Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox Government agency |agency_name = Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |seal = US-EEOC-Seal.svg |seal_width = 140px |seal_caption = |formed = July 2, 1965 |headquarters = [[Washington, D.C.]] |employees = 2,539 (March 2011)<ref>[http://www.fedscope.opm.gov/employment.asp FedScope]</ref> |budget = $344 million (2009)<ref name="eeoc budget and staff"/> |chief1_name = [[Jenny R. Yang]] |chief1_position = Chair |chief2_name = Vacant |chief2_position = Vice Chair |chief3_name = [[Chai Feldblum]] |chief3_position = Commissioner |chief4_name = [[Victoria Lipnic]] |chief4_position = Commissioner |chief5_name = [[Constance Barker]] |chief5_position = Commissioner |website = [http://www.eeoc.gov Equal Opportunity Commission] |footnotes = }} The U.S. '''Equal Employment Opportunity Commission''' ('''EEOC''') is a federal law enforcement agency that enforces laws against [[workplace discrimination]]. The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on an individual's race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, genetic information, and retaliation for reporting, participating in, and/or opposing a discriminatory practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/index.cfm|title=Types of Discrimination}}</ref> In 2011, the Commission included "sex-stereotyping" of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals as a form of sex discrimination illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<ref name="discrimination1">{{cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/federal/otherprotections.cfm|title=Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation, Status as a Parent, Marital Status and Political Affiliation|accessdate=February 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/decisions/0120120821%20Macy%20v%20DOJ%20ATF.txt|title=EEOC Request No. 0520110649|accessdate=February 18, 2013}}</ref> In 2012, the Commission expanded protection provided by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to transgender status and gender identity.<ref name="discrimination1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/decisions/0120120821%20Macy%20v%20DOJ%20ATF.txt|title=Macy v. Department of Justice, EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821|accessdate=February 28, 2013}}</ref> The Commission also mediates and settles thousands of discrimination complaints each year prior to their investigation. The EEOC is also empowered to file discrimination suits against employers on behalf of alleged victims and to adjudicate claims of discrimination brought against federal agencies.<ref>See {{cite web|url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/42/21/VI/2000e-2|title=42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 - Unlawful Employment Practices}} and {{cite web|url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/42/21/VI/2000e-3|title=42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3 - Other Unlawful Practices}}</ref><ref>In addition, the EEOC, the Departments of Labor and Justice, the Civil Service Commission and the Office of [[Revenue Sharing]] have adopted Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures to assist employers in complying with federal laws prohibiting employment discrimination. {{cite web|url=http://www.uniformguidelines.com/uniformguidelines.html#129|title=Uniform Guidelines On Employee Selection Procedures|accessdate=February 2, 2010}}</ref> ==Background== On March 6, 1961, President [[John F. Kennedy]] signed [[Executive Order 10925]], which required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."<ref>[[s:Executive Order 10925|wikisource – Executive Order No. 10925]]</ref> It established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity of which then Vice President [[Lyndon Johnson]] was appointed to head. This was the forerunner of the EEOC. The EEOC was established on July 2, 1965; its mandate is specified under Title VII of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], the [[Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967]] (ADEA),<ref>29 U.S.C. 621 et seq., as amended</ref> the [[Rehabilitation Act of 1973]], the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]] (ADA) of 1990, and the [[ADA Amendments Act of 2008]]. The EEOC's first complainants were female flight attendants.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=sQ1HhzuaYkEC&pg=PT59&lpg=PT59&dq=eeoc+gail+stewardesses&source=bl&ots=EGFmguToVr&sig=tiEBfnh9C7x8fjJh3tbtI0jpD8o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OG_NUuOuKqnSsAS1p4HgDQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=eeoc%20gail%20stewardesses&f=false</ref> However, the EEOC at first ignored sex discrimination complaints, and the prohibition against sex discrimination in employment went unenforced for the next few years.