Examine individual changes

[ 0 => '{{About|the Greek people|the finance term|Greeks (finance)}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}', 2 => '{{Infobox ethnic group', 3 => '|group = Greeks<br/>{{lang|el|Έλληνες}}', 4 => '|image =', 5 => '{{image array|perrow=5|width=60|height=70', 6 => ' ', 7 => ' |image1 = Homer British Museum.jpg', 8 => ' |caption1 = [[Homer]]', 9 => ' |image2 = Leonidas I of Sparta.jpg', 10 => ' |caption2 = [[Leonidas I]]', 11 => ' |image3 = Pericles Townley BM 549.jpg', 12 => ' |caption3 = [[Pericles]]', 13 => ' |image4 = AGMA Hérodote.jpg', 14 => ' |caption4 = [[Herodotus]]', 15 => ' |image5 = Hippocrates pushkin02.jpg', 16 => ' |caption5 = [[Hippocrates]]', 17 => ' ', 18 => ' |image6 = Head of Sophocles, Roman copy of Greek original, marble - Fitchburg Art Museum - DSC08630.JPG', 19 => ' |caption6 = [[Sophocles]]', 20 => ' |image7 = Socrates Louvre.jpg', 21 => ' |caption7 = [[Socrates]]', 22 => ' |image8 = Head Platon Glyptothek Munich 548.jpg', 23 => ' |caption8 = [[Plato]]', 24 => ' |image9 = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg', 25 => ' |caption9 = [[Aristotle]]', 26 => ' |image10 = Alexander Mosaic-high res fragment.jpg', 27 => ' |caption10 = [[Alexander the Great]]', 28 => ' ', 29 => ' |image11 = Domenico-Fetti Archimedes 1620.jpg', 30 => ' |caption11 = [[Archimedes]]', 31 => ' |image12 = Hypatia portrait.png', 32 => ' |caption12 = [[Hypatia]]', 33 => ' |image13 = Niketas Choniates.JPG', 34 => ' |caption13 = [[Niketas Choniates]]', 35 => ' |image14 = ConstantinoXI (cropped).jpg', 36 => ' |caption14 = [[Constantine XI Palaiologos|Constantine Palaiologos]]', 37 => ' |image15 = Benozzo Gozzoli, Pletone, Cappella dei Magi.jpg', 38 => ' |caption15 = [[Gemistus Pletho]]', 39 => ' ', 40 => ' |image16 = El greco.JPG', 41 => ' |caption16 = [[El Greco]]', 42 => ' |image17 = Kolokotronis Theodore.JPG', 43 => ' |caption17 = [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]]', 44 => ' |image18 = Ρήγας.jpg', 45 => ' |caption18 = [[Rigas Feraios]]', 46 => ' |image19 = Bouboulina Friedel engraving 1827.jpg', 47 => ' |caption19 = [[Laskarina Bouboulina]]', 48 => ' |image20 = Kapodistrias2.jpg', 49 => ' |caption20 = [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]]', 50 => ' ', 51 => ' |image21 = Georgios Karaiskakis.jpg', 52 => ' |caption21 = [[Georgios Karaiskakis]]', 53 => ' |image22 = Nikitaras.jpg', 54 => ' |caption22 = [[Nikitas Stamatelopoulos|Nikitaras]]', 55 => ' |image23 = Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος.jpg', 56 => ' |caption23 = [[Eleftherios Venizelos]]', 57 => ' |image24 = Nikolaos Plastiras.jpg', 58 => ' |caption24 = [[Nikolaos Plastiras]]', 59 => ' |image25 = Konstantinos Kavafis.jpg', 60 => ' |caption25 = [[Constantine P. Cavafy|Constantine Cavafy]]', 61 => ' ', 62 => ' |image26 = Giorgos Seferis 1963.jpg', 63 => ' |caption26 = [[Giorgos Seferis]]', 64 => ' |image27 = Maria Callas (La Traviata) 2.JPG', 65 => ' |caption27 = [[Maria Callas]]', 66 => ' |image28 = Katinapaxinos.jpg', 67 => ' |caption28= [[Katina Paxinou]]', 68 => ' |image29 = Theodoros Angelopoulos Athens 26-4-2009-2.jpg', 69 => ' |caption29 = [[Theodoros Angelopoulos]]', 70 => ' |image30 =Bartolomew I.jpg', 71 => ' |caption30 = [[Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew]]', 72 => ' }}', 73 => false, 74 => '|population = '''14–17 million'''<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=greek+diaspora+million&source=bl&ots=Nepd1Qc6cQ&sig=vaJkVUB6w8kp27fT4QXEPrPoCUc&hl=en&ei=B6CsTNCbDpHZ4gas2q3jBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=greek%20diaspora%20million&f=false |title=Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>', 75 => '|region1 = {{flagcountry|Greece}} ', 76 => '|pop1 = 11,305,180{{smallsup|a}} <small>(2011 census)</small> ', 77 => '|ref1 = <ref>[http://www.eurfedling.org/Greece.htm www.eurfedling.org] The main ethnic groups were Greeks 93.76%, Albanians 4.32%, Bulgarians 0.39%, Romanians 0.23%, Ukrainians 0.18%, Pakistani 0.14%, Russians 0.12%, Georgians 0.12%, Indians 0.09% and others 0.65%.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aei.pitt.edu/2870/1/IMEPO_Final_Report_English.pdf|title=Information from the 2001 Census: The Census recorded 762.191 persons normally resident in Greece and without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of these, 48.560 are EU or EFTA nationals; there are also 17.426 Cypriots with privileged status|publisher=Aei.pitt.edu|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>', 78 => '|region2 = {{flagcountry|United States}}', 79 => '|pop2 = 1,390,439<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-mt_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G2000_B04003&-format=&-CONTEXT=dt |title=American FactFinder |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>–3,000,000{{smallsup|b}} <small>(2009 estimate)</small>', 80 => '|ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm|title=Greece (08/09)|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=August 2009|accessdate=1 November 2009}}</ref>', 81 => '|region3 = {{flagcountry|Cyprus}} ', 82 => '|pop3 = 650,000{{smallsup|a}} <small>(2011 estimate)</small> ', 83 => '|ref3 = <ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia |last=Cole |first=J. |isbn=9781598843026 |series=Ethnic Groups of the World Series |year=2011 |publisher=Abc-Clio Incorporated |page=92}}</ref>', 84 => '|region4 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}', 85 => '|pop4 = 400,000 <small>(estimate)</small>', 86 => '|ref4 = <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pandora/pandora-its-all-greek-to-boris-803996.html |title=It's All Greek to Boris|work=[[The Independent]] |accessdate=1 October 2009 | location=London | first=Oliver | last=Duff | date=3 April 2008}}</ref>{{better source|date=March 2014}}', 87 => '|region5 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}', 88 => '|pop5 = 395,000 with "cultural roots" <small>(2012)</small>', 89 => '|ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Publications/Specialized/Population/StatYearbook_Chapter2_5011001129004.html |title=Population, families and living arrangements in Germany |work=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany|Statistisches Bundesamt]] |page=21 |date=14 March 2013}}</ref>', 90 => '|region6 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}', 91 => '|pop6 = 378,300 <small>(2011 census)</small> ', 92 => '|ref6 = <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 |title=2071.0 - Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013 |work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |accessdate=13 February 2014 | date=21 June 2012}}</ref>', 93 => '|region7 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}', 94 => '|pop7 = 252,960 <small>(2011)</small>', 95 => '|ref7 = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web|title=Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey|website=Statistics Canada|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE&VNAMEF#tbt-tab2|date=2014-01-13|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>', 96 => '|region8 = {{flagcountry|Albania}}', 97 => '|pop8 = 200,000', 98 => '|ref8 = <ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=kqCnCOgGc5AC&pg=PA68&dq=greek+minority+albania |title='&#39;Eastern Europe at the end of the 20th century'&#39;, Ian Jeffries, p. 69 |publisher=|date=25 June 1993 |accessdate=27 August 2010|isbn=978-0-415-23671-3|author1=Jeffries|first1=Ian}}</ref>', 99 => '|region9 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}', 100 => '|pop9 = 97,827 <small>(2002 census)</small>', 101 => '|ref9 = <ref name=demoscope2002>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей |publisher=Demoscope.ru |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref><ref name=popcensus2002>[http://perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 ]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 102 => '|region10 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}', 103 => '|pop10 = 91,548 <small>(2001 census)</small>', 104 => '|ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |work=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine |url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2 |title=2001 census |accessdate=13 April 2008}}</ref>', 105 => '|region11 = {{flagcountry|Chile}}', 106 => '|pop11 = 90,000–120,000', 107 => '|ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.absolutgrecia.com/los-griegos-de-chile/ |title=Los Griegos de Chile |publisher=Absolutgrecia.com |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>{{better source|date=March 2014}}', 108 => '|region12 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}', 109 => '|pop12 = 90,000{{smallsup|d}} <small>(estimate)</small>', 110 => '|ref12 = <ref name="www.greciasalentina.org.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.greciasalentina.org/L_Html/unione.php|title=Grecia Salentina official site (in Italian).|publisher= www.greciasalentina.org.org|accessdate=February 2011|last=|first=|quote= La popolazione complessiva dell’Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune '''Popolazione Calimera''' 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278}}</ref><ref name="Bellinello, Pier Francesco 1998 53">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mHdJAAAAMAAJ&q=Greco+14.000+unit%C3%A0#search_anchor |author= Bellinello, Pier Francesco |title= Minoranze etniche e linguistiche|publisher=Bios |year=1998 |page=53 |isbn=9788877401212 |quote=ISBN 88-7740-121-4" "Le attuali colonie Greche calabresi; La Grecìa calabrese si inscrive nel massiccio aspromontano e si concentra nell'ampia e frastagliata valle dell'Amendolea e nelle balze più a oriente, dove sorgono le fiumare dette di S. Pasquale, di Palizzi e Sidèroni e che costituiscono la Bovesia vera e propria. Compresa nei territori di cinque comuni (Bova Superiore, Bova Marina, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Condofuri), la Grecia si estende per circa 233 kmq. La popolazione anagrafica complessiva è di circa 14.000 unità. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Italy/ |title=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Italy, The Greek Community|quote= Greek community. The Greek diaspora consists of some 30,000 people, most of whom are to be found in Central Italy. There has also been an age-old presence of Italian nationals of Greek descent, who speak the Greco dialect peculiar to the Magna Graecia region. This dialect can be traced historically back to the era of Byzantine rule, but even as far back as classical antiquity. }}</ref>', 111 => '|region13 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}}', 112 => '|pop13 = 55,000 <small>(2008 estimate)</small>', 113 => '|ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://old.mfa.gr/english/foreign_policy/sub_saharan/ |title=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece and sub-Saharan African Countries Bilateral Relations?|publisher=Old.mfa.gr|accessdate=2014-03-01}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 114 => '|region14 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}', 115 => '|pop14 = 50,000{{smallsup|e}}', 116 => '|ref14 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20070613004819/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm |archivedate=13 June 2007 |title=The Greek Community}}</ref>', 117 => '|region15 = {{flagcountry|France}}', 118 => '|pop15 = 35,000 <small>(2009 estimate)</small>', 119 => '|ref15 = <ref>[http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/el-GR/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/France/]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 120 => '|region16 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}', 121 => '|pop16 = 35,000', 122 => '|ref16 = {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}', 123 => '|region17 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}}', 124 => '|pop17 = 30,000 <small>(2008 estimate)</small>', 125 => '|ref17 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Latin+America+-+Caribbean/Bilateral+Relations/Argentina/ |title=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Argentina, The Greek Community}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 126 => '|region18 = {{flagcountry|Peru}}', 127 => '|pop18 = 16,000', 128 => '|ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|author=Erwin Dopf |url=http://www.espejodelperu.com.pe/Poblacion-del-Peru/Migraciones-europeas-minoritarias.htm |title=Migraciones europeas minoritarias |publisher=Espejodelperu.com.pe |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>', 129 => '|region19 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}', 130 => '|pop19 = 15,742 <small>(2007)</small>', 131 => '|ref19 = <ref>[http://ecodata.mineco.fgov.be/mdn/Vreemde_bevolking.jsp]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 132 => '|region20 = {{flagcountry|Georgia}}', 133 => '|pop20 = 15,166', 134 => '|ref20 = <ref>Eurominority: [http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_alpha=7&id_minorites=ge-grec Greeks in Georgia]{{failed verification|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 135 => '|region21 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}}', 136 => '|pop21 = 12,000–15,000', 137 => '|ref21 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Sweden/ |title=Greek community of Sweden |work=Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 138 => '|region22 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}', 139 => '|pop22 = 13,000 <small>(estimate)</small>', 140 => '|ref22 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Mes/pdf/51_cap1_2.pdf |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080307133141/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Mes/pdf/51_cap1_2.pdf |archivedate=7 March 2008 |title=Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan |format=PDF}}</ref>', 141 => '|region23 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}', 142 => '|pop23 = 11,000 <small>(estimate)</small>', 143 => '|ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+other+countries/Switzerland |title=Switzerland |publisher=www.mfa.gr |accessdate=24 December 2008}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 144 => '|region24 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}', 145 => '|pop24 = 9,500 <small>(estimate)</small>', 146 => '|ref24 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/515 |title=GREEKS IN UZBEKISTAN - Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst |publisher=www.cacianalyst.org |accessdate=24 December 2008}}</ref>', 147 => '|region25 = {{flagcountry|Romania}}', 148 => '|pop25 = 6,500 <small>(2002 census)</small>', 149 => '|ref25 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clubafaceri.ro/info_articole/articol/1294 |title=Recensamant Romania 2002 : Articole InfoAfaceri : ClubAfaceri.ro|publisher=www.clubafaceri.ro |accessdate=24 December 2008}}</ref>', 150 => '|region26 = {{flagcountry|Mexico}}', 151 => '|pop26 = 5,000–20,000', 152 => '|ref26 = {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}', 153 => '|region27 = {{flagcountry|Austria}}', 154 => '|pop27 = 4,000', 155 => '|ref27 = <ref>Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: [http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Europe/Relationships+with+EU+Member+States/Austria/ Austria: The Greek Community]</ref>', 156 => '|region28 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}}', 157 => '|pop28 = 4,000{{smallsup|f}}', 158 => '|ref28 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/4412/turkey/rum-orthodox-christians.html |title=Minority Rights Group International : Turkey : Rum Orthodox Christians |publisher=Minorityrights.org |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>', 159 => '|region29 = {{flagcountry|Hungary}}', 160 => '|pop29 = 3,916', 161 => '|ref29 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_orsz_2011.pdf |title=Kozponti Statisztikai Hivatal |publisher=Ksh.hu |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>', 162 => '|region30 = {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}', 163 => '|pop30 = 3,408', 164 => '|ref30 = <ref>[http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm ]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 165 => '|region31 = {{flagcountry|Poland}}', 166 => '|pop31 = 3,400', 167 => '|ref31 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_demographic_yearbook_ENG_HTML.htm |title=GUS - Główny Urząd Statystyczny - Demographic Yearbook of Poland 2012 |date=4 December 2012 |at=.zip archive, 03_population-results_of_censuses_DY2012.xls table 36 |accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref>', 168 => '|region32 = {{flagcountry|Syria}}', 169 => '|pop32 = 1,500', 170 => '|ref32 = <ref>[http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Mediterranean+-+Middle+East/Bilateral+Relations/Syria/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>', 171 => '|region33 = {{flagcountry|Armenia}}', 172 => '|pop33 = 900 <small>(2011 census)</small>', 173 => '|ref33 = <ref>National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia: [http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf 2011 census]</ref>', 174 => '|region34 = {{flagcountry|Slovakia}}', 175 => '|pop34 = 345 <small>(2011 census)</small>', 176 => '|ref34 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.statistics.sk/ |title=Štatistický úrad SR :: Home |language=sk|publisher=Portal.statistics.sk |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref>', 177 => false, 178 => '|religions = [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodoxy]]', 179 => '|languages = [[Greek language|Greek]]', 180 => '|footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} Citizens of Greece and the Republic of Cyprus. The Greek government does not collect information about ethnic self-determination at the national censuses.