Examine individual changes

'{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Dendrobates leucomelas'' | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCNleucs"/> | trend = stable | image = yellow-banded.poison.dart.frog.arp.jpg | image_caption = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Amphibia]] | ordo = [[Frog|Anura]] | subordo = [[Neobatrachia]] | familia = [[Dendrobatidae]] | genus = ''[[Dendrobates]]'' | species = '''''D. leucomelas''''' | binomial = ''Dendrobates leucomelas'' | binomial_authority = [[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1864 | range_map = Leucrange1a.jpg | range_map_width = | range_map_alt = | range_map_caption = Range of ''D. leucomelas'' (red) }} The '''yellow-banded poison dart frog''' (''Dendrobates leucomelas''), also known as '''yellow-headed poison dart frog''' or '''bumblebee poison frog''', is a [[poison dart frog]] from the ''[[Dendrobates]]'' genus of the [[Dendrobatidae]] family. ==Distribution and habitat== ''D. leucomelas'' is found in the northern part of continent of South America, most notably in [[Venezuela]]. It is also found in parts of [[Guyana]], [[Brazil]], and the extreme easternmost part of [[Colombia]].<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" /> This [[amphibian]] is normally found in very humid conditions in tropical rain forests, close to fresh water. It is often found on flat rocks, trees, plants (notably [[bromeliads]]), and the leaf litter of the forest floor. During the dry season, specimens are known to congregate in damper places, such as under rocks or fallen tree trunks.<ref name="IUCNleucs">{{cite web | url={{IUCNlink|55191}} | title=IUCN Red List | work=[[IUCN]] | year=2004 | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> The ''D. leucomelas''' natural habitat is tropical, and not subject to great seasonal temperature variations. Typically, temperature variances are related to elevation and time of day, and range from the low 20s to the low 30s&nbsp;°C. In captivity, care must be taken not to overheat the frogs, as they can be sensitive to higher temperatures. Although preferring high humidity levels, this species can handle lower humidity levels much better than other species in the genus. Specimens can also be found in the seasonally drier forest islands in its natural range, and at elevations ranging from sea level to 800&nbsp;metres [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]].<ref name="ADWleucs">{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dendrobates_leucomelas.html | title=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. | work=ADW | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> ==Morphology== [[File:LeucScale1.jpg|left|thumb|Adult ''D. leucomelas'' next to scale object ([[Two pence (British decimal coin)|UK 2p)]] coin]] ''D. leucomelas'' is one of the largest species in the genus ''Dendrobates'', with a snout-to-vent length between {{convert|3.1|and|5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Average adult size, however, rarely exceeds {{convert|4|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" /> Their average weight is reported as being around {{convert|3|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Females tend to be slightly larger than the males, but otherwise, little in their appearance can be used to determine the sex of the species. Like most poison dart frogs, the yellow-banded poison dart frog has evolved [[aposematic]] colouration as a warning to potential predators that it will make an unpalatable or toxic meal. Predominantly, these frogs have a bright yellow colouration with varying numbers of broad black stripes and/or spots that extend over the whole body. Some morphs are orange in colour, and variations exist within the species (naturally occurring and not morphs solely within the exotic pet community) that dictate the extent of these markings ranging from fine spots to thick, unbroken banding.<ref name="dendroboardleucsmorph">{{cite web | url=http://www.dendroboard.com/forum/care-sheets/13015-dendrobates-leucomelas-novice.html | title=DendroBoard. | work=Dendrobates leucomelas | date=29 December 2006 | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> They have glandular, adhesive pads on their toes (which aid in climbing and positioning) and, in common with other species in their order, they have a short, protrudable, unnotched, sticky tongue, which extends to catch prey.