<ref name="google5">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DUqK99RZzdEC&pg=PA290 |title=The will of the people: how public&nbsp;... – Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= September 29, 2009|accessdate=June 29, 2011|isbn=9780374220341}}</ref> One EEOC director called the prohibition "a fluke... conceived out of wedlock." <ref name="google5"/> All Commission seats and the post of general counsel to the commission are filled by the President of the U.S., subject to confirmation by the Senate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/uscode/42/21/VI/2000e-4|title=42 U.S.C. § 2000e-4 - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission}}</ref> [[Stuart J. Ishimaru]], a Commissioner who was Senate-confirmed in 2003 and 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/| title=Nominations PN845-110 and PN1029-108|publisher=Thomas (Library of Congress|accessdate=February 2, 2010}}</ref> served as Acting Chair of the Commission from January 20, 2009 until December 22, 2010, when the U.S. Senate confirmed [[Jacqueline Berrien]] to be the chairwoman. She had been nominated as chairwoman by President [[Barack Obama]] in July 2009.<ref name="Berrien">{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/President-Obama-Announces-Pick-to-Head-Equal-Employment-Opportunity-Commission/|title=President Obama Announces Pick to Head Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|author=Press Office|date=July 16, 2009}}</ref> In September 2009, Obama chose [[Chai Feldblum]] to fill another vacant seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/President-Obama-Announces-More-Key-Administration-Posts-9/14/09/|title=President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts|author=Press Office|date=September 14, 2009}}</ref> On March 27, 2010, President Obama made [[recess appointment]]s of three Commission posts: Berrien, Feldblum, and Victoria Lipnic. With the appointments, the Commission had its full complement of five commissioners: Ishimaru, Berrien, Feldblum, Lipnic, and [[Constance Barker]], who was confirmed by the Senate in 2008 to be a Commissioner. Obama also made a [[recess appointment]] of [[P. David Lopez]] to be the EEOC's General Counsel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-announces-recess-appointments-key-administration-positions |title=President Obama Announces Recess Appointments to Key Administration Positions &#124; The White House |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |date=2010-03-27 |accessdate=2013-10-06}}</ref> On December 22, 2010, the Senate gave full confirmation to Berrien, Feldblum, Lipnic, and Lopez. After the departure of Ishimaru, the commission returned to its full complement of five commissioners on April 25, 2013, with the Senate confirmation of Jenny Yang. == Staffing, workload, and backlog == In 1975, when backlog reached more than 100,000 charges to be investigated, President [[Gerald Ford]]'s full requested budget of $62 million was approved. A "Backlog Unit" was created in [[Philadelphia]] in 1978 to resolve the thousands of federal equal employment complaints inherited from the [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Commission]]. In 1980, Eleanor Holmes Norton began re-characterizing the backlog cases as "workload" in her reports to Congress, thus fulfilling her promise to eliminate the backlog.<ref>"Enforcing the Civil Rights Act: Fighting Racism, Sexism and the Ku Klux Klan. The Story of the Miami EEOC's First Class Action Trial." James Keeney, 2012 Civil Rights Publishing, Sarasota, FL</ref> In June 2006, civil rights and labor union advocates publicly complained that the effectiveness of the EEOC was being undermined by budget and staff cuts and the outsourcing of complaint screening to a private contractor whose workers were poorly trained. In 2006, a partial budget freeze prevented the agency from filling vacant jobs, and its staff had shrunk by nearly 20 percent from 2001. A Bush administration official stated that the cuts had been made because it was necessary to direct more money to defense and homeland security.<ref name="wapo06-13-06">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/13/AR2006061301418.html|title=EEOC Is Hobbled, Groups Contend: Case Backlog Grows as Its Staff Is Slashed, Critics Say |last=Lee|first=Christopher|publisher=Washington Post|date=June 14, 2006}}</ref> By 2008, the EEOC had lost 25 percent of its staff over the previous eight years, including investigators and lawyers who handle the cases. The number of complaints to investigate grew to 95,400 in fiscal 2008, up 26 percent from 2006.<ref name="WPost20090331">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/30/AR2009033002901.html|title=EEOC Willfully Violated Pay Law, Arbitrator Rules|last=Vogel|first=Steve|publisher=Washington Post|date=March 31, 2009|page=A15}}</ref> Although full-time staffing of the EEOC was cut between 2002 and 2006, Congress increased the commission's budget during that period (as it has almost every year since 1980). The budget was $303 million in fiscal year 2001<ref name="eeoc budget and staff">{{cite web|url=http://archive.