<br>{{smallsup|b}} Higher figure includes those of ancestral descent.<br>{{smallsup|c}} Those whose stated ethnic origins included "Greek" among others. The number of those whose stated ethnic origin is ''solely'' "Greek" is 145,250. An additional 3,395 Cypriots of undeclared ethnicity live in Canada.<br>{{smallsup|d}}Approx. 60,000 [[Griko people]] and 30,000 post WW2 migrants.<br>{{smallsup|e}} "Including descendants".<br>{{smallsup|f}}In Turkey, at least 300,000 speak the [[Greek language]] as their mother tongue,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt |title=Pontic Greek |publisher=http://www.ethnologue.com/|accessdate=2014-03-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karalahana.com/karadeniz/linguistik/romeika.htm |title=Romeika - Pontic Greek (tr) |publisher=Karalahana.com|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/dilbilim/pontusca%20turkce%20sozluk.html |title=Pontic Greek (Trabzon Of dialect) - Turkish Dictionary (tr) |publisher=Karalahana.com|accessdate=2014-03-01 }}</ref> ', 181 => '}}', 182 => false, 183 => 'The '''Greeks''' ({{lang-el|Έλληνες}} ''Ellines'' {{IPA-el|ˈelines|}}) are an [[ethnic group]] native to [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], [[Anatolia|Western Anatolia]], [[Southern Italy]] and other regions. They also form a significant [[Greek diaspora|diaspora]], with Greek communities established around the world.<ref name=Roberts1/>', 184 => false, 185 => 'Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], but Greeks have always been centered on the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Ionian Sea|Ionian]] seas, where the [[Greek language]] has been spoken since the [[Bronze Age]].<ref name=Brit1>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = The Greeks |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=US |id=Online Edition }}</ref> Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], [[Pontus]], [[Egypt]], Cyprus, Southern Italy and [[Constantinople]]; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the [[Byzantine Empire]] of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient [[Greek colonies|Greek colonization]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Medieval Greek Romance|last= Beaton |first= R.|authorlink= |year=1996 |publisher= Routledge |location= |isbn=0-415-12032-2 |page= |pages=1–25 |url= }}</ref>', 186 => false, 187 => 'In the aftermath of the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)]], a large-scale [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] confined most ethnic Greeks to the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from [[Greeks in Italy|southern Italy]] to the [[Greeks in Georgia|Caucasus]] and in [[Greek diaspora|diaspora]] communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name="CIA">[[CIA World Factbook]] on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, [[Greek Muslims|Greek Muslim]] 1.3%, other 0.7%.</ref>', 188 => false, 189 => 'Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to [[culture]], arts, exploration, [[literature]], [[philosophy]], politics, [[architecture]], [[music]], [[mathematics]], [[science and technology]], business, cuisine, and sports, both historically and contemporary.', 190 => false, 191 => '==History==', 192 => '{{further|History of Greece}}', 193 => '[[File:Proto Greek Area reconstruction.png|thumb|A reconstruction of the 3rd millennium BC "Proto-Greek area", according to Bulgarian linguist [[Vladimir I. Georgiev|Vladimir Georgiev]].]]', 194 => false, 195 => 'The Greeks speak the [[Greek language]], which forms its own unique branch within the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages, the [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]].<ref name=Brit1/> They are part of a group of pre-modern ethnicities, described by [[Anthony D. Smith]] as an "archetypal diaspora people".<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Guibernau|editor1-first=Montserrat|editor2-last=Hutchinson|editor2-first=John|editor2-link=John Hutchinson (academic)|title=History and National Destiny: Ethnosymbolism and its Critics|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|location=[[Oxford]]|year=2004|page=23|isbn=1-4051-2391-5|quote=Indeed, Smith emphasizes that the myth of divine election sustains the continuity of cultural identity, and, in that regard, has enabled certain pre-modern communities such as the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks to survive and persist over centuries and millennia (Smith 1993: 15-20).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Anthony D. |authorlink=Anthony D. Smith |title=Myths and memories of the nation |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |page=21 |isbn=0-19-829534-0 |quote=It emphasizes the role of myths, memories and symbols of ethnic chosenness, trauma, and the ‘golden age’ of saints, sages, and heroes in the rise of modern nationalism among the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks—the archetypal diaspora peoples. }}</ref>', 196 => false, 197 => '===Origins===', 198 => '{{further|Proto-Greek language|List of Ancient Greek tribes}}', 199 => 'The Proto-Greeks probably arrived at the area now called Greece, in the southern tip of the [[Balkans|Balkan peninsula]], at the end of the 3rd millennium BC,<ref>{{harvnb|Bryce|2006|p=91}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cadogan|Langdon Caskey|1986|p=125}}</ref>{{Ref label|A|a|none}} though a later migration by sea from eastern Anatolia, modern [[Armenia]], has also been suggested.<ref>{{harvnb|Drews|1988|pp=181–182}}</ref> The sequence of migrations into the Greek mainland during the [[2nd millennium BC]] has to be reconstructed on the basis of the [[ancient Greek dialects]], as they presented themselves centuries later and are therefore subject to some uncertainties. There were at least two migrations, the first being the [[Ionians]] and [[Aeolians]], which resulted in [[Mycenaean Greece]] by the 16th century BC,<ref name=Brit1/><ref>{{cite book |last=Chadwick |first=John |authorlink=John Chadwick |title=The Mycenaean world |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RMj7M_tGaNMC&dq |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1976 |pages=1–3 |isbn=0-521-29037-6}}</ref> and the second, the [[Dorian invasion]], around the 11th century BC, displacing the [[Arcadocypriot Greek|Arcadocypriot dialects]], which descended from the Mycenaean period. Both migrations occur at incisive periods, the Mycenaean at the transition to the [[Bronze Age|Late Bronze Age]] and the Doric at the [[Bronze Age collapse]].', 200 => false, 201 => 'There were some suggestions of three waves of migration indicating a [[Proto-Ionian]] one, either contemporary or even earlier than the Mycenaean. This possibility appears to have been first suggested by [[Ernst Curtius]] in the 1880s. In current scholarship, the standard assumption is to group the [[Ionic Greek|Ionic]] together with the Arcadocypriot group as the successors of a single Middle Bronze Age migration in dual opposition to the "western" group of [[Doric Greek|Doric]].', 202 => false, 203 => '[[Eric P. Hamp]], in his 2012 [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European linguistic family]] [[phylogenetic tree|tree]], groups the [[Greek language]] and [[Ancient Macedonian language|Ancient Macedonian]] ("Helleno-Macedonian") along with [[Armenian language|Armenian]] in the [[Graeco-Armenian|Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian)]] subgroup.<ref name=hamp>{{cite journal|last=Hamp|first=Eric P.|title=The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist’s Evolving View|journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|date=August 2013|volume=239|pages=8, 10, 13|url=http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf|accessdate=8 February 2014}}</ref> In Hamp's view, the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands.<ref name=hamp/> From there, they migrated southeast into the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining near [[Batumi]], while the pre-Greeks proceeded westwards along the southern coast of the Black Sea to enter the Aegean and Peloponnesus from Asia Minor and Cyprus via Pamphylia.<ref name=hamp/> In this migration, Troy was a barrier to further migration directly west or to the northwest, so first the pre-Cypriots and then other groups of pre-Hellenics turned south with the pre-Cypriots continuing south to Pamphyllia and ultimately Cyprus, while the other groups crossed the Aegean.<ref name=hamp/> The Mycenean Greeks arrived in Thebes and Thessaly before the Aeolians and were the first Greeks on Crete.<ref name=hamp/>', 204 => false, 205 => '===Mycenaean===', 206 => '{{Main|Mycenaean Greece}}', 207 => 'The Mycenaeans were ultimately the first Greek-speaking people attested through historical sources, written records in the [[Linear B]] script,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title ='Mycenaean language |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |location=US |id=Online Edition }}</ref> and through their literary echoes in the works of [[Homer]], a few centuries later.', 208 => false, 209 => 'The Mycenaeans quickly penetrated the [[Aegean Sea]] and, by the 15th century BC, had reached [[Rhodes]], [[Crete]], [[Cyprus]], where [[Teucer]] is said to have founded the first colony, and the shores of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]].<ref name=Brit1/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Criti |first1=Maria |last2=Arapopoulou |first2=Maria |title=A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2007 |pages=417–420 |isbn=0-521-83307-8}}</ref> Around 1200 BC the [[Dorians]], another Greek-speaking people, followed from [[Epirus]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 BCE |last=Hall |first=Jonathan M. |year=2007 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn= 0-631-22667-2 |page=43}}</ref> Traditionally, historians have believed that the [[Dorian invasion]] caused the collapse of the [[Mycenaean civilization]], but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders ([[sea peoples]]) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC.<ref>Chadwick John. (1976).''The Mycenean world''.Cambridge Univ. Press .p 178 ISBN 0-521-21077-1</ref> The [[Dorian invasion]] was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the [[Greek Dark Ages]], but by 800 BC the landscape of [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece]] was discernible.<ref name=Brit1/>', 210 => false, 211 => 'In the [[Homeric epics]], the Greeks of prehistory are viewed as the ancestors of the early classical civilization of Homer's own time,<ref>{{cite book |title=Die mykenische Welt und Troja |last=Podzuweit |first=Christian |year=1982 |publisher=Moreland |location=Germany |pages=65–88 |author2=B. Hänsel}}</ref> while the Mycenaean pantheon included many of the divinities (e.g. [[Zeus]], [[Poseidon]] and [[Hades]]) attested in later [[Religion in ancient Greece|Greek religion]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The origins of Greek religion |last=Dietrich |first=Bernard Clive |year=1974 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-003982-6 |page=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Aegean civilizations, Religion |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref>', 212 => false, 213 => '===Classical===', 214 => '{{Main|Classical Greece}}', 215 => '[[File:Hoplites fight Louvre E735.jpg|thumb|right|Hoplites fighting. Detail from an Attic black-figure [[hydria]], ca. 560 BC–550 BC. [[Louvre]], [[Paris]].]]', 216 => false, 217 => 'The [[ethnogenesis]] of the Greek nation is marked, according to some scholars, by the first [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek-speaking tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture.<ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book |title=The New Penguin History of the World |last= Roberts |first= J.M. |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-103042-5 |pages=171–172, 222 |url=}}</ref> The [[Classical antiquity|classical period]] of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the [[death of Alexander the Great]], in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Ancient Greek Civilization |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref>', 218 => false, 219 => 'While the Greeks of the classical era understood themselves to belong to a common Greek [[genos]]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Konstan, David|year=2001|chapter=To Hellenikon Ethnos: ethnicity and the construction of ancient Greek identity|editor= Malkin, Irad|title=Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Centre for Hellenic Studies via Harvard University Press|pages=29&ndash;50|isbn=978-0-674-00662-1}}</ref> their first loyalty was to their city and they saw nothing incongruous about warring, often brutally, with other Greek [[Polis|city-states]]. The [[Peloponnesian War]], the large scale Greek civil war between [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and [[Sparta]] and their allies, is a case in point.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Theorizing Nationalism |last=Beiner |first=Ronald |year=1999 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0-7914-4065-6 |page= 111}}</ref>', 220 => false, 221 => 'Most of the feuding Greek city-states were, in some scholars' opinions, united under the banner of [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip]]'s and [[Alexander the Great]]'s pan-Hellenic ideals, though others might generally opt, rather, for an explanation of "[[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] conquest for the sake of conquest" or at least conquest for the sake of riches, glory and power and view the "ideal" as useful propaganda directed towards the city-states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/fox.html|title=Riding with Alexander|publisher=www.archaeology.org|accessdate=27 December 2008|last=Fox|first=Robin Lane|quote=Alexander inherited the idea of an invasion of the Persian Empire from his father Philip whose advance-force was already out in Asia in 336 BC. Philips campaign had the slogan of "freeing the Greeks" in Asia and "punishing the Persians" for their past sacrileges during their own invasion (a century and a half earlier) of Greece. No doubt, Philip wanted glory and plunder.}}</ref>', 222 => false, 223 => 'In any case, Alexander's toppling of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], after his victories at the battles of the [[Battle of the Granicus|Granicus]], [[Battle of Issus|Issus]] and [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]], and his advance as far as modern-day [[Pakistan]] and [[Tajikistan]],<ref>"[[Menander I|Menander]] became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of [[Saraostus|Saurashtra]] and the harbour [[Bharuch|Barukaccha]]. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101</ref> provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way.<ref name=ColAlex>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = Alexander the Great |encyclopedia= Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher= Columbia University Press |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the [[Middle East]] and [[Asia]] were to prove long lived as Greek became the ''[[lingua franca]]'', a position it retained even in [[Roman era|Roman times]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age |last= Green |first=Peter |authorlink= |year=2008 |publisher= Orion Publishing Group, Limited |isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9 |page= xiii |pages=}}</ref> Many Greeks settled in [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic]] cities like [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]] and [[Seleucia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf|title=Growth of the Greek Colonies in the First Millennium BC (application/pdf Object)|publisher=www.princeton.edu|accessdate=2 January 2009|last=|first=}}</ref> Two thousand years later, there are still communities in [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], like the [[Kalash people|Kalash]], who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.<ref>{{cite book |title=In the Footsteps of Alexander The Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia |last= Wood |first= Michael|year= 2001|publisher= University of California Press |isbn=0-520-23192-9 |page=8}}</ref>', 224 => false, 225 => '===Hellenistic===', 226 => '{{Main|Hellenistic Greece}}', 227 => '[[File:Diadochen1.png|thumb|250px|left|The major Hellenistic realms; the ''[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]'' (dark blue) and the ''[[Seleucid Empire]]'' (yellow).]]', 228 => '[[File:Kleopatra-VII.-Altes-Museum-Berlin1.