '''Reston virus''' (abbreviated RESTV) was first described in 1990 as a new "strain" of [[Ebola virus]] (EBOV), a result of mutation from Ebola virus.<ref name=Geisbert1990>{{cite journal |last1=Geisbert |first1=T. W. |last2=Jahrling |first2=P. B. |year = 1990 |title = Use of immunoelectron microscopy to show Ebola virus during the 1989 United States epizootic |journal = Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume = 43 |issue = 10 |pages = 813–816 |pmid = 2229429 |pmc = 502829 |doi=10.1136/jcp.43.10.813 }}</ref> It is the single member of the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|species]] ''Reston ebolavirus'', which is included into the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|genus]] ''[[Ebolavirus]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|family]] ''[[Filoviridae]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|order]] ''[[Mononegavirales]]''.<ref name=KuhnArch>{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=Jens H. |last2=Becker |first2=Stephan |last3=Ebihara |first3=Hideki |last4=Geisbert |first4=Thomas W. |last5=Johnson |first5=Karl M. |last6=Kawaoka |first6=Yoshihiro |last7=Lipkin |first7=W. Ian |last8=Negredo |first8=Ana I |last9=Netesov |first9=Sergey V. |last10=Nichol |first10=Stuart T. |last11=Palacios |first11=Gustavo |last12=Peters |first12=Clarence J. |last13=Tenorio |first13=Antonio |last14=Volchkov |first14=Viktor E. |last15=Jahrling |first15=Peter B. |year = 2010 |title = Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations |journal = Archives of Virology |volume = 155 |issue = 12 |pages = 2083–103 |doi = 10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x |pmid = 21046175 |pmc=3074192 |display-authors=8 }}</ref> Reston virus is named after [[Reston, Virginia|Reston]], [[Virginia]], US, where the virus was first discovered. RESTV was discovered in [[Crab-eating Macaque|crab-eating macaques]] from [[Covance|Hazleton Laboratories]] (now Covance) in 1989. This attracted significant media attention due to the proximity of Reston to the [[Washington, DC]] metro area, and the lethality of a closely related Ebola virus. Despite its status as a [[Biosafety level#Biosafety level 4|level-4]] organism, Reston virus is non-[[pathogen]]ic to humans, though hazardous to monkeys;<ref name="KnownCasesCDC" >{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm|title=Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever|accessdate=2008-08-02|author=Special Pathogens Branch CDC|date=2008-01-14|publisher=Center for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|p=300}}</ref> the perception of its lethality was compounded by the monkey's [[coinfection]] with [[Simian hemorrhagic fever virus]] (SHFV).<ref name="L4VH307-309">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=307–309}}</ref> ==Pronunciation and nomenclature== Reston virus is pronounced ‘rɛstən vɑɪrəs ([[IPA]]) or res-tuhn vahy-ruhs in English phonetic notation.<ref name=KuhnArch/> According to the rules for taxon naming established by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] (ICTV), the name Reston virus is always to be [[Capitalization|capitalized]], but is never [[Italic type|italicized]], and may be [[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] (with RESTV being the official abbreviation). Reston virus was first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1990.<ref name=Geisbert1990/> In 2000, it received the designation Reston Ebola virus<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Netesov |first1=S. V. |last2=Feldmann |first2=H. |last3=Jahrling |first3=P. B. |last4=Klenk |first4=H. D. |last5=Sanchez |first5=A. |chapter=Family Filoviridae |year=2000 |editor-last=van Regenmortel |editor-first=M. H. V. |editor2-last=Fauquet |editor2-first=C. M. |editor3-last=Bishop |editor3-first=D. H. L. |editor4-last=Carstens |editor4-first=E. B. |editor5-last=Estes |editor5-first=M. K. |editor6-last=Lemon |editor6-first=S. M. |editor7-last=Maniloff |editor7-first=J. |editor8-last=Mayo |editor8-first=M. A. |editor9-last=McGeoch |editor9-first=D. J. |editor10-last=Pringle |editor10-first=C. R. |editor11-last=Wickner |editor11-first=R. B. |title=Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |pages=539–48 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego, USA |isbn=0-12-370200-3 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->&#123;&#123;inconsistent citations&#125;&#125; }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pringle |first1=C. R. |year = 1998 |title = Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998 |journal = Archives of Virology |volume = 143 |issue = 7 |pages = 1449–59 |pmid = 9742051 |doi=10.1007/s007050050389 }}</ref> and in 2002 the name was changed to Reston ebolavirus.