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/plan/budgetandstaffing.html|title=EEOC Budget and Staffing History|date=May 12, 2009|work=Archives|publisher=EEOC.gov}}</ref> to $327 million in fiscal year 2006.<ref name="WPost20090331"/> The outsourcing to Pearson Government Solutions in Kansas cost the agency $4.9 million and was called a "huge waste of money" by the president of the EEOC employees' union in 2006.<ref name="wapo06-13-06"/> == Race and ethnicity == The EEOC requires employers to report various information about their employees, in particular, their [[Race in the United States|racial/ethnic categories]] to prevent [[discrimination]] based on race/ethnicity. The definitions used in the report have been different at different times. In 1997, the [[Office of Management and Budget]] gave a [[Federal Register]] Notice called the "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity" which defined new racial and ethnic definitions.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity"]</ref> As of 2007 September 30, the EEO's EEO-1 report must use these new racial and ethnic definitions in establishing grounds for racial or ethnic discrimination.<ref>[http://www.eeoc.gov/eeo1/index.html Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1)] by the EEOC. The page contains links to [[FAQ]]s, forms and instructions</ref> The racial and ethnic definitions are the same as the official [[Race and ethnicity United States Census|definitions on the US Census]].{{citation needed|date=August 2007}}<!-- the booklet does not say this--> If an employee identifies their ethnicity as "Hispanic or Latino" as well as a race, then their race is not reported in EEO-1, but it is kept as part of the employment record. A person's color or physical appearance can be grounds for a case of racial discrimination as well.<ref name=Discrimination>The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. "Race/Color Discrimination". August 15, 2007. We may use this for the purpose of race and ethnicity [http://www.eeoc.gov/types/race.html]</ref> Discrimination based on national origin can be grounds for a case on discrimination too.<ref>The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. "National Origin Discrimination." 2007. August 15, 2007. [http://www.eeoc.gov/origin/index.html]</ref> ==Investigative Compliance Policy== EEOC adopts the Investigative Compliance Policy which addresses situations where respondents have been uncooperative in providing information during an investigation of a charge. Under this policy, if a respondent fails to turn over requested information, field offices are to subpoena the information, file a direct suit on the merits of a charge, or use the legal principle of "adverse inference" thereby assuming the withheld information is unfavorable to the respondent.<ref>AAjing</ref> ==Increase in disability-based charges== In 2008, disability-based charges handled by the EEOC rose to a record 19,543, up 10.2 percent from the prior year, and the highest level since 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abilitymagazine.com/eeoc-cases.html|title=''Ability Magazine: BAD BOYS - EEOC Tackles Job Discrimination"'' (2009)|accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> ==EEOC Disability Discrimination Suit== In September 2012, Home Depot, agreed to pay $100,000 and furnish other relief to settle a [[disability]] discrimination lawsuit filed by the U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, for the alleged failure to provide a [[reasonable accommodation]] for a cashier with cancer at its [[Towson, Maryland]], store and then for purportedly firing her because of her condition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home Depot to Pay $100,000 to Settle EEOC Disability Discrimination Suit |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/home-depot-to-pay-100000-to-settle-eeoc-disability-discrimination-suit |publisher=U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |work=The National Law Review|date=2012-09-10|accessdate=September 23, 2012}}</ref> ==2012 profile== The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) announced that it received 99,412 private sector workplace discrimination charges during fiscal year 2012, down slightly from the previous year. The year-end data also show that retaliation (37,836), race (33,512), and sex discrimination (30,356), which includes allegations of sexual harassment and pregnancy were the most frequently filed charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/index.cfm |title=Enforcement and Litigation Statistics |deadurl=no |accessdate=2013-01-30}}</ref> Additionally, the EEOC achieved a second consecutive year of a significant reduction in the charge inventory, something