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Bust of [[Cleopatra VII]]. [[Altes Museum]], [[Berlin]].]]', 229 => false, 230 => 'The [[Hellenistic civilization]] was the next period of Greek civilization, the beginnings of which are usually placed at Alexander's death.<ref name=Bordman>{{cite book |title= The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World|last= Boardman |first= John |year= 2001|publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 0-19-280137-6|page=364 |author2=Jasper Griffin |author3=Oswyn Murray }}</ref> This [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic age]], so called because it saw the partial [[Hellenization]] of many non-Greek cultures,<ref>{{cite news|last=Arun |first=Neil |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm |title=Europe &#124; Alexander's Gulf outpost uncovered |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-08-07 |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> lasted until the conquest of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] by Rome in 30 BC.<ref name=Bordman/>', 231 => false, 232 => 'This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger [[Diadochi|Kingdoms of the Diadochi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hellenistic Greeks: From Alexander to Cleopatra |last= Grant |first= Michael |year= 1990|publisher= Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=0-297-82057-5|page=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=BritHel/> Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.<ref name=Harris/> An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with ''[[barbarian]]'' (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic ''[[paideia]]'' to the next generation.<ref name=Harris>{{cite book |title=Ancient Literacy |last= Harris |first= William Vernon |year= 1989|publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 0-674-03381-7|page=136}}</ref> Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.<ref name="Brill">{{Citation | first1 = Cynthia | last1 = Kosso | first2 = Anne | last2 = Scott | title = The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance | publisher =', 233 => 'Brill | year = 2009 | page = 51 | url = http://books.google.fr/books?id=UTkXFLfmLTkC&pg=PA51&dq=hellenistic+mathematics+science+technology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BxapUKriD-yM0wWvy4G4BQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hellenistic%20mathematics%20science%20technology&f=false}}, 538 pp.</ref><ref name="Brill"/>', 234 => false, 235 => 'In the [[Indo-Greeks|Indo-Greek]] and [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]] kingdoms, [[Greco-Buddhism]] was spreading and Greek missionaries would play an important role in propagating it to [[China]].<ref>[[Richard Foltz|Foltz, Richard]], ''Religions of the Silk Road'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010, p. 46 ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1</ref> Further east, the Greeks of [[Alexandria Eschate]] became known to the [[Chinese people]] as the [[Dayuan]].<ref name=Dayuan>{{cite book |title= Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian, Han Dynasty II (Revised Edition)|last= Burton |first= Watson (transl.)|year= 1993|publisher= Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-08166-9 |pages=244–245}}</ref>', 236 => false, 237 => '===Roman Empire===', 238 => '{{further|Greco-Roman relations|Greco-Roman mysteries}}', 239 => 'Following the time of the conquest of the last of the independent Greek city-states and Hellenistic (post-Alexandrine) kingdoms, almost all of the world's Greek speakers lived as citizens or subjects of the Roman Empire. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became [[Greco-Roman world|heavily influenced]] by the achievements of Greek culture, hence [[Horace]]'s famous statement: ''Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit'' ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient Rome: An Introductory History |last=Zoch |first=Paul | year= 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8061-3287-7 |page=136 | url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC&pg=PA136&dq=Graecia+capta+ferum+victorem+cepit&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VUudT7z-NsH80QWt4tmVDw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Graecia%20capta%20ferum%20victorem%20cepit&f=false | accessdate= 29 April 2012}}</ref>', 240 => false, 241 => 'In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.<ref name=Roberts1/> The cults of deities like [[Isis]] and [[Mithra]] were introduced into the Greek world.<ref name=BritHel>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Hellenistic age |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition}}</ref><ref name=BritHelRel>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = Hellenistic age, Hellenistic religion |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,<ref>{{cite book | title= Backgrounds of Early Christianity | last = Ferguson | first = Everett | year = 2003 |isbn= 978-0-8028-2221-5 |pages= 617–18}}</ref> and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably [[St Paul]]) were generally Greek-speaking,<ref>{{cite book | title= Ancient Rome | last = Dunstan | first = William | year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7425-6834-1 |page=500 | url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xkOhwFzz1AkC&pg=PA500&dq=early+christian+leaders+speak+greek&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rFydT6f-OYiQ0AWjhtDlDg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=early%20christian%20leaders%20speak%20greek&f=false | accessdate= 29 April 2012}}</ref> though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century,<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Christian Art and Architecture |last = Milburn |first=Robert |year=1992 |page=158 |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OcRTwsDq_Z4C&pg=PA158&dq=early+christianity+greece&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-1CdT5P_Dor68QPnnbzbDg&ved=0CG4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=early%20christianity%20greece&f=false |accessdate= 29 April 2012}}</ref> with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.<ref>{{cite book |title= Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present |last=Makrides |first=Nikolaos |year=2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9568-2 |page=206 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kKOY5NsekfkC&pg=PA17&dq=hellenic+polytheism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tQaeT4PAD8msjALr_rCTAQ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=10th%20century&f=false |accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref>', 242 => false, 243 => '===Byzantine===', 244 => '{{Main|Byzantine Greeks}}', 245 => '{{double image|left|Holy Trinity Column - Saint Cyril.jpg|130|Holy Trinity Column-Saint Methodius.jpg|130|Statues of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]], missionaries of [[Christianity]] among the [[Slavic peoples]], on the [[Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc]], [[Czech Republic]].}}', 246 => 'Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was [[Christianity]]. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the [[Roman Empire]], they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity.<ref name=Kaldelis>{{cite book |title= Hellenism in Byzantium The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition |last= Kaldellis |first= Anthony |year= 2008|publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-87688-9|pages=35–40}}</ref> Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.<ref name=Burstein>{{cite book |author=Thomas, Carol G.|author2=Burstein, Stanley M. |title=Paths from ancient Greece |publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|year=1988|pages=47–49|isbn=90-04-08846-6}}</ref>', 247 => false, 248 => 'The [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]] – today conventionally named the ''Byzantine Empire'', a name not in use during its own time<ref name=BritByz>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Byzantine Empire, Introduction |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc|location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor [[Heraclius]] (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language.<ref name=Her>{{cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture|publisher=Cambridge|year=1997|isbn=0-521-31917-X|page=50}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shahid |first=Irfan |year=1972|title=The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |volume=26|pages=295–296, 305|doi=10.2307/1291324 |jstor=1291324 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University}}</ref> Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single [[Greco-Roman world]]. Although the [[Latins|Latin]] West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after [[Pope Leo III]] crowned [[Charlemagne]], king of the [[Franks]], as the "[[Holy Roman Emperor|Roman Emperor]]" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the ''Empire of the Greeks'' (''Imperium Graecorum'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series |last=Royal Historical Society |first= |authorlink= |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=0-521-79352-1 |page=75}}</ref> Greek-speakers at the time, however, referred to themselves as ''Romaioi'' ("Romans").<ref name=BritByz/>', 249 => false, 250 => '{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; font-size:75%; background:#j7dbf9; color:black; width:20em; max-width:40%;" cellspacing="5"', 251 => '|-', 252 => '| style="text-align: left;" | "Much of what we know of antiquity&nbsp;– especially of Hellenic and Roman literature and of Roman law&nbsp;— would have been lost for ever but for the scholars and scribes and copyists of Constantinople."', 253 => '|-', 254 => '| style="text-align: left;" | '''''J.J. Norwich'''<ref name=JJN/>', 255 => '|}', 256 => false, 257 => 'These [[Byzantine Greeks]] were largely responsible for the preservation of the literature of the classical era.<ref name=Burstein/><ref name=JJN>{{cite book |title=A Short History of Byzantium'' |last= Norwich |first= John Julius|year=1997 |publisher= Vintage Books |isbn=0-679-77269-3 |page=xxi }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |title=History of Libraries in the Western World |last= Harris |first= Michael H. |year=1995 |publisher=Scarecrow Press Incorporated |isbn=0-8108-3724-2 |chapter= II Medieval Libraries 6 Muslim and Byzantine Libraries }}</ref> [[Greek scholars in the Renaissance|Byzantine grammarians]] were those principally responsible for carrying, in person and in writing, ancient Greek grammatical and literary studies to the West during the 15th century, giving the [[Italian Renaissance]] a major boost.<ref name=BritRen>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = Renaissance |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Robins|first=Robert Henry|title=The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History|year=1993|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-013574-4|page=8}}</ref> The [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] philosophical tradition was nearly unbroken in the Greek world for almost two thousand years, until the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Aristotelian Philosophy|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref>', 258 => false, 259 => 'To the [[Slavic people|Slavic]] world, Roman era Greeks contributed by the dissemination of literacy and Christianity. The most notable example of the later was the work of the two Greek brothers [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] from [[Thessaloniki]], who are credited today with formalizing the [[Glagolitic alphabet|first Slavic alphabet]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2001–2007 |title =Cyril and Methodius Saints|encyclopedia= The Columbia Encyclopedia |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=United States |id=Online Edition}}</ref>', 260 => false, 261 => 'A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state.<ref name=BritIdent/> That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] philosopher [[Gemistus Pletho]], who abandoned Christianity.<ref name=BritIdent/> However, it was the combination of [[Orthodox Christianity]] with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years.<ref name=BritIdent>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition}}</ref>', 262 => false, 263 => '===Ottoman===', 264 => '{{Main|Ottoman Greeks}}', 265 => '[[File:Greek merchant 16th century (cropped).JPG|thumb|120px|Engraving of a Greek merchant by [[Cesare Vecellio]] (16th century).]]', 266 => false, 267 => 'Following the [[Fall of Constantinople]] on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the [[Western world|West]], particularly [[Italy]], [[Central Europe]], [[Germany]] and [[Russia]].<ref name=BritRen/> Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called, the Renaissance.', 268 => false, 269 => 'For those that remained under the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet system]], religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (''milletler''), so the [[exonym]] "Greeks" (''Rumlar'' from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]], regardless of their language or ethnic origin.<ref name=Mazower/> The [[Greek language|Greek]] speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves ''Romioi'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = History of Europe, The Romans |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (''genos'') to be Hellenic.<ref>{{cite book |title=Philotheou Parerga |last= Mavrocordatos |first= Nicholaos |year=1800 |publisher=Grēgorios Kōnstantas: Para tō Phrantz Antōniō Schraimvl (original from Harvard University Library)|quote=Γένος μεν ημίν των άγαν Ελλήνων}}</ref>', 270 => false, 271 => 'The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce.<ref name=BritB>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = Phanariotes |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the [[Greek War of Independence]] in 1821.<ref name=BritMerchant/> Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in [[Chios]], [[Smyrna]] and [[Ayvalik|Aivali]], all three major centres of Greek commerce.<ref name=BritMerchant/>', 272 => false, 273 => '===Modern===', 274 => '{{See also|Modern Greek Enlightenment|Greek War of Independence}}', 275 => '[[File:Hermes the scholar.jpg|thumb|left|140px|The cover of ''[[Hermes o Logios]]'', a Greek literary publication of the late 18th and early 19th century.]]', 276 => false, 277 => 'The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] religion continued after the creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830. According to the second article of the first [[Constitution of Greece|Greek constitution]] of 1822, a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the [[Kingdom of Greece]], a clause removed by 1840.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.verfassungen.de/griech/verf22.htm|archiveurl= //web.archive.org/web/20070926221226/http://www.verfassungen.de/griech/verf22.htm|archivedate= 26 September 2007 |title= Text of the 1822 Epidaurus Constitution (in German)|accessdate=20 December 2008|year=1822}}</ref> A century later, when the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was signed between [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.<ref group=N>While Greek authorities signed the agreement legalizing the population exchange this was done on the insistence of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] and after a million Greeks had already been expelled from [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]]. {{cite book |author=Gilbar, Gad G. |title=Population dilemmas in the Middle East: essays in political demography and economy |publisher=F. Cass |location=London |year=1997 |page=8 |isbn=0-7146-4706-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Twice A Stranger: How Mass Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey |last= Bruce |year= 2006|publisher= Granta |isbn= 1-86207-752-5|page= |first=Clark }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= ed. by Renée Hirschon.|title=Crossing the Aegean: The Consequences of the 1923 Greek-Turkish Population Exchange (Studies in Forced Migration) |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=Providence |year=2003 |page=29 |isbn=1-57181-562-7 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Sofos, Spyros A.; Özkırımlı, Umut |title=Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey |publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd |location= |year=2008 |pages=116–117 |isbn=1-85065-899-4 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hershlag, Zvi Yehuda |title=Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East |publisher=Brill Academic Pub |location= |year=1997 |page=177 |isbn=90-04-06061-8 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> The [[Greek genocide]], in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Asia Minor Campaign]], was part of this process of [[Turkification]] of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Üngör |first= Uğur Ümit |authorlink=Uğur Ümit Üngör |date=March 2008 |title= On Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey from 1913 to 1950|journal= Journal of Genocide Research |volume= 10|issue= 1|pages= 15–39 |doi= 10.1080/14623520701850278}}</ref>', 278 => false, 279 => 'While most Greeks today are descended from Greek-speaking [[Romioi]], there are sizeable groups of ethnic Greeks who trace their descent to [[Aromanian language|Aromanian-speaking]] [[Vlachs]], [[Arvanitika|Albanian-speaking]] [[Arvanites]], [[Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia|Slavophones]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish-speaking]] [[Karamanlides]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eens-congress.eu/?main__page=1&main__lang=de&eensCongress_cmd=showPaper&eensCongress_id=86 |title= Έλληνες = Ρωμιοί + Αrmâni + Arbëresh |accessdate=19 December 2008|work= Mackridge, Peter |publisher=''Ευρωπαϊκή Εταιρεία Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών Γ΄ συνέδριο της Ευρωπαϊκής Εταιρείας Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών'' (in Greek)|date=}}</ref><ref name=Mazower2>{{cite book |title=After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943-1960 |last= Mazower (ed.). |first= M. |year= 2000|publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 0-691-05842-3|page= 23}}</ref> Today, Greeks are to be found all around the world.