Examine individual changes

'{{Otheruses}} {{Infobox Ethnic group |group = Pardo-Brazilian |image = |popplace = Entire country; highest numbers found in the [[North Region, Brazil|North]] and [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] regions of Brazil. |poptime= '''Pardo People'''<br>'''79,000,000 Pardo Brazilians'''<br><small>42.6% of [[Brazil]]'s population<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf ] Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística</ref> |langs = Predominantly [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |rels = [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Protestantism]] |related = [[White Brazilian]], [[Native Brazilian]], [[Afro-Brazilian]] }} In [[Brazil]], the '''Pardo'''s are a mixture of [[White Brazilian|White]]s, [[Afro-Brazilian|Blacks]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindians]], varying from light to dark complexion, as used by the [[IBGE|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]] (IBGE) in censuses since 1950. The word is [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "brown" or "grey-brown". The other classifications are ''branco'' ("[[white people|White]]"), ''negro'' ("[[black people|Black]]"), ''amarelo'' ("yellow", meaning [[Asian people|East Asians]]), and ''indígena'' ("indigenous", meaning [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]]). Pardo is a broad classification that encompasses Brazilians of mixed race ancestry, [[mulatto]]s, and assimilated indigenous people ("'''[[caboclo]]s'''").<ref name=Telles>{{cite book|pages=81&ndash;84|title=Race in Another America: the significance of skin color in Brazil|author=Edward Eric Telles|chapter=Racial Classification|date=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691118663}}</ref><ref name=KertzerArel>{{cite book|title=Census and Identity: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity, and Language in National Censuses|author=David I. Kertzer and Dominique Arel|pages=63&ndash;64|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521004276}}</ref> Pardo began as a miscellany, or "none of the above" racial category. The first census of the 20th century to ask a colour question was the census of 1940. Colour was determined by the census enumerator, and the three options were white, black, and yellow. If the respondent did not fit into any of the categories, the enumerator simply drew a horizontal line. When the census data came to be tabulated, all responses with horizontal lines were collected into the single category of "pardo". The IBGE excluded pardo as an answer in response to the rise of European fascism at the time, as an assurance to the public that census data would not be used for discriminatory purposes.<ref name=KertzerArel /> In the 1950 census, "pardo" was actually added as a choice of answer, and colour was chosen by the respondent instead of being determined by the enumerator.<ref name=KertzerArel /> Unofficially, Brazilians also use a racial classification of "'''[[moreno]]'''", a word that also means "brown". In a 1995 survey, 32% of the population self-identified as "moreno", with a further 6% self-identifying as "moreno claro" ("light brown"), and 7% self-identified as "pardo". Telles describes both classifications as "biologically invalid", but sociologically significant.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} According to a genetic study, the ancestries in Rio de Janeiro were determined to be this way: <a href="http://pt-br.tinypic.com" target="_blank"><img src="http://i36.tinypic.com/1z4wxuf.jpg" border="0" alt="Image and video hosting by TinyPic"></a> According to Sergio Pena the results make it clear that "pardo" and "blacks" are different in respect to their levels of European, African and Native American ancestries. Besides, the categories themselves (in spite of their socil use), it was pointed out, are "obsolete", as modern science refutes the idea of the biological existence of races. http://cienciahoje.uol.com.br/152784 Pardo was also a ''[[casta]]'' classification used in Colonial [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]] from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, and was more or less synonymous with [[Mulatto]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Demographics of Brazil}} {{Brazil topics}} [[Category:Brazilian society]] [[Category:Ethnonyms]] [[Category:Social issues]] [[Category:Social groups]] [[Category:Race]] {{Brazil-stub}} {{sociology-stub}} {{anthropology-stub}} [[ca:Pardos]] [[es:Mulato]] [[it:Pardos]] [[pt:Pardos]] [[ru:Пардо]]'