not seen since fiscal year 2002. Due to a concerted effort, the EEOC reduced the pending inventory of private sector charges by 10 percent from fiscal year 2011, bringing the inventory level to 70,312. This inventory reduction is the second consecutive decrease of almost ten percent in charge inventory. Also this fiscal year, the agency obtained the largest amount of monetary recovery from private sector and state and local government employers through its administrative process — $365.4 million. In fiscal year 2012, the EEOC filed 122 lawsuits, including 86 individual suits, 26 multiple-victim suits, with fewer than 20 victims, and 10 systemic suits. The EEOC's legal staff resolved 254 lawsuits for a total monetary recovery of $44.2 million. EEOC also continued its emphasis on eliminating systemic patterns of discrimination in the workplace. In fiscal year 2012, EEOC completed 240 systemic investigations which in part resulted in 46 settlements or conciliation agreements. These settlements, achieved without litigation, secured 36.2 million dollars for the victims of unlawful discrimination. In addition, the agency filed 12 systemic lawsuits in fiscal year 2012. Overall, the agency secured both monetary and non-monetary benefits for more than 23,446 people through administrative enforcement activities - mediation, settlements, conciliations, and withdrawals with benefits. The number of charges resolved through successful conciliation, the last step in the EEOC administrative process prior to litigation, increased by 18 percent over 2011. == Criticism == Some employment-law professionals criticized the agency after it issued advice that requiring a high school diploma from job applicants could violate the ADA. The advice letter stated that the longtime lowest common denominator of employee screening must be "job-related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity." A [[Ballard Spahr]] lawyer suggested "[t]here will be less incentive for the general public to obtain a high school diploma if many employers eliminate that requirement for job applicants in their workplace."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jan/1/eeoc-high-school-diploma-might-violate-americans-w/|title=EEOC: High school diploma requirement might violate Americans with Disabilities Act|newspaper=Washington Times|author=Dave Boyer|date=1 January 2012}}</ref> The EEOC has been criticized for alleged heavy-handed tactics in their 1980 lawsuit against retailer [[Sears, Roebuck & Co.]] Based on a statistical analysis of personnel and promotions, EEOC argued that Sears was systematically excluding women from high-earning positions in commission sales, and was paying female management lower wages than male management. Sears counter-argued that the company had in fact encouraged female applicants for sales and management, but that women preferred lower-paying positions with more stable daytime working hours, as compared to commission sales which demanded evening and weekend shifts and featured drastically varying pay. In 1986, the court ruled in favor of Sears on all counts, noting that the EEOC had not produced a single witness who alleged discrimination, nor had the EEOC identified any Sears policy that discriminated against women.<ref>EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 628 F. Supp. 1264 (N.D. Ill. 1986) (Sears II).</ref><ref>Possley, Maurice (1986). [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-02-04/business/8601090435_1_eeoc-sears-discrimination Sears Wins 12-year Fight Over Bias] Chigago Tribune 04 February 1986. Retrieved 2012-12-10.</ref> ==Commissioners== Luther Holcomb, 1965-1974 <br /> [[Aileen Hernandez|Aileen Hernandez, 1965-1966]] <br /> [[Vicente T. Ximenes|Vicente T. Ximenes, 1967-1971]] <br /> Samuel C. Jackson, 1965-1968 <br /> [[Richard Alton Graham|Richard Graham, 1965-1966]] <br /> Elizabeth Kuck, 1968-1970 <br /> Ethel B. Walsh, 1971-1980 <br /> Colston A. Lewis, 1970-1977 <br /> [[Raymond Telles|Raymond L. Telles, 1971-1976]] <br /> J. Clay Smith, 1978-1982 <br/> Hon. Daniel Leach, 1976-1981 <br /> Armando Rodriguez, 1978-1983 <br /> Cathie Shattuck, 1982-1983 <br /> [[Tony Gallegos|Tony E. Gallegos, 1982-1994]] <br /> [[Rosalie (Ricky) Gaull Silberman|R. Gaull Silberman, 1984-1995]] <br /> [[Joy Cherian|Joy Cherian, 1987-1993]] <br /> William Webb, 1982-1986 <br /> Fred Alvarez, 1984-1987 <br /> Evan J. Kemp, Jr., 1987-1993 <br /> Joyce Tucker, 1990-1996 <br /> Reginald E. Jones, 1996-2000 ==Chairs == {| class=wikitable |- ! No. ! Chair of the EEOC ! Picture ! Start of Term ! End of Term ! [[President of the United States|President(s)]] |- style="background:#def;" |1 |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr.]] |[[File:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.jpg|75px]] |May 26, 1965 |May 11, 1966 |[[Lyndon Johnson]] |- style="background:#def;" |2 |[[Stephen N. Shulman]] |[[File:Stephen N