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title= When nettles go ungrasped|work=The Economist |page= |date= 11 December 2008|accessdate=19 December 2008|url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12773095 }}</ref>', 280 => false, 281 => '==Identity==', 282 => '{{Greeks}}', 283 => 'The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state.<ref name=Broome>{{cite book |author=Broome, Benjamin J. |title=Exploring the Greek Mosaic: A Guide to Intercultural Communication in Greece (The Interact Series) |publisher=Intercultural Press |location=Yarmouth, Me |year=1996 |pages=22–25 |isbn=1-877864-39-0 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> By Western standards, the term ''Greeks'' has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the [[Greek language]], whether [[Mycenaean Greek language|Mycenaean]], [[Medieval Greek|Byzantine]] or [[modern Greek]].<ref name=Mazower>{{cite book |title= The Balkans: A Short History|last= Mazower |first= Mark |year= 2002|publisher= Random House Publishing Group |isbn= 0-8129-6621-X |pages=105–107 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= A History of the Greek Language: From Its Origins to the Present |last= Adrados |first= Francisco Rodríguez |year=2005 |publisher= BRILL |isbn=90-04-12835-2 |page=xii }}</ref> [[Byzantine Greeks]] called themselves ''Romioi'' and considered themselves the political heirs of [[Roman Empire|Rome]], but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of [[ancient Greece]] as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan.<ref name=Mango>{{cite book |title= The Oxford History of Byzantium |last= Mango |first= Cyril |year= 2002|publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 0-19-814098-3|page= 5}}</ref> On the eve of the [[Fall of Constantinople]] the [[Constantine XI|Last Emperor]] urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chronicle of the Fall |last=Sfrantzes |first=George |year=1477 |publisher= |isbn=}}</ref>', 284 => false, 285 => 'Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks".<ref>Feraios, Rigas. "New Political Constitution of the Inhabitants of Rumeli, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Aegean, and the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia".</ref> The [[History of Modern Greece|modern Greek state]] was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, [[Peloponnese]], from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koliopoulos |first1=John S. |last2=Veremis |first2=Thanos M. |title=Greece: the modern sequel: from 1821 to the present |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |location= |year=2004 |page=277 |isbn=1-85065-463-8}}</ref> The large [[Greek diaspora]] and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western [[romantic nationalism]] and [[philhellenism]],<ref name=BritMerchant>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =History of Greece, Ottoman Empire, The merchant middle class |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the [[Byzantine Empire]], formed the basis of the [[Diafotismos]] and the current conception of Hellenism.<ref name=BritIdent/><ref name=Mazower/><ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Anthony D. |authorlink=Anthony D. Smith |title=Chosen peoples: sacred sources of national identity |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |page=98 |isbn=0-19-210017-3 |quote=After the Ottoman conquest in 1453, recognition by the Turks of the Greek ''millet'' under its Patriarch and Church helped to ensure the persistence of a separate ethnic identity, which, even if it did not ''produce'' a "precocius nationalism" among the Greeks, provided the later Greek enlighteners and nationalists with a cultural constituency fed by political dreams and apocalyptic prophecies of the recapture of Constantinople and the restoration of Greek Byzantium and its Orthodox emperor in all his glory.}}</ref>', 286 => false, 287 => 'The Greeks today are a nation in the meaning of an ''[[ethnic group|ethnos]]'', defined by possessing [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] and having a Greek [[First language|mother tongue]], not by citizenship, race, and religion or by being subjects of any particular state.<ref>Elizabeth Tonkin, Malcolm Kenneth Chapman, Maryon McDonald. ''History and Ethnicity''. Taylor & Francis, 1989, ISBN 0-415-00056-4.</ref> In ancient and medieval times and to a lesser extent today the Greek term was ''[[genos]]'', which also indicates a common ancestry.<ref>{{cite book |author=Patterson, Cynthia |title=The Family in Greek History |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2001 |pages=18–19 |isbn=0-674-00568-6 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Psellus|title=Michaelis Pselli Orationes panegyricae |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location= Stuttgart/Leipzig|year=1994 |page=33 |isbn=0-297-82057-5 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>', 288 => false, 289 => '===Names===', 290 => '{{main|Names of the Greeks}}', 291 => '[[File:Ancient Regions Mainland Greece.png|thumb|240px|right|Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece, and adjacent "barbarian" lands.]]', 292 => 'Throughout the centuries, Greeks and Greek speakers have been known by a number of names, including:', 293 => false, 294 => '====Hellenes====', 295 => '[[Homer]] refers to the "Hellenes" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|l|iː|n|z}}) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic [[Phthia]], with its warriors under the command of [[Achilleus]].<ref>''[[Iliad]]'' 2.681–685</ref> The [[Parian Chronicle]] says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks ({{lang|grc|Γραικοί}}).<ref>The Parian marble. Entry No 6: "From when Hellen ({{lang|grc|Ἕλλην}}) [son of] Deuc[alion] became king of [Phthi]otis and those previously called Graekoi were named Hellenes";[http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html The Parian Marble: Translation at the Ashmolean]</ref> In [[Greek mythology]], [[Hellen]], the patriarch of Hellenes, was son of [[Pyrrha]] and [[Deucalion]], who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge.<ref>''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]''</ref> It seems that the myth was invented when the Greek tribes started to separate from each other in certain areas of Greece and it indicates their common origin. [[Aristotle]] names ancient [[Hellas]] as an area in [[Epirus]] between [[Dodona]] and the [[Achelous]] river, the location of the great deluge of [[Deucalion]], a land occupied by the [[Selloi]] and the "Greeks" who later came to be known as "Hellenes".<ref>"The deluge in the time of Deucalion, for instance took place chiefly in the Greek world and in it especially about ancient Hellas, the country about Dodona and the Achelous"; Aristotle, ''Meteorologica'' I 352,b ([http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html Book 1 Part 14]).</ref> Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus<ref>[[Homer]], ''Iliad'' 16.233–35: "King Zeus, lord of Dodona, ... you who hold wintry Dodona in your sway, where your prophets the Selloi dwell around you."</ref> and the word probably means "sacrificers" (compare Gothic ''saljan'', "present, sacrifice").<ref name="Greek Etymological Dictionary">[[Beekes]] entry 6701: ''Selloi''.[http://www.ieed.nl/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=leiden&morpho=0&basename=\data\ie\greek+&first=6701 Greek Etymological Dictionary]</ref> There is currently no satisfactory etymology of the name ''Hellenes''. Some scholars assert that the name Selloi changed to Sellanes and then to Hellanes-Hellenes.<ref name="Greek Etymological Dictionary"/><ref>Compare [[PIE]] ''*s(e)wol'': Gk. ''helios'', Latin ''sol'', Sanskrit ''suryah'', English ''sun''. [[Online Etymology Dictionary]].[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sol&searchmode=none]</ref> However this etymology connects the name ''Hellenes'' with the [[Dorians]] who occupied Epirus and the relation with the name ''Greeks'' given by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] becomes uncertain. The name ''Hellenes'' seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the [[Amphictyonic League|Great Amphictyonic League]]. This was an ancient association of Greek tribes with twelve founders which was organized to protect the great temples of [[Apollo]] in [[Delphi]] ([[Phocis]]) and of [[Demeter]] near [[Thermopylae]] ([[Locris]]).<ref>[[Aeschines]] ii.''On the embassy'' 115. [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 8.2–5</ref> According to the legend it was founded after the [[Trojan War]] by the eponymous [[Amphictyon]], brother of [[Hellen]].', 296 => false, 297 => '====Greeks ({{lang|grc|Γραικοί}})====', 298 => 'In the Hesiodic ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', [[Graecus]] is presented as the son of Zeus and [[Pandora II]], sister of [[Hellen]] the patriarch of Hellenes.<ref>Hesiod, ''Catalogue of Women'' fr. 5.</ref> Hellen was the son of [[Deucalion]] who ruled around [[Phthia]] in central Greece. The [[Parian Chronicle]] mentions that when [[Deucalion]] became king of Phthia, the previously called ''Graikoi'' were named Hellenes. [[Aristotle]] notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (''Meteorologica'' I.xiv) a native name of a [[Dorians|Dorian]] tribe in [[Epirus]] which was used by the [[Illyrians]]. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around [[Dodona]], where the [[Selloi]] dwelt. However according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Lt. Graeci) from Graecos inhabitant of Graia -or [[Graea]]-(Γραία), a town on the coast of [[Boeotia]]. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found [[Cumae]] (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks.([[Graeci]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=greek |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> In Greek, ''graia'' (γραία) means "old woman" and is derived from the [[PIE]] root ''*gere'': "to grow old"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=gere&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref><ref>[[Graeae]] (plural of Graea): "The old ones" or "The gray ones".</ref> in [[Proto-Greek]] ''guraj'', "old age" and later "gift of honour" (Mycenean:"kera, geras"), and ''grau-j'', "old lady".<ref>[[Beekes]]. ''Greek etymological dictionary'' entry 1531</ref> The Germanic languages borrowed the word ''Greeks'' with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. ''Kreks''). The area out of ancient Attica including [[Boeotia]] was called [[Graïke]] and is connected with the older deluge of [[Ogyges]], the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the [[Minyans]] who were [[autochthon (person)|autochthon]]ous or [[Proto-Greek]] speaking people.<ref>Caskey,John.L (1960):''The early Helladic period in Argolis. '''Hesperia'' 29 (3), 285–303</ref> In ancient Greek the name ''Ogygios'' came to mean "from earliest days".<ref>Henry George Lidell, Robert Scott. A Greek English Lexicon</ref>', 299 => false, 300 => '==== Achaeans ({{lang|grc|Ἀχαιοί}}) ====', 301 => 'Homer uses the terms [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] and ''Danaans'' (Δαναοί) as a generic term for Greeks in ''[[Iliad]]'',<ref>[[Homer]]. [[Iliad]] II 574,575</ref> and they were probably a part of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenean]] civilization. The names ''Achaioi'' and ''Danaoi'' seem to be pre-Dorian belonging to the people who were overthrown. They were forced to the region that later bore the name [[Achaea]] after the [[Dorians|Dorian]] invasion.<ref>[[Herodotus]] VII 94,VIII 73. [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] VII,1.</ref> In the 5th century BC, they were redefined as contemporary speakers of [[Aeolic]] Greek which was spoken mainly in [[Thessaly]], [[Boeotia]] and [[Lesbos]]. There are many controversial theories on the origin of the Achaeans. According to one view, the Achaeans were one of the fair-headed tribes of upper Europe, who pressed down over the Alps during the early [[Iron age]] (1300 BC) to southern Europe.<ref>W. Ridgeway, L. Myres.''Classical review''. vol xvi 1902, p.68,93,135 [http://www.1911.encyclopedia.org/Achaeans Classic-Encyclopedia]</ref> Another theory suggests that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans.<ref>K.J.Beloch.''Griechische Geschichte''.1:I p, 92 p 88,n I</ref> These theories are rejected by other scholars who, based on linguistic criteria, suggest that the Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks.<ref>Eduard Meyer.''Geschichte des Altertums''.112,I(1928) p 251</ref> There is also the theory that there was an Achaean ethnos that migrated from [[Asia minor]] to lower Thessaly prior to 2000 BC.<ref>W.K.Prentice.''The Achaeans''. ''American Journal of Archeology'' 33.2 April 1929 p. 206</ref> Some [[Hittites|Hittite]] texts mention a nation lying to the west called ''Ahhiyava'' or ''Ahhiya''.<ref>Jack Martin Balcer and John Matthew.''Exploring the European past''. p 72-73 [http://custom.cengage.com/static_content/OLC/053427000X/etep_ch03.pdf Mycenean society and its collapse]</ref> Egyptian documents refer to [[Ekwesh]], one of the groups of [[sea peoples]] who attached Egypt during the reign of [[Merneptah]] (1213-1203 BCE), who may have been Achaeans.<ref>Robert Drews.''The end of the bronze age''.Princeton university Press.1993 p.49</ref>', 302 => false, 303 => '==== Danaans ({{lang|grc|Δαναοί}})====', 304 => 'In [[Homer]]'s [[Iliad]], the names [[Achaeans (Homer)|Danaans]] (or ''Danaoi'': Δαναοί) and [[Argos|Argives]] (''Argives'': Αργείοι) are used to designate the Greek forces opposed to the [[Troy|Trojans]]. The myth of [[Danaus]], whose origin is [[Egypt]], is a foundation legend of [[Argos]]. His daughters ''[[Daughters of Danaus|Danaides]]'', were forced in [[Tartarus]] to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom. This myth is connected with a task that can never be fulfilled ([[Sisyphos]]) and the name can be derived from the [[PIE]] root ''*danu'': "river".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=danube |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref><ref>[[Julius Pokorny]].''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch''. Entry 313</ref> There is not any satisfactory theory on their origin. Some scholars connect Danaans with the [[Denyen]], one of the groups of the [[sea peoples]] who attacked Egypt during the reign of Ramesses III (1187-1156 BCE).<ref>[[Medinet Habu (temple)|]] inscription of Ramesses III's 8th year lines 16-17. transl. by John A. Wilson in Pritcard, J.B. (ed.) Ancient Near East texts relating to the Old Testament, 3rd edition, Princeton 1969. p 262 "They made a conspiracy in their islands... [[Peleset]], [[Tjeker]], [[Shekelesh]], [[Denyen]] and [[Weshesh]]."</ref> The same inscription mentions the [[Weshesh]] who might have been the Achaeans. The Denyen seem to have been inhabitants of the city [[Adana]] in [[Cilicia]]. Pottery similar to that of Mycenae itself has been found in Tarsus of Cilicia and it seems that some refugees from the Aegean went there after the collapse of the Mycenean civilization. These Cilicians seem to have been called Dananiyim, the same word as Danaoi who attacked Egypt in 1191 BC along with the Quaouash (or Weshesh) who may be Achaeans.<ref>Jack Martin Balcer and John Matthew. ''Exploring the European past''. p 72-74 [http://custom.cengage.com/static_content/OLC/053427000X/etep_ch03.pdf Mycenean society and its collapse.]</ref> They were also called ''Danuna'' according to a [[Hittites|Hittite]] inscription and the same name is mentioned in the [[Amarna]] letters.<ref>[[Amarna letters-localities and their rulers]].EA 151</ref> [[Julius Pokorny]] reconstructs the name from the [[PIE]] root ''da:-'': "flow, river", ''da:-nu'': "any moving liquid, drops", ''da: navo'' "people living by the river, Skyth. nomadic people (in [[Rigveda]] water-demons, fem.Da:nu primordial goddess), in Greek ''Danaoi'', Egypt. ''Danuna''".<ref>[[Julius Pokorny]].''Indogermanisches Etymologisces Woerterbuch''. Entry 313 ISBN 0-8288-6602-3</ref> It is also possible that the name ''Danaans'' is pre-Greek. A country ''Danaja'' with a city Mukana (propaply: [[Mycenea]]) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt from Amenophis III (1390-1352 BC), Thutmosis III (1437 BC).