<ref name=Feldmann2005>{{Cite book|last1=Feldmann |first1=H. |last2=Geisbert |first2=T. W. |last3=Jahrling |first3=P. B. |last4=Klenk |first4=H.-D. |last5=Netesov |first5=S. V. |last6=Peters |first6=C. J. |last7=Sanchez |first7=A. |last8=Swanepoel |first8=R. |last9=Volchkov |first9=V. E. |chapter=Family Filoviridae |year=2005 |editor-last=Fauquet |editor-first=C. M. |editor2-last=Mayo |editor2-first=M. A. |editor3-last=Maniloff |editor3-first=J. |editor4-last=Desselberger |editor4-first=U. |editor5-last=Ball |editor5-first=L. A. |title=Virus Taxonomy—Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |pages=645–653 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |location=San Diego, USA |isbn=0-12-370200-3 |display-authors=9 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->&#123;&#123;inconsistent citations&#125;&#125; }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayo |first1=M. A. |year = 2002 |title = ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot |journal = Archives of Virology |volume = 147 |issue = 11 |pages = 2254–60 |doi=10.1007/s007050200052 }}</ref> Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-R (for Ebola virus Reston) and most recently REBOV (for Reston Ebola virus or Reston ebolavirus). The virus received its current designation in 2010, when it was renamed Reston virus (RESTV).<ref name=KuhnArch/> A virus of the species ''[[Reston ebolavirus]]'' is a Reston virus (RESTV) if it has the properties of [[Reston ebolavirus]]es and if its [[genome]] diverges from that of the prototype Reston virus, Reston virus variant Pennsylvania (RESTV/Pen), by ≤10% at the [[nucleotide]] level.<ref name=KuhnArch/> ==History== ===Discovery=== While investigating an outbreak of [[Simian hemorrhagic fever virus|Simian hemorrhagic fever]] (SHFV) in November 1989, an [[Electron microscope|electron microscopist]] from [[United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases|USAMRIID]] named Thomas W. Geisbert discovered filoviruses similar in appearance to [[Ebola virus]] in tissue samples taken from [[Crab-eating Macaque]] imported from the [[Philippines]] to [[Covance|Hazleton Laboratories]] in Reston, Virginia. The filovirus was further isolated by Dr. [[Peter B. Jahrling]], and over the period of three months over a third of the monkeys died—at a rate of two or three a day.<ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=277–279}}</ref> Blood samples were taken from 178 animal handlers during the incident.<ref name="WatermanTaraReston" >{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html|title=Ebola Reston Outbreak Standford Honors Thesis|accessdate=2008-08-02|last=Waterman|first=Tara|year=1999|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> Of them, six eventually [[seroconverted]], testing positive using [[ELISA]]. They remained, however, asymptomatic. In January 1990, an animal handler at Hazelton cut himself while performing a [[necropsy]] on the liver of an infected Cynomolgus. Under the direction of the [[Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) the animal handler was placed under surveillance for the duration of the [[incubation period]]. When the animal handler failed to become ill, it was concluded that the virus had a low [[pathogen]]icity in humans.<ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=298–299}}</ref> ===Investigation=== [[File:Macaca fascicularis in Lopburi.JPG|thumb|[[Crab-eating macaque|Cynomolgus]], or Crab-eating Macaques, imported from the Philippines were found to be carrying the filovirus.]] Following the discovery of a filovirus in Crab-eating Macaques, an investigation tracing the infection was conducted by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]. The monkeys were imported from the Philippines, which had no previous record of SHFV or ebolavirus infections. It was suspected that the monkeys contracted both diseases while in transit aboard [[KLM|KLM airlines]] before reaching Reston. Shipments were tracked to [[New York City]], [[Texas]], and [[Mexico City]], none of which produced cases of infection.<ref name="L4VH286-289">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=286–289}}</ref> By January 1990, Hazelton Laboratories recovered from its previous losses and began importing monkeys again from the same establishment in [[Manila]] that had provided the original animals. The imported monkeys became infected and were euthanized.