Shulman.jpg|75px]] |September 14, 1966 |July 1, 1967 |Lyndon Johnson |- style="background:#def;" |3 |[[Clifford Alexander Jr|Clifford J. Alexander, Jr.]] |[[File:Clifford J. Alexander Jr chair of EEOC.jpg|75px]] |August 4, 1967 |May 1, 1969 |Lyndon Johnson |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |4 |[[William H. Brown, III]] |[[File:William H Brown-EEOC.jpg|75px]] |May 5, 1969 |December 23, 1973 |[[Richard Nixon]] |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |5 |John H. Powell, Jr |[[File:John H Powell-eeoc.jpg|75px]] |December 28, 1973 |March 18, 1975 |Richard Nixon |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |Acting |[[Ethel Bent Walsh]] | |1975 |1975 |[[Gerald Ford]] |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |6 |[[Lowell W. Perry]] |[[File:Perry-full.jpg|75px]] |May 27, 1975 |May 15, 1976 |Gerald Ford |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |Acting |Ethel Bent Walsh | |May 1976 |May 1977 |Gerald Ford |- style="background:#def;" |7 |[[Eleanor Holmes Norton]] |[[File:Eleanor Holmes Norton Chair EEOC.jpg|75px]] |May 27, 1977 |February 21, 1981 |[[Jimmy Carter]] |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |Acting |[[J. Clay Smith, Jr.]] | |1981 |1982 | [[Ronald Reagan]] |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |8 |[[Clarence Thomas]] |[[File:Thomaseeoc.jpg|75px]] |May 6, 1982 |March 8, 1990 |Ronald Reagan |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |9 |[[Evan J. Kemp, Jr.]] |[[File:Kemp-full.jpg|75px]] |March 8, 1990 |April 2, 1993 |Ronald Reagan <br>[[George H. W. Bush]] |- style="background:#def;" |Acting |[[Tony Gallegos]] | |1993 |1994 |[[Bill Clinton]] |- style="background:#def;" |10 |[[Gilbert Casellas]] |[[File:Gilbert Casellas EEOC.jpg|75px]] |September 29, 1994 |December 31, 1997 |Bill Clinton |- style="background:#def;" |Acting |[[Paul Igasaki]] |[[File:Paul Igasaki 2.jpg|75px]] |1998 |1998 |Bill Clinton |- style="background:#def;" |11 |[[Ida L. Castro]] |[[File:Ida L. Castro EEOC.jpg|75px]] |October 23, 1998 |August 13, 2001 |Bill Clinton |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |12 |[[Cari M. Dominguez]] |[[File:CariD.jpg|75px]] |August 6, 2001 |August 31, 2006 |[[George W. Bush]] |- style="background:#ffe1e1" |13 |[[Naomi C. Earp]] |[[File:Earp.jpg|75px]] |September 1, 2006 |2009 |George W. Bush |- style="background:#def;" |Acting |Stuart J. Ishimaru<br><br> |[[File:Stuart Ishimaru.JPG|75px]] |January 20, 2009 |April 7, 2010 |[[Barack Obama]] |- style="background:#def;" |14 |[[Jacqueline A. Berrien]] |[[File:Jacqueline Berrien.JPG|75px]] |April 7, 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/4-7-10.cfm|title=Jacqueline A. Berrien Becomes Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|publisher=U.S. Senate Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|accessdate=2010-11-16|date=2010-04-07}}</ref> |September 2, 2014 |Barack Obama |- style="background:#def;" |15 |[[Jenny R. Yang]] | |September 2, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/9-2-14c.cfm|title=President Appoints Jenny R. Yang EEOC Chair|publisher=Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|accessdate=2014-09-19}}</ref> |present |Barack Obama |} ==See also== {{Portal|Government of the United States}} * [[ADA Amendments Act of 2008]] (ADAAA) * [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] * [[Pregnancy discrimination]] * [[Race and ethnicity (EEO)]] * [[Title VII#Title VII|Title VII Civil Rights Act of 1964]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.eeoc.gov/ }} * [http://openregs.com/agencies/view/88/equal_employment_opportunity_commission Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission] * [http://elder-law.laws.com/discrimination-workplace/role-of-equal-employment-opportunity-commission Role of Equal employment opportunity commission] *[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/18/nyregion/discrimination-suit-against-bloomberg-lp-is-dismissed.html?_r=1&ref=equalemploymentopportunitycommission nytimes.com], discusses the fairly recent case involving allegations against [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] unfairly treating pregnant women. Bloomberg won because of a lack of statistics on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's part. However, it is still possible for the federal government to appeal and the witnesses can individually sue Bloomberg for discrimination. {{John F. Kennedy}} {{Lyndon B. Johnson}} [[Category:Civil rights organizations in the United States]] [[Category:Disability rights organizations]] [[Category:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission| ]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1964]] [[Category:Independent agencies of the United States government]] [[Category:United States administrative law]] [[Category:Second-wave feminism]] [[Category:Demographics of the United States]] [[Category:Race and law in the United States]]'