<ref>[[Beekes]].''Greek etymological dictionary'' entry 6541</ref>', 305 => false, 306 => '* '''[[Romioi]]''', '''[[Rûm]]''' (traditionally for the [[Byzantine Greeks]] when the term ''Greek'' came to mean [[pagan]])', 307 => '* '''[[Yona]]''' or '''Yavana''' (transliterations of the Greek word for "[[Ionians]]")', 308 => '* '''[[Javan]]''' or '''Yavan''' (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]])', 309 => false, 310 => '===Modern and Ancient===', 311 => '[[File:Funerary stele.jpg|thumb|Family group on a funerary [[stele]] from Athens, [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens|National Archaeological Museum]], [[Athens]].]]', 312 => false, 313 => 'The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language, which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day, albeit with a break during the [[Greek Dark Ages]] (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC).<ref name=Adrados>{{cite book |title= A History of the Greek Language: From Its Origins to the Present |last= Adrados|first= Francisco Rodríguez |year=2005 |publisher= BRILL |isbn=90-04-12835-2 |pages=xii, 3–5}}</ref> Scholars compare its continuity of tradition to [[Chinese language|Chinese]] alone.<ref name=Adrados/><ref name="Browning">{{cite book |title=Medieval and Modern Greek |last= Browning |first= Robert |year=1983 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-23488-3 |page= vii|quote=The Homeric poems were first written down in more or less their present form in the seventh century B.C. Since then Greek has enjoyed a continuous tradition down to the present day. Change there has certainly been. But there has been no break like that between Latin and Romance languages. Ancient Greek is not a foreign language to the Greek of today as Anglo-Saxon is to the modern Englishman. The only other language which enjoys comparable continuity of tradition is Chinese.}}</ref> Since its inception, Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture<ref name=Roberts1/> and the national continuity of the Greek world is a lot more certain than its demographic.<ref name=ADS>{{cite book |author=Smith, Anthony Robert |title=National identity |publisher=University of Nevada Press |location=Reno |year=1991 |pages= 29–32|isbn=0-87417-204-7 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> Yet, Hellenism also embodied an ancestral dimension through aspects of Athenian literature that developed and influenced ideas of descent based on autochthony.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity|last= Benjamin |first= Isaac |year= 2004|publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 0-691-12598-8|page= 504|quote= Autochthony, being an Athenian idea and represented in many Athenian texts, is likely to have influenced a broad public of readers, wherever Greek literature was read.}}</ref> During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, areas such as [[Ionia]] and [[Constantinople]] experienced a Hellenic revival in language, philosophy, and literature and on classical models of thought and scholarship.<ref name=ADS/> This revival provided a powerful impetus to the sense of cultural affinity with ancient Greece and its classical heritage.<ref name=ADS/> The cultural changes undergone by the Greeks are, despite a surviving common sense of ethnicity, undeniable.<ref name=ADS/> At the same time, the Greeks have retained their language and [[Greek alphabet|alphabet]], certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion, (the word ''[[barbarian]]'' was used by 12th-century historian [[Anna Komnene]] to describe non-Greek speakers),<ref>{{cite book |title= [[Alexiad]] |last= Comnena |first= Anna |publisher= |isbn= |page=Books 1–15 }}</ref> a sense of Greek identity and common sense of ethnicity despite the global political and social changes of the past two millennia.<ref name=ADS/>', 314 => false, 315 => '===Demographics===', 316 => '{{Main|Demographics of Greece|Demographics of Cyprus}}', 317 => 'Today, Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the [[Hellenic Republic]],<ref name=Greece>{{cite web|url= http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_10_Y.pdf 2001|title=Census data|accessdate=7 January 2009|work=Census|language=Greek|publisher=www.statistics.gr|year=2001}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> where they constitute 93% of the country's population,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html#People |title=CIA Factbook|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=|publisher=US Government|year=2007}}</ref> and the [[Republic of Cyprus]] where they make up 78% of the island's population (excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country).<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url =http://www.pio.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/805CB6E0CF012914C2257122003F3A84/$file/MAIN%20RESULTS-EN.xls?OpenElement 2001 |title=Census|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=|publisher=|date=}}</ref> Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth; nonetheless, the population of Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828.<ref name=BritPop>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = Greece, Demography |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> A large percentage of the population growth since the state's foundation has resulted from annexation of new territories and the influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|1923 population exchange]] between Greece and Turkey.<ref name=BritPop/> About 80% of the population of Greece is urban, with 28% concentrated in the city of Athens<ref name=EconWorld>{{cite book |author= |title=Pocket World in Figures (Economist) |publisher=Economist Books |location=London |year=2006 |page=150|chapter=Merchant Marine, Tertiary enrollment by age group |isbn=1-86197-825-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>', 318 => false, 319 => 'Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the [[British Empire]]. Waves of [[emigration]] followed the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility.<ref name=BritPopC>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Cyprus Demographic trends|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> After the [[ethnic cleansing]] of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974,<ref>{{cite book |title=Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict |last= Welz |first= Gisela |year= 2006|publisher= Indiana University Press |isbn= 0-253-21851-9|page= 2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos |title=The Prevention of Human Rights Violations (International Studies in Human Rights) |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2001 |page=24 |isbn=90-411-1672-9 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Borowiec, Andrew |title=Cyprus: a troubled island |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=2000 |page=2 |isbn=0-275-96533-3 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rezun, Miron |title=Europe's nightmare: the struggle for Kosovo |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |year=2001 |page=6 |isbn=0-275-97072-8 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Brown, Neville |title=Global instability and strategic defence |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2004 |page=48|isbn=0-415-30413-X |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s.<ref name=BritPopC/> Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.<ref name=BritPopC/>', 320 => false, 321 => 'There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 people, in [[Greek minority in Albania|Albania]].<ref name=Albania>{{cite web |publisher=Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|url=http://www.regione.taa.it/biblioteca/minoranze/Albania_d.aspx |title=Official site of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol-Report of the minorities in Albania}}</ref> The Greek minority of [[Greeks in Turkey|Turkey]], which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 [[Istanbul Pogrom|Constantinople Pogrom]] and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.<ref>{{cite news |first= George |last= Gilson |title= Destroying a minority: Turkey's attack on the Greeks |work= Athens News |page= |date=24 June 2005 |accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13136&m=A10&aa=1&eidos=S}}</ref> This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three thousand year old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul |last= Vryonis |first= Speros Jr. |year= 2005|publisher= New York: Greekworks |isbn=978-0-9747660-3-4 |pages= 1–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= Mehmet Ali', 322 => '|last= Birand |title= The shame of Sept. 6-7 is always with us |work= Hurriyet |page= |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-559132 }}</ref> There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the [[Greeks in Lebanon|Levant]] and the [[Greeks in Georgia|Black Sea]] states, remnants of the Old [[Greek Diaspora]] (pre-19th century).<ref name=Prevelakis>{{cite web|url=http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/prevelakis.PDF|format=PDF|title=prevelakis.PDF (application/pdf Object)|publisher=www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk|accessdate=27 December 2008|last=Prevelakis|first=George}}</ref>', 323 => false, 324 => '===Diaspora===', 325 => '{{Main|Greek diaspora}}', 326 => '[[File:ZachGalifianakisMar07.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zach Galifianakis]], American stand-up comedian and actor of Greek ancestry ]]', 327 => 'The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where Census figures are available, they show around 3 million Greeks outside [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]]. Estimates provided by the [[SAE - World Council of Hellenes Abroad]] put the figure at around 7 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sae.gr/?id=12566&tag=%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%20%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%20%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D|title=Speech by Vasilis Magdalinos|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=|publisher=SAE|date=29 December 2006}}</ref> According to George Prevelakis of [[Sorbonne University]], the number is closer to just below 5 million.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/prevelakis.PDF |format=PDF|title=Finis Greciae or the Return of the Greeks? State and Diaspora in the Context of Globalisation | accessdate=27 December 2008|work= George Prevelakis| publisher=Oxford University|date=}}</ref> Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the [[Greek diaspora|Omogeneia]]. Important centres of the New Greek Diaspora today are [[British Greeks|London]], [[Greek Americans|New York]], [[Greek Australians|Melbourne]] and [[Greek Canadians|Toronto]].<ref name=Prevelakis/> Recently, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that enables Diaspora Greeks in Greece to vote in the elections of the Greek state.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/Articles/en-US/15072008_SB1306.htm|title= Meeting on the exercise of voting rights by foreigners of Greek origin', 328 => '|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=|publisher=|date=15 July 2008}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>', 329 => false, 330 => '====Ancient====', 331 => '[[File:Griechischen und phönizischen Kolonien.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Greek colonization in antiquity.]]', 332 => 'In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in [[Magna Graecia|Sicily and southern Italy]] (also known as [[Magna Grecia]]), Spain, the [[Marseille#History|south of France]] and the [[Pontian Greeks|Black sea coasts]].<ref name=Apoikiai>{{cite book |title= The Cambridge Ancient History: Plates to Volume III : the Middle East, the Greek World and the Balkans to the Sixth Century B.C.|last= Boardman |first= John |year= 1984|publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-24289-4 |pages=136, 276–278}}</ref> Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the [[Seleucid Kingdom|Middle East]], [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|India]] and in [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Egypt]].<ref name=Apoikiai/> The [[Hellenistic period]] is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in [[Dayuan|Asia]] and [[Cyrene, Libya|Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History|coauthors= Peregrine and Purcell, Nicholas |last= Horden |first= Peregrine |year= 2000|publisher= Blackwell Publishing |isbn= 0-631-21890-4|page=111,128}}</ref> Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the [[lingua franca]] rather than [[Latin]].<ref name=Her/> The modern-day [[Griko people|Griko community]] of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000,<ref name="www.greciasalentina.org.org"/><ref name="Bellinello, Pier Francesco 1998 53"/> may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy.', 333 => false, 334 => '====Modern====', 335 => '[[File:50 largest Greek diaspora.png|thumb|220px|Greek Diaspora (20th century).]]', 336 => 'During and after the [[Greek War of Independence]], Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad.<ref>{{cite book |title= Modern Greece: A Cultural Poetics |last= Calotychos |first= Vangelis |year= 2003|publisher= Berg Publishers |isbn= 1-85973-716-1|page=16}}</ref> Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in [[Greeks in France|France]], Livorno in [[Greeks in Italy|Italy]], Alexandria in [[Greeks in Egypt|Egypt]]), [[Greeks in Russia|Russia]] ([[Odessa]] and [[Saint Petersburg]]), and [[British Greeks|Britain]] (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.<ref name=Diasp>{{cite book |title=Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History |last= Baghdiantz McCabe |first= Ina|author2=Gelina Harlaftis |author3=Iōanna Pepelasē Minoglou |year= 2000|publisher= Macmillan |isbn= 0-333-60047-9|page= 147}}</ref> Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name=Diasp/>', 337 => false, 338 => 'As markets changed and they became more established, some families grew their operations to become [[Greek shipping|shippers]], financed through the local Greek community, notably with the aid of the [[Ralli Brothers|Ralli]] or [[Panayis Athanase Vagliano|Vagliano Brothers]].<ref name=Kard>{{cite book |title=''Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775-1861 |last= Kardasis |first= Vassilis |year= 2001|publisher= Lexington Books |isbn= 0-7391-0245-1|pages=xvii-xxi}}</ref> With economic success, the Diaspora expanded further across the [[Greeks in Syria|Levant]], North Africa, India and the USA.<ref name=Kard/><ref name=Clogg>{{cite book |title=The Greek diaspora in the twentieth century |last= Clogg |first= Richard |year= 2000|publisher= Macmillan |isbn= 0-333-60047-9 |chapter= The Greeks in America }}</ref>', 339 => false, 340 => 'In the 20th century, many Greeks left their traditional homelands for economic reasons resulting in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Canada, [[Greeks in Germany|Germany]], and [[Greeks in South Africa|South Africa]], especially after the [[Second World War]] (1939–45), the [[Greek Civil War]] (1946–49), and the [[Turkish Invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974.<ref name=EnDi>{{cite book |title= Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume II: Diaspora Communities |last= |first= |year= 2004|publisher= Springer |isbn= 0-306-48321-1|pages=85–92 |author= edited by Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard.}}</ref>', 341 => false, 342 => 'While official figures remain scarce, polls and anecdotal evidence point to renewed Greek emigration as a result of the [[Greek financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://usa.greekreporter.com/2012/04/11/as-crisis-deepens-astoria-finds-its-greek-essence-again/|title= As Crisis Deepens, Astoria Finds Its Greek Essence Again |accessdate=14 April 2012|work=|publisher=|date=11 April 2012}}</ref> According to data published by the [[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] in 2011, 23,800 Greeks emigrated to Germany, a significant increase over the previous year. By comparison, about 9,000 Greeks emigrated to Germany in 2009 and 12,000 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2012/05/20/Greece-Already-Close-to-Breaking-Point.aspx#page1|title= Greece Already Close to Breaking Point |accessdate=22 May 2012|work=|publisher=The Fiscal Times|date=20 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303649504577492411116780178.html|title= OECD Says Euro-Zone Crisis Has Led to Some Emigration |accessdate=5 July 2012|work=|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>', 343 => false, 344 => '==Culture==', 345 => '{{Main|Culture of Greece}}', 346 => '[[File:Family marriage.jpg|thumb|Scenes of marriage and family life in [[Constantinople]].]]', 347 => '[[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization, continuing through the Classical period, the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity, which it in turn influenced and shaped.