<ref name="honzooleuc">{{cite web | url=http://www.honoluluzoo.org/yellow-banded_dart_frog.htm | title=Yellow-banded Dart Frog. | work=Honolulu zoo | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> ==Behaviour== ''D. leucomelas'' frogs are [[Diurnality|diurnal]] by nature, and are known to be fiercely territorial. They live in small groups in the wild, and will attack neighbouring groups with surprising ferocity for creatures of their size. They will also warn off rivals by emitting loud calls; ''D. leucomelas'' is known to have one of the loudest calls among poison dart frogs; theirs can be heard from some distance and is described as an innocent-sounding, bird-like trill. ''D. leucomalas'', as with all frogs, can also call to attract members of the opposite sex. Uniquely, it is also the only poison dart frog to [[estivate]] during dry spells.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs" /> ==Reproduction== Yellow-banded poison dart frogs reproduce sexually. The mother lays her fertilized eggs ([[zygotes]]) in a body of water. When they hatch, they are called [[tadpoles]]. ==Toxicity== Like all Dendrobatidae, ''D. leucomelas'' frogs secrete toxins from their skin, which they gain from eating certain unspecified [[arthropod]] prey. It is uncertain precisely which arthropods lend their toxicity to which genus of Dendrobatidae, but one such arthropod is thought to have been identified as a possible source of the toxin for Dendrobatidae ''[[Phyllobates terribilis]]'' (aka the golden poison frog), and it is a local variant of the Melyrid beetle.<ref name="toxicbeet">{{cite web | url=http://www.pnas.org/content/101/45/15857.full | title=Melyrid beetles (Choresine): A putative source for the batrachotoxin alkaloids found in poison-dart frogs and toxic passerine birds | work=PNAS | date= September 2004 | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref> Dendrobatidae toxins vary from species to species, but some are extremely potent neurotoxins. The alkaloid toxins, secreted from the frogs' skin, interfere with nerve impulses, which can lead to heart failure or [[fibrillation]]. {{further2|[[Poison_dart_frog#Toxicity_and_medicine|Poison dart frog toxicity]]}} {{See also|Allopumiliotoxin 267A|Batrachotoxin|Epibatidine|Histrionicotoxin|Pumiliotoxin 251D}} ==Husbandry and conservation status== {{See also|History of dendrobatid frogkeeping}} [[File:Threeleucsmrgwiki1999.jpg|thumb| Three ''Dendrobates leucomelas'' frogs in a tropical rainforest [[vivarium]]]] This species' relative ability to withstand broad variations in humidity and temperature, combined with its comparatively bold nature, make it a popular choice for those enthusiasts and amateur [[herpetologists]] involved in the exotic pet community. It is widely seen as being an ideal starter species for amateur hepetologists wishing to keep poison dart frogs for the first time. The species' robustness, relatively common numbers in the wild, and widespread natural distribution has helped maintain this frog's status of "[[Least Concern]]" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's conservation red list, despite some [[overharvesting]] of wild specimens for the exotic pet trade.<ref name="Amphibwebleucs">{{cite web | url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=Dendrobates&where-species=leucomelas | title=Dendrobates leucomelas . | work=AmphibiaWeb | accessdate=2009-07-16 }}</ref><ref name="IUCNleucs" /> The species' ability to be easily bred in captivity has led to a fall in prices within the exotic pet trade, which is an alleviative factor to the problem of overharvesting. Once in captivity and removed from their natural sources of food, Dendrobatidae lose much of their toxicity. ''Dendrobates leucomelas'', however, is not one of the three main Dendrobatidae species used for poison darts by native South American tribal hunters, so toxicity levels are somewhat lower in wild-caught specimens than in the ''Phyllobates'' genus. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{wikispecies|Dendrobates leucomelas}} {{Commons category|Dendrobates leucomelas}} *[http://dartfrogforums.enjin.com/forum/ Ask Questions and get answers from experts : Dart Frog Experts] *[http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=Dendrobates&where-species=leucomelas Dendrobates leucomelas] at Amphibiaweb *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?stat=BROWSE&query_src=photos_fauna_sci-Amphibian&where-lifeform=Amphibian&where-taxon=Dendrobates+leucomelas&title_tag=Dendrobates+leucomelas Dendrobates leucomelas] at CalPhotos {{DEFAULTSORT:Yellow-Banded Poison Dart Frog}} [[Category:Poison dart frogs]] [[Category:Amphibians of Venezuela]] [[Category:Amphibians of Guyana]] [[Category:Amphibians of Brazil]] [[Category:Amphibians of Colombia]] [[Category:Animals described in 1864]] [[Category:Dendrobates]]'