<ref name="WatermanTaraReston" /> In early February the CDC received reports of the disease in Alice, Texas. In March the Division of Quarantine at the CDC secured a temporary ban on the [[import]]ation of monkeys into the United States from anywhere in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=294–295}}</ref> Following the announcement of the filovirus disease outbreak in Reston, Virginia, a [[serosurvey]] was conducted to assess the prevalence of the infection. Of the several hundred serums received by the CDC, approximately ten percent showed some reaction to ebolavirus antigen—though usually at low levels. Counterintuitively, the majority of the monkeys found positive were from [[Indonesia]].<ref name="L4VH302-303">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=302–303}}</ref> In May 1990 an investigation led by Susan Fisher-Hoch, Steve Ostroff, and Jerry Jennings was sent to Indonesia. During the investigation, it was [[Hypothesis|hypothesized]] that there could be a [[Coinfection|cross infection]] since monkeys suspected of illness were typically placed in gang cages containing up to twenty to thirty other monkeys suspected of illness. Upon arrival they were told that most of the monkeys were imported from the island of [[Sumatra]]. The investigation team found no trace of the virus in either case.<ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=304–305}}</ref> Following the investigation in Indonesia, an experiment was conducted in the [[Biosafety level#Biosafety level 4|level-4]] lab at the CDC campus in [[DeKalb County, Georgia|DeKalb County]], Georgia with thirty-two monkeys: sixteen [[Green monkey]]s (''Cercopithecus aethiops'') and sixteen Crab-eating Macaques. Half of the sixteen Green monkeys and Crab-eating Macaques were infected with Reston virus and the other half with Ebola virus. Ebola virus infection was lethal to nearly all monkeys. However, most of the monkeys infected with Reston virus recovered in a month. The surviving monkeys were kept for two years to detect any trace of the virus - none was found. However, the monkeys continued to possess a high level of [[antigen]].<ref name="L4VH307-309" /> === Airborne Variant Exists === With the Ebola virus only being seen in Africa, it was beginning to be thought that it was a African problem, this would all change with a discovery in Reston, Virginia a town that is a few minutes outside of Washington D.C.  In medical research, the use of monkeys is critical, and as a precaution, the government mandates a quarantine of all monkeys imported into this country.  Monkeys are held in primate houses until they are cleared to be shipped to research facilities around the country.  One such primate house is located in Reston, Virginia, called the Reston Primate Quarantine Unit.  In 1989, this primate house had received a shipment of cynomolgus monkeys from the Philippines.  The workers in the unit began to notice an abnormal amount of deaths in the monkeys.  They realized they had a pathogen on their hands when entire rooms of monkeys began showing signs of illness.  The veterinarians that worked at the facility thought they had a case of simian hemmoragic fever which is extremely lethal in primates, but doesn’t affect humans.  They sent off a sample of the affected blood to USAMRIID at Fort Detrick.  There, they discovered that it was the Ebola virus causing the monkeys to die.<ref name="Feldmann2005" /> The Army and CDC quickly put together an operation to exterminate the monkeys and sterilize the monkey house.  It was discovered that this was a unique variant of the virus, this virus had an Asian origin.  This bug could be transmitted through the air via tiny droplets similar to the way the flu virus is spread.  But there was a silver lining to this case, there were human exposures to the virus and none showed signs of the disease.  The virus that caused this scare is known as Reston ebolavirus.  Epidemics with the Reston strain continued through 1992 and again in 1996.   Subsequent analysis of the Reston’s genome shows nearly no variation from that of Zaire ebolavirus, which is very scary considering the air path of transmission in the Reston case.<ref name="Feldmann2005" /> ===Post-Reston=== Following the test at the CDC campus in DeKalb County, two of the monkeys who had survived Reston virus infection were infected with a very large dose of the Ebola virus in an effort to produce an [[Ebola virus disease#Vaccine|Ebola vaccine]]. One of the two monkeys remained resistant; the second died.