<ref name=HelChr1>{{cite book |title=Hellenism, Judaism, Christianity: Essays on Their Interaction |last=van der Horst |first=Pieter Willem |year= 1998|publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=90-429-0578-6 |pages= 9–11 |authorlink= Pieter Willem van der Horst}}</ref><ref name=HelChr2>{{cite book |title= History of Political Ideas: Hellenism, Rome, and Early Christianity|last=Voegelin |first=Eric |author2=Ellis Sandoz |author3=Athanasios Moulakis |year= 1997|publisher= University of Missouri Press|isbn=0-8262-1126-7 |pages=175–179 }}</ref> [[Ottoman Greeks]] had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in [[Greek genocide|genocide]] in the 20th century but nevertheless included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures.<ref name=IAGSrec>[http://genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf ]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |date=February 2008 |title=The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification |journal= Journal of Genocide Research |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=41–58 |url=|doi= 10.1080/14623520701850286 |author= Bjørnlund, Matthias }}</ref><ref name= Schaller >{{cite journal |first=Schaller, Dominik J |last=Zimmerer, Jürgen |title=Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies - introduction |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=10 |year=2008 |doi=10.1080/14623520801950820 |page=7 |last2=Zimmerer |first2=Jurgen | issue=1}}</ref><ref name= Levene2 >{{cite journal |first=Mark |last=Levene |title=Creating a Modern "Zone of Genocide": The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923 |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |volume=12 |year=1998 |doi=10.1093/hgs/12.3.393 |page=393 | issue=3}}</ref><ref name=TatzJatz>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=khCffgX1NPIC&pg=PR13&lpg=PR13&vq= |title=With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide |first=Colin Tatz |last=Cohn Jatz |publisher=Verso |year=2003 |isbn=1-85984-550-9 |location=Essex}}</ref> The [[Diafotismos]] is credited with revitalizing Greek culture and giving birth to the synthesis of ancient and medieval elements that characterize it today.<ref name=BritIdent/><ref name=Mazower/>', 348 => false, 349 => '===Language===', 350 => '{{Main|Greek language}}', 351 => '[[File:AGMA Ostrakon Cimon.jpg|thumb|Ancient Greek [[Ostracon]] bearing the name of [[Cimon]]. [[Stoa of Attalos|Museum of the Ancient Agora]], [[Athens]].]]', 352 => false, 353 => 'Most Greeks speak the [[Greek language]], an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that forms a branch itself, with its closest relations being [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (see [[Graeco-Armenian]]) and the [[Indo-Iranian languages]] (see [[Graeco-Aryan]]).<ref name=Adrados/> It has one of the longest documented histories of any language and [[Greek literature]] has a continuous history of over 2,500 years.<ref name=BritLit>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Greek literature |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> Several notable literary works, including the [[Homer|Homeric epics]], [[Euclid's Elements]] and the [[New Testament]], were originally written in Greek.', 354 => false, 355 => 'Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other [[Languages of the Balkans|Balkan languages]], such as [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Eastern Romance languages]] (see [[Balkan sprachbund]]), and has absorbed many foreign words, primarily of Western European and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] origin.<ref>{{cite book |title= An Introduction to Contact Linguistics |last= Winford |first= Donald |year= 2003|publisher= Blackwell Publishing |isbn= 0-631-21251-5|page= 71}}</ref> Because of the movements of [[Philhellenism]] and the [[Diafotismos]] in the 19th century, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of [[Katharevousa]], a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the [[Hellenic Parliament]] voted to make the spoken [[Dimotiki]] the official language, making Katharevousa obsolete.<ref>{{cite book |title= Background to Contemporary Greece |last= Sarafis |first= Marion |author2=Martin Eve |year= 1990|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |isbn= 0-85036-393-4|page=25 }}</ref>', 356 => false, 357 => '[[Modern Greek]] has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide [[Varieties of Modern Greek|variety of dialects]] of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]], [[Pontic language|Pontic]], [[Cappadocian Greek|Cappadocian]], [[Griko language|Griko]] and [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] (the only surviving representative of ancient [[Doric Greek]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features|last= Tomic |first= Olga Miseska |year= 2006|publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-4487-9|page= 703}}</ref> [[Yevanic language|Yevanic]] is the language of the [[Romaniotes]], and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greeks in Greece and the Diaspora are bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, [[Arvanitika]], [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Slavic dialects of Greece|Macedonian Slavic]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and Turkish.<ref name=Adrados/><ref>{{cite book |title=The Sociolinguistics of Society|last= Fasold |first= Ralph W. |year= 1984|publisher= Blackwell Publishing |isbn= 0-631-13462-X |page= 160}}</ref>', 358 => false, 359 => '===Religion===', 360 => '{{main|Religion in ancient Greece|Orthodox Church}}', 361 => '[[File:P46.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Papyrus 46]] is one of the oldest extant [[New Testament]] manuscripts in [[Greek language|Greek]], written on [[papyrus]], with its 'most probable date' between 175-225.]]', 362 => false, 363 => 'Most Greeks are [[Christian]]s, belonging to the [[Greek Orthodox Church]]. During the first centuries after [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], the [[New Testament]] was originally written in [[Koine Greek]], which remains the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]] of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking.<ref name=HelChr1/><ref name=HelChr2/> There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations like [[Roman Catholicism in Greece|Greek Catholics]], [[Greek Evangelical Church|Greek Evangelicals]], [[Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost|Pentecostals]], and groups adhering to other religions including [[Romaniotes|Romaniot]] and [[Sephardic Jews]]<!-- "Jews" is modified by both Romaniot and Sephardic, so should not be part of the "Sephardic Jews" wikilink--> and [[Greek Muslims]]. About 2,000 Greeks are members of [[Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism]] congregations.<ref>{{cite news |first= James |last= Head |title=The ancient gods of Greece are not extinct |work=The New Statesman |page=The Faith Column |date= 20 March 2007 |accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-faith-column/2007/03/ancient-greek-gods-greece }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last= de Quetteville |title=Modern Athenians fight for the right to worship the ancient Greek gods |work=The Telegraph |page= |date=8 May 2004 |accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/1461311/Modern-Athenians-fight-for-the-right-to-worship-the-ancient-Greek-gods.html | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm|title=Freedom of Religion in Greece|accessdate=19 December 2008|work= International Religious Freedom Report |publisher= United States Department of State|year=2006}}</ref>', 364 => false, 365 => 'Greek-speaking Muslims live mainly outside Greece in the contemporary era. There are both Christian and Muslim Greek-speaking communities in [[Greeks in Lebanon|Lebanon]] and [[Greeks in Syria|Syria]], while in the [[Pontus]] region of [[Turkey]] there is a large community of indeterminate size who were spared from the [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] because of their religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webs.uvigo.es/ssl/actas2002/05/08.%20Roula%20Tsokalidou.pdf |format=PDF |title=Greek-Speaking Enclaves of Lebanon and Syria|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=Proceedings:II Simposio Internacional Bilingüismo|publisher=Roula Tsokalidou|date=}}</ref>', 366 => false, 367 => '===Art===', 368 => '{{See also|Greek art|Ancient Greek theatre|Music of Greece|Cinema of Greece}}', 369 => '[[File:The Assumption of the Virgin 1577.jpg|thumb|120px|left|[[El Greco]]'s ''Assumption of the Virgin'' (1577–1579).]]', 370 => false, 371 => 'Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts.<ref name=Osbourn>{{cite book |author=Osborne, Robin |title=Archaic and classical Greek art |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1998 |pages=1–3 |isbn=0-19-284202-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> In the West, [[Art in ancient Greece|ancient Greek art]] was influential in shaping the [[Roman art|Roman]] and later the modern [[Western art history|western art]]istic heritage. Following the [[Renaissance]] in [[Europe]], the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.<ref name=Osbourn/> Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece played an important role in the art of the western world.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pollitt, J. J. |title=Art and experience in classical Greece |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1972 |pages=xii-xv |isbn=0-521-09662-6 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> In the East, [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, [[Central Asia]]n and [[Culture of India|Indian]] cultures, resulting in [[Greco-Buddhist art]], whose influence reached as far as [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Puri, Baij Nath |title=Buddhism in central Asia |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=1987 |pages=28–29 |isbn=81-208-0372-8 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>', 372 => false, 373 => '[[Byzantine art|Byzantine Greek art]], which grew from [[Fayum portraits|classical art]] and adapted the pagan motifs in the service of Christianity, provided a stimulus to the art of many nations.<ref name=MangArt>{{cite book |author=Mango, Cyril A. |title=The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453: sources and documents |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |year=1986 |pages=ix-xiv, 183 |isbn=0-8020-6627-5 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> Its influences can be traced from [[Venice]] in the West to [[Kazakhstan]] in the East.<ref name=MangArt/><ref>{{cite news |title= The Byzantine Empire, The lasting glory of its art |work= The Economist|page= |date=4 October 2007 |accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9900058}}</ref> In turn, Greek art was influenced by eastern civilizations in classical antiquity and the new religion of Orthodox Christianity during Roman times, while [[modern Greek art]] is heavily influenced by [[western art]].<ref>{{cite book |title= A History of Greek Art |last= Bigelow Tarbell |first= Frank |year= 2008|publisher= BiblioBazaar, LLC |isbn= 0-554-28379-4|page=27 }}</ref>', 374 => false, 375 => 'Notable modern Greek artists include [[Renaissance]] painter [[Dominikos Theotokopoulos]] (El Greco), [[Panagiotis Doxaras]], [[Nikolaos Gyzis]], [[Nikiphoros Lytras]], [[Yannis Tsarouchis]], [[Nikos Engonopoulos]], [[Constantine Andreou]], [[Jannis Kounellis]], sculptors such as [[Leonidas Drosis]], [[Georgios Bonanos]], [[Yannoulis Chalepas]] and [[Joannis Avramidis]], conductor [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]], soprano [[Maria Callas]], composers such as [[Mikis Theodorakis]], [[Nikos Skalkottas]], [[Iannis Xenakis]], [[Manos Hatzidakis]], [[Eleni Karaindrou]], [[Yanni]] and [[Vangelis]], one of the best-selling singers worldwide [[Nana Mouskouri]] and poets such as [[Kostis Palamas]], [[Dionysios Solomos]], [[Angelos Sikelianos]] and [[Yannis Ritsos]]. [[Alexandria]]n [[Constantine P. Cavafy]] and [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]]s [[Giorgos Seferis]] and [[Odysseas Elytis]] are among the most important poets of the 20th century. Novel is also represented by [[Alexandros Papadiamantis]] and [[Nikos Kazantzakis]].', 376 => false, 377 => 'Notable Greek actors include [[Marika Kotopouli]], [[Melina Mercouri]], [[Ellie Lambeti]], [[Academy Award]] winner [[Katina Paxinou]], [[Dimitris Horn]], [[Manos Katrakis]] and [[Irene Papas]]. [[Alekos Sakellarios]], [[Michael Cacoyannis]] and [[Theo Angelopoulos]] are among the most important directors.', 378 => false, 379 => '===Science===', 380 => '{{see also|Greek mathematics|Ancient Greek medicine|Byzantine science|Greek scholars in the Renaissance}}', 381 => '[[File:Aristarchus working.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aristarchus of Samos]] was the first known individual to propose a [[heliocentrism|heliocentric system]], in the 3rd century BC]]', 382 => 'The Greeks of the Classical era made several notable contributions to science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics. The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in [[Constantinople]], [[Antioch]], [[Alexandria]] and other centres of Greek learning while Eastern Roman science was essentially a continuation of classical science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historymedren.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=historymedren&cdn=education&tm=7&f=00&tt=14&bt=0&bts=0&zu=http%3A//www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/texte.htm |title=Byzantine Medicine&nbsp;— Vienna Dioscurides|accessdate=27 May 2007 |work=Antiqua Medicina|publisher=University of Virginia}}</ref> Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in ''paideia'' (education).<ref name=Harris/> ''Paideia'' was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the [[Fall of Constantinople|city's fall]] to the Ottomans in 1453.<ref name="texor">{{cite web|url= http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html |title=Jerome Bump, University of Constantinople|accessdate=19 December 2008|work= The Origin of Universities |publisher= University of Texas at Austin |date=}}</ref> The [[University of Constantinople]] was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught,<ref>{{cite book |last=Tatakes |first=Vasileios N. |author2=Moutafakis, Nicholas J. |title=Byzantine Philosophy |year=2003 |publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=0-87220-563-0|page=189}}</ref> and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world’s first university as well.<ref name="texor"/>', 383 => false, 384 => 'As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education.<ref name=EconWorld/> Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names.<ref>{{cite news |title= University reforms in Greece face student protests |work=The Economist|page= |date=6 July 2006 |accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ }}</ref> Notable modern Greek scientists of modern times include [[Dimitrios Galanos]], [[Georgios Papanikolaou]] (inventor of the [[Pap test]]), [[Nicholas Negroponte]], [[Constantin Carathéodory]], [[Manolis Andronikos]], [[Michael Dertouzos]], [[John Argyris]], [[Panagiotis Kondylis]], [[John Iliopoulos]] (2007 [[Dirac Prize]] for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), [[Joseph Sifakis]] (2007 [[Turing Award]], the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), [[Christos Papadimitriou]] (2002 [[Knuth Prize]], 2012 [[Gödel Prize]]), [[Mihalis Yannakakis]] (2005 [[Knuth Prize]]) and [[Dimitri Nanopoulos]].', 385 => false, 386 => '===Symbols===', 387 => '{{See also|Flag of Greece}}', 388 => '[[File:Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.svg|thumb|180px|The flag of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] is based on the coat of arms of the [[Palaiologoi]], the last dynasty of the [[Byzantine Empire]].]]', 389 => '[[File:Greek Independence 1821.svg|thumb|180px|Traditional Greek flag.]]', 390 => false, 391 => 'The most widely used symbol is the [[flag of Greece]], which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto ''[[Eleftheria i thanatos]]'' (freedom or death), which was the motto of the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref>{{cite book |title= War, a Cruel Necessity?: The Bases of Institutionalized Violence |last= Hinde |first= Robert A.|author2=Helen Watson |year= 1995|publisher= I.B.Tauris |isbn= 1-85043-824-2|page=55}}</ref> The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross, which represents [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodoxy]]. The Greek flag is widely used by the [[Greek Cypriots]], although [[Cyprus]] has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] minority&nbsp;– see [[flag of Cyprus]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.presidency.gr/en/shmaia.htm |title= The Flag|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=Law 851, Gov. Gazette 233, issue A, dated 21/22.12.1978|publisher =Presidency of the Hellenic Republic|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20081015001727/http://www.presidency.gr/en/shmaia.htm <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archivedate=15 October 2008}}</ref>', 392 => false, 393 => 'The pre-1978 (and first) flag of Greece, which features a [[Cross|Greek cross]] (''crux immissa quadrata'') on a blue background, is widely used as an alternative to the official flag, and they are often flown together. The [[national emblem of Greece]] features a blue [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] with a white cross surrounded by two laurel branches. A common design involves the current flag of Greece and the pre-1978 flag of Greece with crossed flagpoles and the national emblem placed in front.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.att.sch.gr/zskafid/simea5a.htm |title=Older Flags=19 December 2008|work= Flags of the Greeks (contains an image of the 1665 original for the current Greek flag) |publisher= Skafidas Zacharias|date=}}</ref>', 394 => false, 395 => 'Another highly recognizable and popular Greek symbol is the [[Flag of Greece#Double-headed eagle|double-headed eagle]], the imperial emblem of the last dynasty of the Roman Empire and a common symbol in [[Asia Minor]] and, later, [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Grierson, Philip; Bellinger, Alfred Raymond; Hendy, Michael F. |title=Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |location=Washington, DC |year=1992 |page= 66|isbn=0-88402-261-7 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> It is not part of the modern Greek flag or coat of arms, although it is officially the insignia of the [[Greek Army]] and the flag of the [[Church of Greece]]. It had been incorporated in the Greek coat of arms between 1925 and 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/byzantin.htm |title= Byzantine Flags|accessdate=19 December 2008|work=Byzantine Heraldry |publisher=François Velde |year=1997}}</ref>', 396 => false, 397 => '===Surnames===', 398 => '{{see also|Greek name}}', 399 => false, 400 => 'Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father’s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics.<ref name=Wickham>{{cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |title=Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2005 |page=237 |isbn=0-19-926449-X |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine [[proper nouns]] in the [[nominative case]]. Exceptionally, some end in -ou, indicating the [[genitive case]] of this proper noun for patronymic reasons.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chuang, Rueyling; Fong, Mary |title=Communicating ethnic and cultural identity |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham, Md |year=2004 |page=39 |isbn=0-7425-1738-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> Although surnames in mainland Greece are static today, dynamic and changing patronymic usage survives in middle names where the genitive of father's first name is commonly the middle name (this usage having been passed on to the [[Russian names|Russians]]). In Cyprus, by contrast, surnames follow the ancient tradition of being given according to the father’s name.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kenyon, Sherrilyn |title=The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook |publisher=Writer's Digest Books |location=Cincinnati |year=2005 |page=155 |isbn=1-58297-295-8 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hart, Anne |title=Search Your Middle Eastern And European Genealogy: In The Former Ottoman Empire's Records And Online |publisher=ASJA Press |location= |year=2004 |page=123 |isbn=0-595-31811-8 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.dimitri.8m.com/surnames.html |title=Main page |accessdate=19 December 2008|work= Database of Greek surnames |publisher=Dimitrios J.|date=}}</ref> Finally, in addition to Greek-derived surnames many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin.<ref>{{cite book |author=Koliopoulos, Giannes |title=Brigands with a cause: brigandage and irredentism in modern Greece, 1821-1912 |publisher=Clarendon |location=Oxford [Eng.] |year=1987 |pages=xii |isbn=0-19-822863-5 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>', 401 => false, 402 => 'With respect to personal names, the two main influences are early Christianity and antiquity. The ancient names were never forgotten but have become more widely bestowed from the 18th century onwards.<ref name=oxnames>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/names/modern.html |title= The Transition of Modern Greek Names |accessdate=19 December 2008|work= Lexicon of Greek Personal Names |publisher=Oxford University|date=}}</ref>', 403 => false, 404 => '===Sea===', 405 => '{{Main|Greek shipping}}', 406 => 'The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the [[Southern Italy]] ([[Magna Graecia]]), the [[Black Sea]], the [[Ionia|Ionian coasts]] of [[Asia Minor]] and the islands of [[Cyprus]] and [[Sicily]]. In Plato's ''[[Phaedo|Phaidon]]'', Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean.<ref>{{cite book |title= Phaidon |last= Plato |first= |publisher= |isbn= |page=109c|quote=''ὥσπερ περὶ τέλμα μύρμηκας ἢ βατράχους περὶ τὴν θάλατταν οἰκοῦντας''}}</ref><ref name=" Harl, Kenneth W. 1996 260 ">{{cite book |author= Harl, Kenneth W. |title=Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700 |publisher= JHU Press |year= 1996 |page=260 |isbn=9780801852916 |quote=ISBN 0801852919" "Cities employed the coins of an empire that formed a community of cities encircling the Mediterranean Sea, which Romans audaciously called "Our Sea" (mare nostrum) "We live around a sea like frogs around a pond" was how Socrates, so Plato tells us, described to his friends the Hellenic cities of the Aegean in the late fifth century B.C. }}</ref> This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora, which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the [[Greece|Greek state]] in 1832. The [[sea]] and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.<ref name=Roberts1/>', 407 => false, 408 => 'Notable Greek seafarers include people such as [[Pytheas]] of Marseilles, [[Scylax of Caryanda]] who sailed to Iberia and beyond, [[Nearchus]], the 6th century merchant and later monk [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] (''Cosmas who sailed to India'') and the explorer of the Northwestern passage [[Juan de Fuca]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Casson, Lionel |title=The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J |year=1991 |page=124 |isbn=0-691-01477-9 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hubert, Henri |title=Rise of the Celts |publisher=Biblo-Moser |location= |year=1985 |pages= |isbn=0-8196-0183-7 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Winstedt, Eric Otto |title=The Christian Topography Of Cosmas Indicopleustes |publisher=Forbes Press |location= |year=2008 |pages=1–3 |isbn=1-4097-9996-4 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Withey, Lynne |title=Voyages of Discovery: Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1989 |page=42 |isbn=0-520-06564-6 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> In later times, the Romioi plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the [[Byzantine Emperor|Roman Emperor]] on trade with the Caliphate opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.<ref>{{cite book |author=Holmes, George |title=The Oxford history of medieval Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2001 |pages=30–32 |isbn=0-19-280133-3 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Postan, Cynthia; [[Edward Miller (historian)|Miller, Edward]] |title=The Cambridge economic history of Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1966 |pages=132–166 |isbn=0-521-08709-0 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref>', 409 => false, 410 => 'The Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed, which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence.<ref name=BritIdent/> Today, Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world, while many more ships under Greek ownership fly [[flags of convenience]].<ref name=EconWorld/> The most notable shipping [[magnate]] of the 20th century was [[Aristotle Onassis]], others being [[Yiannis Latsis]], [[George Livanos]], and [[Stavros Niarchos]].<ref>{{cite news |first= Myrna |last= Blyth |title= Greek Tragedy, The life of Aristotle Onassis |work= National Review Online |date=12 August 2004|accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NDRjYzJhMWI5ZjE3ZmNmOWQ0YWEyNjBkYmI1MjhiODI=}}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= Helena |last= Smith |title= Callas takes centre stage again as exhibition recalls Onassis's life |work= The Guardian |date= 6 October 2006|accessdate=19 December 2008|url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/06/arts.artsnews | location=London}}</ref>', 411 => false, 412 => '==Timeline==', 413 => 'The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.', 414 => false, 415 => '''Some key historical events have also been included for context, but ''this timeline is not intended to cover history not related to migrations''. There is more information on the historical context of these migrations in [[History of Greece]].''', 416 => '<div class="noprint">', 417 => '<div class="references-small">', 418 => '{{MultiCol}}', 419 => '{| class="wikitable"', 420 => '|-', 421 => '! style="width:120px" |Time|| style="width:400px" |Events', 422 => '|-', 423 => '| '''3rd millennium BC'''|| [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] tribes form around the Southern Balkans/Aegean.', 424 => '|-', 425 => '| '''20th century BC'''|| Greek settlements established on the [[Balkans]]. [[Ionians]] and [[Aeolians]] spread over Greece.', 426 => '|-', 427 => '| '''17th century BC''' || Decline of the [[Minoan civilization]], possibly because of the [[Minoan eruption|eruption of Thera]]. Emergence of the [[Achaeans (tribe)|Achaeans]] and formation of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilization]].', 428 => '|-', 429 => '| '''13th century BC''' ||First [[Colonies in antiquity|colonies]] established in [[Asia Minor]].', 430 => '|-', 431 => '| '''11th century BC''' ||[[Dorians]] move into peninsular [[Greece]]. Achaeans flee to [[Aegean Islands]], Asia Minor and [[Cyprus]].', 432 => '|-', 433 => '| '''9th century BC''' ||Major colonization of Asia Minor and Cyprus by the Greek tribes.', 434 => '|-', 435 => '| '''8th century BC''' ||First major colonies established in [[Sicily]] and [[Southern Italy]].', 436 => '|-', 437 => '| '''6th century BC''' ||Colonies established across the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Black Sea]].', 438 => '|-', 439 => '| '''5th century BC''' ||Defeat of the Persians and emergence of the Delian League in [[Ionia]], the [[Black Sea]] and Aegean perimeter culminates in [[Athenian Empire]] and the [[Classical Greece|Classical Age of Greece]]; ends with Athens defeat by Sparta at the close of the [[Peloponesian War]]', 440 => '|-', 441 => '| '''4th century BC'''|| Rise of [[Thebes (Greece)|Theban]] power and defeat of the Spartans; Campaign of [[Alexander the Great]]; Greek colonies established in newly founded cities of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and Asia.', 442 => '|-', 443 => '| '''2nd century BC''' || Conquest of Greece by the [[Roman Empire]]. Migrations of Greeks to [[Rome]].', 444 => '|-', 445 => '| '''4th century AD''' || [[Eastern Roman Empire]]. Migrations of Greeks throughout the Empire, mainly towards [[Constantinople]].', 446 => '|-', 447 => '| '''7th century'''|| [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] conquest of several parts of [[Greece]], Greek migrations to [[Southern Italy]], Roman Emperors capture main Slavic bodies and transfer them to [[Cappadocia]]. The [[Bosphorus]] is re-populated by Macedonian and Cypriot Greeks.', 448 => '|-', 449 => '| '''8th century''' || Roman dissolution of surviving Slavic settlements in Greece and full recovery of the Greek peninsula.', 450 => '|-', 451 => '| '''9th century''' || Retro-migrations of Greeks from all parts of the Empire (mainly from Southern Italy and Sicily) into parts of Greece that were depopulated by the [[Slavs|Slavic Invasions]] (mainly western Peloponnesus and Thessaly).', 452 => '|-', 453 => '| '''13th century'''|| Roman Empire dissolves, Constantinople taken by the [[Fourth Crusade]]; becoming the capital of the [[Latin Empire]]. Liberated after a long struggle by the Empire of Nicaea, but fragments remain separated. Migrations between Asia Minor, Constantinople and mainland Greece take place.', 454 => '|-', 455 => '| '''15th century<br />{{spaces|8}}–<br />19th century''' || Conquest of Constantinople by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Greek diaspora]] into Europe begins. Ottoman settlements in Greece. [[Phanariot]] Greeks occupy high posts in Eastern European millets.', 456 => '|-', 457 => '| '''1830s'''|| Creation of the [[History of Modern Greece|Modern Greek State]]. Immigration to the [[New World]] begins. Large-scale migrations from Constantinople and Asia Minor to Greece take place.', 458 => '|}', 459 => '{{ColBreak}}', 460 => '{| class="wikitable"', 461 => '|-', 462 => '! style="width:120px" |Time|| style="width:400px" |Events', 463 => '|-', 464 => '| '''1913'''||European Ottoman lands partitioned; Unorganized migrations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks towards their respective states.', 465 => '|-', 466 => '| '''1914–1923''' || [[Greek genocide]]; hundreds of thousands of [[Ottoman Greeks]] are estimated to have died during this period.<ref name="Rummel">{{cite web| url= http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM |title= Statistics of Democide | work=Chapter 5, Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources |author=R. J. Rummel | accessdate =4 October 2006 |authorlink= R. J. Rummel}}</ref>', 467 => '|-', 468 => '| '''1919'''|| [[Treaty of Neuilly]]; Greece and Bulgaria exchange populations, with some exceptions.', 469 => '|-', 470 => '| '''1922'''|| [[Great Fire of Smyrna|The Destruction of Smyrna]] (modern-day Izmir) more than 40 thousand Greeks killed, End of significant Greek presence in Asia Minor.', 471 => '|-', 472 => '| '''1923'''|| Treaty of Lausanne; Greece and Turkey agree to exchange populations with limited exceptions of the Greeks in [[Constantinople]], [[Imbros]], [[Tenedos]] and the Muslim minority of [[Western Thrace]]. 1.5 million of Asia Minor and Pontic Greeks settle in Greece, and some 450 thousands of Muslims settle in Turkey.', 473 => '|-', 474 => '| '''1940s'''|| Hundred of thousands Greeks died from starvation during the [[Axis Occupation of Greece]]', 475 => '|-', 476 => '| '''1947'''|| [[Communist]] regime in Romania begins evictions of the Greek community, approx. 75,000 migrate.', 477 => '|-', 478 => '| '''1948'''|| [[Greek Civil War]]. Tens of thousands of Greek [[communist]]s and their families flee into [[Eastern Bloc]] nations. Thousands settle in [[Tashkent]].', 479 => '|-', 480 => '| '''1950s'''|| Massive emigration of Greeks to West Germany, the United States, Australia, Canada, and other countries.', 481 => '|-', 482 => '| '''1955'''|| [[Istanbul Pogrom]] against Greeks. Exodus of Greeks from the city accelerates; less than 2,000 remain today.', 483 => '|-', 484 => '| '''1958'''|| Large Greek community in Alexandria flees [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser's]] regime in [[History of Modern Egypt#Nasser and Arab socialism|Egypt]].', 485 => '|-', 486 => '|'''1960s''' || [[Republic of Cyprus]] created as an independent state under Greek, Turkish and British protection. Economic emigration continues.', 487 => '|-', 488 => '| '''1974'''||[[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]. Almost all Greeks living in Northern Cyprus flee to the south and the United Kingdom.', 489 => '|-', 490 => '| '''1980s'''||Many civil war refugees were allowed to re-emigrate to Greece. Retro-migration of Greeks from Germany begins.', 491 => '|-', 492 => '| '''1990s'''||Collapse of [[Soviet Union]]. Approximately 340,000 ethnic Greeks migrate from Georgia, Armenia, southern Russia, and Albania to Greece.', 493 => '|-', 494 => '| '''early 2000s'''|| Some statistics show the beginning of a trend of reverse migration of Greeks from the United States and Australia.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}', 495 => '|-', 496 => '| '''2010s'''|| Low-level emigration,<ref>{{cite news|last=Stares|first=Justin|title=Why are so few Greeks emigrating?|url=http://www.publicserviceeurope.com/article/3854/why-are-so-few-greeks-emigrating|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=25 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barnato|first=Katy|title=Emigrating Greeks Prove the EU Is Working|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/47828618|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=18 June 2012|agency=[[CNBC]]|quote=The right of citizens to “move and reside freely within the EU” is enshrined in European law, but currently only 3 percent of working-age citizens do so. As a comparison, non-EU nationals account for around 5 percent of the EU’s working-age population.}}</ref> particularly of [[brain drain|individuals with technical skills or knowledge]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Lowen|first=Mark|title=Greece's young: Dreams on hold as fight for jobs looms|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22702003|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=29 May 2013|agency=[[BBC News]]|quote=The brain drain is quickening. A recent study by the University of Thessaloniki found that more than 120,000 professionals, including doctors, engineers and scientists, have left Greece since the start of the crisis in 2010.