<ref name="L4VH307-309" /> The physical building in which the outbreak occurred was demolished on 30 May 1995 and a new building constructed in its place. This facility, which is part of the Isaac Newton Square office park, at 1946 Isaac Newton Sq W, became a PALS Early Learning and Child Care Center, then became a Mulberry Child Care and [[preschool]] center as of 2007, and as of 2009 it became a KinderCare.<ref>http://www.kindercare.com/our-centers/center-details/303031/</ref> Reston virus reemerged in Italy in 1992, and again in a monkey export facility in the Philippines in 1996. On 11 December 2008, pigs from farms slightly north of [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] tested positive for the virus. The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] and the [[World Health Organization]] are investigating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=az0NujnC7Tiw&refer=asia|title=Pig Ebola May Lead Scientists to 'Elusive Reservoir' of Virus|accessdate=2008-12-22|last=Gale|first=Jason|date=2008-12-11|publisher=Bloomberg L.P|location=New York City}}</ref> On 23 January 2009, Philippine health officials announced that a hog farm worker had been infected with the virus. Although the man was asymptomatic and the source of the infection is uncertain, this could represent the first case of pig-to-human transmission of Reston virus&nbsp;-&nbsp;a fact that could cause concern, as pigs may be able to transmit more deadly diseases to humans. The situation is undergoing further investigation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/health/24ebola.html |title=Pig-to-Human Ebola Case Suspected in Philippines |accessdate=2009-01-26 |date=2009-01-24 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Donald G. |last=McNeil Jr}}</ref> ==Notes== {{Cnote2 Begin|colwidth=40em}} {{Cnote2|A|[[Covance|Hazleton Research Products]] 1946 Isaac Newton Square W, Reston, Virginia, United States}} {{Cnote2|B|At the onset of infection the body does not produce detectable amounts of [[antibody]] within the [[Blood plasma]], however this does not signify that the patient is free of infection. When the body begins to produce antibody, it becomes "seroconverted".}} {{Cnote2|C|Ebola virus has not been confirmed to spread naturally by airborne means with the exception of experiments conducted by USAMRIID and the Soviet Union. Since Reston virus is closely related to Ebola virus, it was inferred that it could not spread by airborne means.<ref name="L4VH286-289" />}} {{Cnote2|D|The test was developed for the 1976 Ebola virus epidemic. It responded well in outbreak situations where individuals had or have had a recent infection, however, the test conducted following Reston produced potentially ambiguous results.<ref name="L4VH302-303" />}} {{Cnote2|E|In an effort to evaluate the original test, Dr. Karl Johnson from the CDC tested San Blas Indians from Central America: which have no history of Ebola virus infection. It produced a two percent positive. Other researchers later tested sera from Native Americans in Alaska and found a similar percentage of positive. To combat the false positives a more complex test based on the ELISA system was developed by Tom Kzaisek at USAMRIID which was later improved with [[Immunofluorescent|Immunofluorescent antibody analysis]] (IFA). It was however not used during the serosurvey following Reston.<ref name="L4VH302-303" />}} {{Cnote2 End}} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite document|last1=McCormick|first1=Joseph|last2=Fisher-Hoch|first2=Susan|others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan|title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Level+4:+Virus+Hunters+of+the+CDC|origyear=1996|date=June 1999|accessdate=2008-08-02|edition="Updated edition" 3rd|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} {{Refend}} *Preston, Richard (1997). '''[[The Hot Zone]]'''. Anchor Books (June 15, 1999). ISBN 978-0385495226 ==External links== * [http://talk.ictvonline.org/default.aspx ICTV Files and Discussions - Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses] {{Ebola}} {{Zoonotic viral diseases}} [[Category:Animal diseases]] [[Category:Animal virology]] [[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Biological weapons]] [[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Ebolaviruses]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Viral diseases]] [[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Zoonoses]]'