}}</ref> to other EU states due to high unemployment (see also [[Greek government-debt crisis]]).<ref>{{cite news|last=Melander|first=Ingrid|title=Greeks seek to escape debt crisis abroad|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/28/us-greece-emigration-idUSTRE79R18O20111028|accessdate=25 July 2013|date=28 October 2011|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>', 497 => '|}', 498 => '{{EndMultiCol}}', 499 => '</div></div>', 500 => false, 501 => '==See also==', 502 => '{{col-begin}}', 503 => '{{col-break|width=25%}}', 504 => '*[[Antiochian Greeks]]', 505 => '*[[Cappadocian Greeks]]', 506 => '*[[Caucasus Greeks]]', 507 => '*[[Greek Cypriots]]', 508 => '{{col-break|width=25%}}', 509 => '*[[Greek Diaspora]]', 510 => '*[[Griko people]]', 511 => '*[[Macedonians (Greeks)]]', 512 => '*[[Maniots]]', 513 => '{{col-break|width=25%}}', 514 => '*[[Northern Epirotes]]', 515 => '*[[Pontic Greeks]]', 516 => '*[[Romaniotes]]', 517 => '{{col-break|width=25%}}', 518 => '*[[List of ancient Greeks]]', 519 => '*[[List of Greeks]]', 520 => '*[[List of Greek Americans]]', 521 => '{{col-end}}', 522 => false, 523 => '==Notes==', 524 => '<div class="references-small">', 525 => ':a.{{Note label|A|a|none}} Though there is a range of interpretations; [[Carl Blegen]] dates the arrival of the Greeks around 1900 BC, John Caskey believes that there were two waves of immigrants and Robert Drews places the event as late as 1600 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Bryce|2006|p=92}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Drews|1994|p=21}}</ref> A variety of more theories has also been supported,<ref>{{harvnb|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=243}}</ref> but there is a general consensus that the coming of the Greek tribes occurred around 2100 BC.', 526 => '<references group="N"/>', 527 => '</div>', 528 => false, 529 => '==Citations==', 530 => '{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}', 531 => false, 532 => '==References==', 533 => '<div class="references-small">', 534 => '*{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}', 535 => '*{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = |encyclopedia= The Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher= Columbia University Press. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}', 536 => '*{{cite book |author= |title=Pocket World in Figures (Economist) |publisher=Economist Books |location=London |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=1-86197-825-1 |oclc= |doi=}}', 537 => false, 538 => '*{{cite book|last=Bryce|first=Trevor|authorlink=Trevor R. Bryce|title=The Trojans and their neighbours|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=|year=2006|isbn=0-415-34955-9|accessdate=23 August 2009|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5YV6hwUmTpYC&dq|ref=harv}}', 539 => '*{{cite book|last1=Cadogan|first1=Gerald|last2=Langdon Caskey|first2=John|title=The End of the Early Bronze Age in the Aegean|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Boston|year=1986|isbn=90-04-07309-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jDrKSZ6zVPUC&dq|ref=harv}}', 540 => '*{{cite book |last=Drews|first=Robert|title=The coming of the Greeks: Indo-European conquests in the Aegean and the Near East |publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J|year=1994|isbn=0-691-02951-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=fcVIcaJxgdUC&dq|ref=harv}}', 541 => '*{{cite book |author=Griffin, Jasper; Boardman, John; Murray, Oswyn |title=The Oxford history of Greece and the Hellenistic world |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-19-280137-6 |oclc= |doi=}}', 542 => '*{{cite book |author=Kaldellis, Anthony |title=Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition (Greek Culture in the Roman World) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-521-87688-5 |oclc= |doi=}}', 543 => '*{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=James|last2=Adams|first2=Douglas|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=1997|isbn=1-884964-98-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&dq|ref=harv}}', 544 => '*{{cite book |author=Mango, Cyril A. |title=The Oxford history of Byzantium |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0-19-814098-3 |oclc= |doi=}}', 545 => '*{{cite book |author=Mazower, Mark |title=The Balkans : A Short History |publisher=Modern Library |location=New York |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0-8129-6621-X |oclc= |doi=}}', 546 => '*{{cite book |author=Norwich, John Julius |title=A Short History of Byzantium |publisher=Vintage |location=London |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=0-679-77269-3 |oclc= |doi=}}', 547 => '*{{cite book |author=Roberts, J.M. |title=The New Penguin History of the World |publisher=Penguin (Non-Classics) |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-14-103042-9 |oclc= |doi=}}', 548 => '*{{cite book |author=Smith, Anthony Robert |title=National identity |publisher=University of Nevada Press |location=Reno |year=1991 |pages= |isbn=0-87417-204-7 |oclc= |doi=}}', 549 => '*{{cite book |author=Sofos, Spyros A.; Özkırımlı, Umut |title=Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey |publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd |location= |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=1-85065-899-4 |oclc= |doi=}}', 550 => '*{{cite book |author=Veremis, Thanos; Koliopoulos, John S. |title=Greece: The Modern Sequel |publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-85065-463-8 |oclc= |doi=}}', 551 => '</div>', 552 => false, 553 => '==Further reading==', 554 => '<div class="references-small">', 555 => '{{col-begin}}', 556 => '{{col-break|width=50%}}', 557 => false, 558 => ';'''Mycenaean Greeks'''', 559 => '*{{cite book |author=Castleden, Rodney |title=Mycenaeans |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-415-36336-5 |oclc= |doi=}}', 560 => '*{{cite book | author= Chadwick, John| title=The Mycenaean World | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|Cambridge UP]] | year=1976 | isbn=0-521-29037-6 | authorlink= John Chadwick}}', 561 => '*{{cite book | author= Mountjoy, P.A. | title=Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to Identification | publisher=Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 73. [[Göteborg]]: Paul Åströms Forlag | year=1986 | isbn=91-86098-32-2}}', 562 => '*{{cite book | author=Mylonas, George E. | title=Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age | publisher=[[Princeton University Press|Princeton UP]] | year=1966 | isbn=0-691-03523-7}}', 563 => '*{{cite book |author=Tandy, David W. |title=Prehistory and history: ethnicity, class and political economy |publisher=Black Rose Books |location=Montréal |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=1-55164-188-7 |oclc= |doi=}}', 564 => false, 565 => ';'''Classical Greeks'''', 566 => '*{{cite book |author=Burkert, Walter |title=Greek religion: archaic and classical |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |year=1985 |pages= |isbn=0-631-15624-0 |oclc= |doi=}}', 567 => '*{{cite book |author=Cartledge, Paul |title=The Greeks: a portrait of self and others |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0-19-280388-3 |oclc= |doi=}}', 568 => '*{{cite book |author=Freeman, Charles |title=Egypt, Greece, and Rome: civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0-19-926364-7 |oclc= |doi=}}', 569 => '*{{cite book |author=Finkelberg, Margalit |title=Greeks and pre-Greeks: Aegean prehistory and Greek heroic tradition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-521-85216-1 |oclc= |doi=}}', 570 => '*{{cite book |author=Hall, Jonathan M. |title=Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2000 |pages= |isbn=0-521-78999-0 |oclc= |doi=}}', 571 => '*{{cite book |author=Hall, Jonathan M. |title=Hellenicity: between ethnicity and culture |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0-226-31329-8 |oclc= |doi=}}', 572 => '*{{cite book |author=MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan |title=The Greek stones speak: the story of archaeology in Greek lands |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=1981 |pages= |isbn=0-393-30111-7 |oclc= |doi=}}', 573 => '*{{cite book |author=Malkin, Irad |title=Ancient perceptions of Greek ethnicity |publisher=Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University |location=Washington, D.C |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-674-00662-3 |oclc= |doi=}}', 574 => '*{{cite book |author=Malkin, Irad |title=The returns of Odysseus: colonization and ethnicity |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=0-520-21185-5 |oclc= |doi=}}', 575 => '*{{cite book |author=Walbank, F. W. |title=Selected papers: studies in Greek and Roman history and historiography |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1985 |pages= |isbn=0-521-30752-X |oclc= |doi=}}', 576 => false, 577 => ';'''Hellenistic Greeks'''', 578 => '*{{cite book |title= The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World|last=Boardman |first=John|author2=Jasper Griffin |author3=Oswyn Murray |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 0-19-280137-6|page= }}', 579 => '*{{cite book |author=Chamoux, François |title=Hellenistic civilization |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-631-22242-1 |oclc= |doi=}}', 580 => '*{{cite book |author=Grant, Michael |title=The Hellenistic Greeks: from Alexander to Cleopatra |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |year=1990 |pages= |isbn=0-297-82057-5 |oclc= |doi=}}', 581 => '*{{cite book |author=Per Bilde |title=Conventional Values of the Hellenistic Greeks (Studies in Hellenistic Civilization ; Vol. VIII) (Pt. 8) |publisher=Aarhus Univ Pr |location= |year=1997 |pages= |isbn=87-7288-555-6 |oclc= |doi=}}', 582 => false, 583 => '{{col-break|width=50%}}', 584 => false, 585 => ';'''Byzantine Greeks'''', 586 => '*{{cite book|author=Ahrweiler, Hélène |title=L'idéologie politique de l'Empire byzantin|publisher=Presses universitaires de France|year=1975}}', 587 => '*{{cite book |author=Harris, Jonathan |title=Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (Hambledon Continuum) |publisher=Hambledon & London |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-84725-179-X |oclc= |doi=}}', 588 => '*{{cite book |author=Kazhdan, Alexander P. |title=The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1991 |pages= |isbn=0-19-504652-8 |oclc= |doi=}}', 589 => '*{{cite book |author=Laiou, Angeliki E.; Ahrweiler, Hélène |title=Studies on the internal diaspora of the Byzantine Empire |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |location=Washington, DC |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=0-88402-247-1 |oclc= |doi=}}', 590 => '*{{cite book | author=Runciman, Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman | title=Byzantine Civilisation | publisher=Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. | year=1966 | editor= | isbn= 1-56619-574-8}}', 591 => '*{{cite book | author=Toynbee, Arnold J. | title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1972 | isbn= 0-19-215253-X}}', 592 => false, 593 => ';'''Ottoman Greeks'''', 594 => false, 595 => '*{{cite book |author=Davis, Jack E.; Fariba Zarinebaf; Bennet, John |title=A historical and economic geography of Ottoman Greece: the southwestern Morea in the 18th century |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |location=Princeton, N.J |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-87661-534-5 |oclc= |doi=}}', 596 => '*{{cite book |author=Davis, Jack E.; Davies, Siriol |title=Between Venice and Istanbul: colonial landscapes in early modern Greece |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |location=Princeton, N.J |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-87661-540-X |oclc= |doi=}}', 597 => '*{{cite book |author=Issawi, Charles Philip; Gondicas, Dimitri |title=Ottoman Greeks in the age of nationalism: politics, economy, and society in the nineteenth century |publisher=Darwin Press |location=Princeton, N.J |year=1999 |pages= |isbn=0-87850-096-0 |oclc= |doi=}}', 598 => '*{{cite book |author=Jackson, Marvin R.; Lampe, John R. |title=Balkan economic history, 1550-1950: from imperial borderlands to developing nations |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |year=1982 |pages= |isbn=0-253-30368-0 |oclc= |doi=}}', 599 => false, 600 => ';'''Modern Greeks'''', 601 => '*{{cite book |author=Katerina Zacharia |title=Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot, Hants, England |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=0-7546-6525-9 |oclc= |doi=}}', 602 => '*{{cite book |author=Clogg, Richard |title=A concise history of Greece |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0-521-00479-9 |oclc= |doi=}}', 603 => '*{{cite book |author=Herzfeld, Michael |title=Ours once more: folklore, ideology, and the making of modern Greece |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |year=1982 |pages= |isbn=0-292-76018-3 |oclc= |doi=}}', 604 => '*{{cite book |author=Holden, David |title=Greece without columns; the making of the modern Greeks |publisher=Faber and Faber |location=London |year=1972 |pages= |isbn=0-397-00779-5 |oclc= |doi=}}', 605 => '*{{cite book |author=Karakasidou, Anastasia N. |title=Fields of wheat, hills of blood: passages to nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870-1990 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1997 |pages= |isbn=0-226-42494-4 |oclc= |doi=}}', 606 => '*{{cite book |author=Toynbee, Arnold Joseph |title=The Greeks and their heritages |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1981 |pages= |isbn=0-19-215256-4 |oclc= |doi=}}', 607 => '*{{cite book |author=Trudgill, Peter |title=Sociolinguistic variation and change |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-7486-1515-6 |oclc= |doi=}}', 608 => '*{{cite book |author=Yannakakis, Eleni; Mackridge, Peter |title=Ourselves and others: the development of a Greek Macedonian identity since 1912 |publisher=Berg |location=Oxford |year=1997 |pages= |isbn=1-85973-133-3 |oclc= |doi=}}', 609 => '{{col-end}}', 610 => '</div>', 611 => false, 612 => '==External links==', 613 => '{{Sister project links}}', 614 => ';Omogenia', 615 => '*[http://en.sae.gr/?id=12377 World Council of Hellenes Abroad (SAE)], Umbrella Diaspora Organization', 616 => false, 617 => ';Religious', 618 => '*[http://www.ec-patr.org/ Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]', 619 => '*[http://www.greekorthodox-alexandria.org/ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]', 620 => '*[http://antiochpatriarchate.org/ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]', 621 => '*[http://www.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem] ', 622 => '*[http://www.churchofcyprus.org.cy/ Church of Cyprus]', 623 => '*[http://www.ecclesia.gr/ Church of Greece]', 624 => false, 625 => ';Academic', 626 => '*[http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/ Transnational Communities Programme at the University of Oxford], includes papers on the [[Greek Diaspora]]', 627 => '*[http://www.chs.harvard.edu/activities_events.sec/conferences.ssp/conf_greeks_on_greekness.pg Greeks on Greekness]: The Construction and Uses of the Greek Past among Greeks under the Roman Empire.', 628 => '*The [[Modern Greek Studies Association]] is a scholarly organization for modern Greek studies in [[North America]], which publishes the [[Journal of Modern Greek Studies]].', 629 => '*The [http://gotgreek.hellenext.org Got Greek? Next Generation National Research Study] is an academic study of young diaspora Greeks sponsored by [[The Next Generation Initiative]]', 630 => '*[http://wihs.uwaterloo.ca/ Waterloo Institute for Hellenistic Studies]', 631 => false, 632 => ';Trade organizations', 633 => '*[http://www.hcbt.com Hellenic Canadian Board of Trade]', 634 => '*[http://www.hcla.ca Hellenic Canadian Lawyers Association]', 635 => '*[http://www.helleniccongressbc.ca/The_Hellenic_Canadian_Congress_of_BC/Index.html Hellenic Canadian Congress of British Columbia]', 636 => '*[http://www.hellenicamerican.cc/ Hellenic-American Chamber of Commerce]', 637 => '*[http://www.camarahelenoargentina.org/ingles/instituciones-relacionadas.php Hellenic-Argentine Chamber of Industry and Commerce (C.I.C.H.A.)]', 638 => false, 639 => ';Charitable organizations', 640 => '*[http://ahepacanada.org AHEPA home page] - [[American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association]]', 641 => '*[http://www.HHF.ca Hellenic Heritage Foundation]', 642 => '*[http://www.hellenichome.org Hellenic Home for the Aged]', 643 => '*[http://www.hellenichope.org/about-us Hellenic Hope Center - supports people with disabilities]', 644 => '*[http://www.hellenicscholarships.org/en/index_en.html Hellenic Scholarships]', 645 => false, 646 => '{{Greek diaspora}}', 647 => '{{Greece topics}}', 648 => '{{Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians}}', 649 => false, 650 => '{{good article}}', 651 => false, 652 => '[[Category:Ancient peoples]]', 653 => '[[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]]', 654 => '[[Category:Greek people| ]]' ]